DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE

Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

PRPC324: PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Module 3: Analysis and Design of Singly Reinforced Beam using Strength Design
Method
I. Course Objectives:
1. The students are expected to familiarize the formula’s, principles and concepts used
in the analysis and design of reinforced concrete beam for flexure.

2. To educate the student about the procedure of the analysis and design of SRB in
accordance to the NSCP 2015.

II. Course Outline:

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Analysis of Singly Reinforced Beam
1.2.1 Derivation of Formula’s
1.2.2 Conditions of Failure
1.2.3 Balanced Condition
1.2.4 Steps in the Analysis of SRB
1.2.5 Steps in the Design of SRB
1.3 Sample Problems
1.4 Activity no.1

III. Learning Content:

1.1 Introduction
A.) Design Method

After 1963, the ultimate-strength design method rapidly gained popularity

because (a) it makes use of a more rational approach than does WSD, (b) it uses a more
realistic consideration of safety, and (c) it provides more economical designs. With this
method (now called strength design), the working dead and live loads are multiplied by
certain load factors (equivalent to safety factors), and the resulting values are called factored
loads. The members are then selected so they will theoretically just fail under the factored
loads.

B.) Types of Reinforced Concrete Beam Section

1.) Balanced Beam Section - reinforced concrete beam sections in which the tension steel
also reaches yield strain simultaneously as the concrete reaches the failure strain in
bending are called balanced sections.

P a g e 1 | 26
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

2.) Under Reinforced Beam Section - reinforced concrete beam sections in which the steel
reaches yield strain at loads lower than the load at which the concrete reaches failure
strain is called under-reinforced sections. Every singly reinforced beam should be
designed as under-reinforced sections because this section gives enough warning before
failure.

3.) Over Reinforced Beam Section - reinforced concrete beam sections in which the failure
strain in concrete is reached earlier than the yield strain of steel is reached, are
called over-reinforced beam sections.

Table 1.1: Types of RC Beam Section

Under Reinforced Balanced Section Over Reinforced
Section Section
 Steel fails before  Steel and  Concrete yields
concrete crushes concrete fails first before steel
simultaneously fails
 Pre-Warning  Final Warning  Sudden Collapse

1.2 Analysis of Singly Reinforced Beam

A singly reinforced beam is one in which the concrete element is only reinforced
near the tensile face and the reinforcement, called tension steel, is designed to resist the
tensile stress.

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 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

a.) According to NSCP 2015 422.2.2.4.1 a = β1 c

a.1) Values of β1 shall be in accordance with table 422.2.2.4.3 of NSCP 2015
Table 422.2.2.4.3
f’c , MPa β1
17 < f’c ≤ 28 0.85
28 < f’c < 55 0.05 (𝑓 ′ 𝑐 − 28)
0.85 −
7
f’c ≥ 55 0.65 (minimum)
b.) Values of fs
b.1) fs = fy if tension steel will yield (TSY) ; εs ≥ εty

b.2) fs ≠ fy if tension steel doesn’t yield (TSDY) ; εs < εty

𝟔𝟎𝟎 (𝐝−𝐜)
fs = 𝐜

By Strain Compatibility:

𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟑 (𝐝−𝐜)
Ʃs = 𝐜

1.2.1 Derivation of Formula

1.) Internal Tensile Force

T = As fy

2) Internal Compressive Force

C = 0.85f’c a b

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 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
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E-Mail Address: [email protected]

3) By Equilibrium:
ƩFH = 0
T= C ; As fy =0.85f’c a b
Therefore:
𝑨𝑺 𝒇𝒚
a = 𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇′ 𝒄 𝒃 (height of equivalent stress block)

600𝑑
4) c = 600+𝑓𝑦 (location of neutral axis from the outermost fiber of concrete)

5) Resisting Moments or Nominal Design Moment

ƩM = 0
a. Concrete
𝒂 𝑎
Mn = C (d - 𝟐 ) ; 0.85f’c a b (d - 2)
b. Steel
𝒂 𝑎
Mn = T(d - 𝟐) ; As fy (d - 2)

6) Ultimate Design Moment

Mu= φ Mn
Where φ= 0.90 (for Tension Control)
a. Concrete
𝒂
Mu = φ0.85f’c a b (d - 𝟐)
b. Steel
𝒂
Mu = φ As fy (d - 𝟐)

7) ρ (rho) Steel Tensile Ratio

𝑨𝒔
ρ = 𝒃𝒅

8) Alternate Equation for Mu

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠
Since a= 0.85𝑓′ 𝑐 𝑏 ; ρ = 𝑏𝑑 ; As = ρ bd
Therefore:
ρ 𝑑 𝑓𝑦
a = 0.85𝑓′ 𝑐 Eq.1
𝑎
Mu = φ0.85f’c a b (d - 2) Eq.2
Substitute 1 in 2:
ρ 𝑑 𝑓𝑦
ρ 𝑑 𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓′ 𝑐
Mu = φ0.85f’c (0.85𝑓′ 𝑐 ) b (d - )
2
𝛒 𝒇𝒚
Mu = φρ fy b𝒅𝟐 ( 1- 𝟏.𝟕(𝒇′ 𝒄))

P a g e 4 | 26
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
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E-Mail Address: [email protected]

Mu = φ Rn b𝒅𝟐 where Rn is the Nominal Resistance

𝛒 𝒇𝒚 𝛒𝟐 𝒇𝒚𝟐
Rn = ρ fy ( 1- 𝟏.𝟕(𝒇′ 𝒄)) = ρ fy - 𝟏.𝟕(𝒇′ 𝒄)
We can say that ρ can also be equal to:
𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 𝟐𝑹𝒏
ρ= [𝟏 − √𝟏 − 𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 ]
𝒇𝒚

9) Ductile Failure
ρ min < ρ < ρ max (ok)

1.4 √𝑓′𝑐
ρ min = 𝑓𝑦 or 4(𝑓𝑦) (choose whichever is higher) – NSCP 2015

ρ max = 0.75 ρ bal (NSCP 2001)

𝑓𝑦
0.003+
ρ max = 𝐸𝑠
( ρbal ) – NSCP 2015
0.003+ εt
if fy = 415 MPa and εt = 0.005 (tension control) then ;
ρ max = 0.634 (ρbal )

NOTATIONS:
As – Area of tension bars
D – Total depth of the beam
d – Effective depth of beam
a – height of equivalent compression block
c – Location of Neutral Axis from the outermost fiber of concrete
b – Width of beam
T – Internal Tension Force provided by steel
C – Internal Compression Force due to concrete
Wc – Unit weight of concrete (2300-2400kg/𝑚3 )
Es – Modulus of Elasticity of Steel = 200,000Mpa
Ec – Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete
*For Normal Weight
Ec = 4700√𝑓 ′ 𝑐
f’c – Compressive stress of concrete @ 28days of curing
fy – Tensile Stress of Steel
ρ (rho) – steel tensile ratio
β1(Beta) – Transformation Factor
φ (Phi) – Strength Reduction Factor
Mn – Nominal Moment
Mu – Ultimate Design Moment
ρ bal – Balance Steel Ratio
ρ max – Maximum Steel Ratio
ρ min – Minimum Steel Ratio
Rn – Nominal Resistance Factor

P a g e 5 | 26
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

1.2.2 Conditions of Failure NSCP 2015

This depends on strain conditions of concrete and steel.

a.) Compression Control Failure

Concrete crushes before steel yields. Abrupt collapse of member.
εS or εt (net tensile strain)
εt≤ 0.002 ; Use φ = 0.65 (Reduction Factor)- rectangular stirrups & φ = 0.75 – spiral
stirrups

b.) Tension Control Failure

Steel is way beyond yielding before concrete crushes. Gradual collapse due to yielding
phase.
εt ≥ 0.005; Use φ = 0.90 (Reduction Factor)
𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇′ 𝒄𝜷𝟏 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟑
ρTC = ( 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟑+εt ) – General Relationship between ρ and εt
𝒇𝒚

P a g e 6 | 26
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
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E-Mail Address: [email protected]

𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇′ 𝒄𝜷𝟏 𝟑
ρTC = ( 𝟖 ) – to maintain tension control
𝒇𝒚

c.) Transition Control Failure

Steel just yielded.
0.002 < εt < 0.005, Use Ø = 0.65 + 0.25 (εt – εty) / (0.005 - εty)
To maintain a singly reinforced design:
εt ≥ 0.004
𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇′ 𝒄𝜷𝟏 𝟑
ρ max = (𝟕)
𝒇𝒚

1.2.3 Balanced Condition

Balanced
Condition
εc = 0.003

cb Tension
Controlled
D d d

𝑓𝑠
εs = 0.003 + fy/Es
𝐸𝑠

b
εs = 0.005

By Ratio and Proportion:

𝑐𝑏 𝑑
=
0.003 𝑓𝑦
0.003 + 𝐸𝑠

0.003 𝑑
𝑐𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦
0.003 + 200,000

0.003 𝑑
𝑐𝑏 =
600 + 𝑓𝑦
200,000
600 𝑑
𝑐𝑏 =
600 + 𝑓𝑦
But ab = 𝛽1 𝑐𝑏 :
ab 600 𝑑
=
𝛽1 600 + 𝑓𝑦
ρbal fy d 600 𝑑
=
0.85 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝛽1 600 + 𝑓𝑦

P a g e 7 | 26
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

0.85 𝑓′ 𝑐 𝛽1 600
ρbal = ( )
𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦

Summary of Steel Ratio according to NSCP 2015:

ρmin ρmax ρbal

φ = 0.90 φ = 0.65
Ø = 0.65 + 0.25 (εt – εty) / (0.005 - εty)

TENSION TRANSITION COMPRESSION

CONTROL CONTROL CONTROL

εs = 0.005
εs = 0.004

UNDER BALANCED OVER

REINFORCED SECTION REINFORCED

SINGLY
REINFORCED BEAM

1.2.4 Steps in the Analysis of Singly Reinforced Beam

1.) Assume Tension Steel Yields (TSY).

εs ≥ εty ; use fs = fy
a.) Solve for the value of a & c by formula:
𝑨𝑺 𝒇𝒚
a = 𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇′ 𝒄 𝒃 (height of equivalent stress block)
c = a / β1
b.) Verify if, εs ≥ εy (TSY)
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟑 (𝐝−𝐜)
εs = ; εty = fy/Es
𝐜
 If tension steel yields, use fs=fy proceed to step no.2
 If tension steel doesn’t yield (TSDY)
εs < εty , proceed to step C
c.) Recompute the new values of a & c from formula;
T=C
As fs = 0.85f’c ab
𝟔𝟎𝟎 (𝐝−𝐜)
As( ) = 0.85f’c (β1c) b
𝐜

P a g e 8 | 26
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

Solve for a ; a = β1 c

d.) Verify if Tension Steel will not yield εs < εty .

2.) Compute the ultimate design moment capacity of the beam.

𝒂
Mu = φ 0.85f’c a b (d - 𝟐)
𝒂
Mu = φ As fy (d - 𝟐)
Mu = φ Rn b𝒅𝟐

Note: Use the value of fs instead of fy in TSDY.

1.2.5 Steps in the Design of Singly Reinforced Beam

1.) Solve for Mumax
2.) Estimate the value of p(rho)
3.) Use estimated rho to get b and d
4.) Select and try the acquired b and d
5.) Solve for As
6.) Get no. of bars
7.) Check ductility; Get actual, minimum and maximum rho ( ρ min ≤ ρ ≤ ρ max )
8.) Check for Flexure (verify if φ Mn> Mumax)
9.) Working Drawing

1.3 Sample Problems

1. A rectangular beam having a width of 300mm and an effective depth of 600mm

is designed to be for tension only. If f’c = 27.5 and fy = 413.70. Use NSCP 2001.
Solve for:
a. Balanced reinforced ratio (ρb)
b. Max allowable steel ratio (ρmax)
c. Max steel area required
Solution:

0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽1 600

a. ρbal = (600+𝑓𝑦)
𝑓𝑦

Since f’c ≤ 30 MPa

β1 = 0.85

(0.85)(27.5)(0.85) 600
ρbal = (600+413.70)
413.70

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DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

ρbal = 0.0284

b. ρ max= 0.75ρb

ρ max= (0.75)(0.0284)

ρ max = 0.0213

c. As max= ρmax bd

As = (0.0213)(300)(600)

As = 3834 𝑚𝑚2

2.) A reinforced concrete beam has b = 300mm and d = 600mm, f’c = 35 MPa and
fy = 400 MPa. Use NSCP 2015.
Solve for:
a. Balanced steel ratio
b. Number of 28mm bars for SRB w/ max. amount for tension control.
c. Number of 28mm bars for SRB w/ max. amount for transition control.

Solution:

0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽1 600

a. ρb = (600+𝑓𝑦)
𝑓𝑦

Since f’c > 28 MPa

0.05(35−28)
β1 = 0.85 - 7

0.85 𝑓′ 𝑐 𝛽1 600
β1 = 0.80; ρbal = ( )
𝑓𝑦 600+𝑓𝑦

(0.85)(35)(0.8) 600
ρ bal = (600+400)
400

ρ bal = 0.036

b. Asmax = ρmaxTC bd
At Tension Control : εt ≥ 0.005
P a g e 10 | 26
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇′ 𝒄𝜷𝟏 𝟑
ρmax TC = ( )
𝒇𝒚 𝟖
𝟎.𝟖𝟓(𝟑𝟓)(𝟎.𝟖𝟎) 𝟑
ρmax TC = (𝟖)
𝟒𝟎𝟎

ρ max = 0.0223

As = (0. 0223)(300)(600)

As = 4014 mm2

𝜋
𝑎𝑠 = 4 (28)2

𝐴𝑠
N=𝑎
𝑠

4014
N=𝜋
(28)2
4

N = 6.52 ≈ 6pcs (Analysis round down because beyond 6.52 the behavior of
the beam may fall at transition control region).

c. ) Asmax = ρmax bd
At Transition Control : εt ≥ 0.004 but < 0.005 ( to maintain SRB Design)
𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇′ 𝒄𝜷𝟏 𝟑
ρmax = ( )
𝒇𝒚 𝟕
𝟎.𝟖𝟓(𝟑𝟓)(𝟎.𝟖𝟎) 𝟑
ρmax = (𝟕)
𝟒𝟎𝟎

Use εt = 0.004
ρ max = 0.0255

As = (0. 0255)(300)(600)

As = 4590

𝜋
𝑎𝑠 = 4 (28)2

𝐴𝑠
N=𝑎
𝑠

4590
N=𝜋
(28)2
4

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 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
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E-Mail Address: [email protected]

N = 7.45 ≈ 7 pcs. (Analysis round down because beyond 7.45 the behavior of
the beam may fall at transition control region not allowed by the code for the
design of singly reinforced beam).

3.) Determine the values of Rn, Mn and Mu of the beam shown below. Use NSCP 2015.
Design Parameters:
f’c = 20.7 MPa
fy = 345 MPa
Concrete clear cover = 50 mm
Code requirement NSCP 2015: For main bars 28mm diameter and smaller use
10mm diameter stirrups.

Solution:
a.) Solve the effective depth; d:
d= D – Structural Cover
d= 600 – 50 – 10 - 25⁄2
d= 527.50 mm

b.) Check Ductility: 600mm

𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ ρ ≤ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 (ok) mm

1.4 4-25mm φ
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 345 = 0.0041
√20.7
Or = 0.0033
(4)(345)
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0041 (governs) 300mm
𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇′ 𝒄𝜷𝟏 𝟑
ρ max = ( 𝟕 ) – NSCP 2015 mm
𝒇𝒚

Since f’c < 28 MPa

Use β1 = 0.85
(0.85)(20.7)(0.85) 3
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ( )(7)
345

∴ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0186
𝜋
4( )(25)2
∴ 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 4
= 0.0124 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 (ok)
(300)(527.50)

P a g e 12 | 26
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

c.) Assume TSY fs = fy

𝜋
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 4( )(25)2 (345)
a = 0.85𝑓′𝑐𝑏 = 4
0.85 (20.7)(300)
a = 128.33 mm
c = a/ β1 = 128.33/0.85
c = 150.98 mm

Verify if TSY : εs ≥ εty

𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟑 (𝐝−𝐜)
εs = ; εty = fy/Es
𝐜
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟑 (𝟓𝟐𝟕.𝟓−𝟏𝟓𝟎.𝟗𝟖)
εs = = 0.00748 > 0.005 (Tension Control)
𝟏𝟓𝟎.𝟗𝟖
εty = fy/Es = 345/200,000 = 0.001725 < εs (therefore, TSY)

d.) Solve for Rn:

ρ2 𝑓𝑦2
Rn = ρ fy - 1.7(𝑓′ 𝑐)
(0.0124)2 (345)2
Rn = (0.0124)(345) - 1.7(20.7)
Rn = 3.757 MPa (answer)
e.) Solve for Mn:
Concrete:
128.33
Mn= (0.85)(20.7)(128.33)(300)(527.5 - 2 )
Mn = 3138648 𝑥106 N-mm or Mn= 313.856 kN-m
Steel:
𝜋 128.33
Mn = 4 (25)2(4)(345)(527.5 - 2 )
Mn = 313.866 kN-m

Therefore, use Mn = 313.856 kN-m (answer)

e.) Solve for Mu:

Mu = ∅Mn
Mu = (0.90)(313.856)
Mu = 282.47 kN-m(answer)

P a g e 13 | 26
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

4.) A cantilever beam has a width of 280mm, a depth of 570mm and an effective depth of
500mm is reinforced with 4pcs – 25mm diameter tension bars. The beam carries a
uniform dead load of 20kN, besides its own weight and a concentrated live load of
115kN at the free end. If f’c = 25MPa, fy = 400MPa and δc = 24 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3 , determine the
safe span L(m), the beam could provide based on flexure alone. Use NSCP 2015.

Solution:
1. Assume Tension Steel Yields(TSY) Pll =115kN
∴∈𝑠 ≥ ∈𝑡𝑦 (ok)
wT
a. Solve the values of a and c:

𝜋
(25)2 (4)(400)
a = (0.85)(25)(280) = 131.99mm
4

𝑎 131.99
c = 𝛽1 = = 155.29mm L
0.85

b. Verify if Tension Steel Yields (TSY) 280mm

mm
(0.003)(500−155.29)
∈𝑠 = = 0.00666 > 0.005
155.29
Therefore, Tension Control ; ∅ = 0.90
400
∈𝑡𝑦 = 200,000 = 0.002 570mm
mm
∴ ∈𝑠 > ∈𝑡𝑦 (Tension Steel Yields)
Use fs = fy = 400MPa

2. Compute the Ultimate Design Moment Capacity of the beam

Mu = ∅ As fy (d - 𝑎⁄2)
𝜋 131.99
Mu = (0.9)( 4 )(25)2 (4)(400)(500 - )
2
Mu = 306.78 kN-m

3. Determine the maximum factored moment due to loadings

𝑊𝐵 = (0.57)(0.28)(24) = 3.83 kN/m
𝑊𝑇𝐷 = 𝑊𝐷 + 𝑊𝐵 = 23.83kN/m
Mu(max) = 1.2 𝑊𝑇𝐷 L2/2 + 1.6 PLL (L)
(23.83)(𝐿)2 (1.2)
Mu(max) = + (115)(L)(1.6)
2
Mu(max) = 14.298𝐿2 + 184L

P a g e 14 | 26
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
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E-Mail Address: [email protected]

4. From Flexure:
Mu(cap) ≥ Mu(max) (SAFE)

Equate: Mu(cap) = Mu(max)

306.78 = 14.298𝐿2 + 184L
14.298𝐿2 + 184L – 406.78 = 0
By Q.F.
L = 1.49m(+) ; L = 14.36m(-)

Therefore, the safe maximum span:

L(m) = 1.49m ≈ 1.5m (answer)

5.) In the preceding problem, determine the safe span if RSB = 4-36mm diameter
tension bars. NSCP 2015.

Solution:
1. Assume Tension Steel Yields (TSY)
∈𝑠 ≥ ∈𝑡𝑦
a. Solve for a and c:
𝜋
(36)2 (4)(400)
a = (0.85)(25)(280)
4
= 273.71mm
273.71
c= = 322.01mm
0.85

b. Verify if Tension Steel Yields (TSY)

(0.003)(500−322.01)
∈𝑠 = = 0.00166 < 0.002
322.01
∈𝑦 = 0.002
∴ ∈𝑠 < ∈𝑡𝑦
(Assumption incorrect; Tension Steel will not yield)

c. Re-compute the new value of a and c

C=T
0.85 f’c a b = As fs ; since a = β1c
600(𝑑−𝑐)
fs = 𝑐
𝐴𝑠[600(𝑑−𝑐)]
0.85 f’cβ1c b = 𝑐
𝜋
(36)2 (4)[600(500−𝑐)]
0.85(25)(0.85)(280) = 4
𝑐
c = 306.06mm;
a= (0.85)(306.06)
a= 260.151

P a g e 15 | 26
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

d. Verify if TSDY
(0.003)(500−306.06)
∈𝑠 = = 0.00190 < 0.002
306.06
Therefore, compression control.
∈𝑡𝑦 = 0.002 ; ∅ = 0.65
∴ ∈𝑠 ≤ ∈𝑡𝑦 (TSDY)
(600)(500−306.06)
Use fs = 306.06
fs = 380.2 MPa < fy = 400MPa (ok)

2. Compute Ultimate Design of Moment

260.151
Mu(cap) = 0.65 (𝜋⁄4)(36)2(4)(380.2)(500 - 2 )
Mu(cap) = 372.215 kN-m

3. From Flexure:

Mu(cap) = Mu(max)
372.215 =14.298𝐿2 + 184L
14.298𝐿2 + 184L – 372.215 = 0
By Q.F.
L = 1.777 m(+)
L = 14.646 m(-)

Therefore, the safe maximum span: L = 1.777 m (Safe Span) – answer

6.) Determine the flexural strength of the beam shown below. The f’c = 27.5 MPa, fy =
230 MPa. Use NSCP 2015.

325 mm

3-16mmФ

75 mm
400 mm

P a g e 16 | 26
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
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E-Mail Address: [email protected]

Solution:
0.85f’c
2/3 a
a
C = 0.85f’c Ac
x
325mm
d – 2/3 a

T = Asfy

a.) Assume TSY (∈𝑠 ≥ ∈𝑡𝑦 ; fs =fy )

C=T
0.85 f’c Ac = As fy
𝜋
(16)2 (3)(230)
Ac = 4 (0.85)27.5)
= 5935.09 mm2

By Similar Figures:
𝑎 400
= 400
𝑥
a=x
therefore, Ac = ½ a2
5935.09 = ½ a2
a = 108.95 mm
c = a/β1 = 108.95/0.85 = 128.18 mm

b.) Verify if TSY

(0.003)(325−128.18)
∈𝑠 = = 0.00461 > 0.00115 (transition control)
128.18
∈𝑡𝑦 = 0.00115
∴ ∈𝑠 > ∈𝑡𝑦
(Assumption is correct; Tension Steel will Yield)

c.) Ultimate Moment Capacity

2𝑎
Mucap = Ø As fy (d - )
3
Ø = 0.65 + 0.25 (εt – εty) / (0.005 - εty)
Ø = 0.65 + 0.25 (0.00461 – 0.00115) / (0.005 – 0.00115)
Ø = 0.875
𝜋 2(108.95)
Mucap = (0.875) 4 (16)2 (3)(230)(325- )
3
Mucap = 30.64 kN-m

P a g e 17 | 26
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

7.) A simply supported beam has a span of 6m and carries a uniform dead load of 12
kN/m and concentrated live load of 40 kN at mid span. Design the beam for flexure
alone using NSCP 2010/2015. P = 40 kN LL

wDL =12 kN/m

Design Parameters:
f’c = 27.5 MPa
fy = 415 MPa

1. Determine the Factored Max. Moment

Wu = 1.2 (12)
=14.4 kN/m

Pu = 1.6 (40)
=64 kN

For simply supported beam the maximum moment occurs at mid span.
𝑊𝑢𝐿2 𝑃𝑢𝐿
Mumax = +
8 4
14.4 (62 ) 64 (6)
= +
8 4
= 160.8 kN-m

2. Assume the value of p(rho) and establish the dimensions of the beam
Let us assume ρ is equal to 0.60 ρmaxTC.

𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇′ 𝒄𝜷𝟏 𝟑
ρmax TC = (𝟖)
𝒇𝒚
𝟎.𝟖𝟓(𝟐𝟕.𝟓)(𝟎.𝟖𝟓) 𝟑
ρmax TC = (𝟖)
𝟒𝟏𝟓
ρ max TC= 0.01795

ρ = 0.60 (0.01795)
ρ = 0.01077

Using this formula solve for dimensions:

𝜌𝑓𝑦
Mumax = φρfyb𝑑 2 (1- 1.7𝑓′𝑐)

P a g e 18 | 26
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
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E-Mail Address: [email protected]

0.01077(415)
160.8 106 = 0.90(0.01077) (415) b𝑑 2 (1 − )
1.7(27.5)
b𝑑2 =44.20 x 106
Try b = 250 mm
Therefore, d = 420.48 ≈ 450 mm
D = 450 + 50 mm (concrete cover) = 500 mm
Try = 250mm x 500mm cross section

3. Consider the weight of the beam:

(0.25)(0.50)(24) = 3 kN/m
1.2(3)(62 )
Mumax = 160.80 + 8
Mumax = 177 kN/m

4. Compute for steel reinforcement in tension

𝜌𝑓𝑦
Mu= φρfyb𝑑2 (1- 1.7𝑓′𝑐)
𝜌(415)
177 x 106 = (0.90) ρ (415)(250)(450)2(1- 1.7(27.5))
ρ= 0.0103

Solve for As
As = ρbd
= (0.0103)(250)(450)
=1158.75 m𝑚2
Using 25mmφ bars:
as = 625𝜋/4
𝐴𝑠
N= 𝑎𝑠
N= 2.36 ≈ 3 pcs of 25mm φ bars

5. Check ductility
ρ min < ρ < ρ max
𝐴𝑠
ρ act= 𝑏𝑑
𝜋
( )(252 )(3)
ρ act= (250)(450)
4

ρ act = 0.0131

1.4
ρ min= 𝑓𝑦
ρ min= 0.00337 (governs)
√𝑓′𝑐
ρ min= 4(𝑓𝑦)
ρ min = 0.00316
P a g e 19 | 26
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

ρ min < ρ < ρ max (ok)

Therefore, Ductile Failure.

5. Check Flexure (Mucap ≥ Mumax)

ρ𝑓𝑦
Mucap = φ ρ fy b𝑑 2 (1- 1.7𝑓′𝑐)
0.0131(415)
Mucap = (0.9)(0.0131)(415)(450)2 (250)(1- )
1.7(27.5)
Mucap = 218.90 kN-m > Mumax (safe in flexure)

Therefore, adopt 250 mm x 500mm beam section reinforced with 3-25 mmФ at mid span.

SPLICE ZONE

L/3 L/3 L/3

L/4 L/2 L/4

SPLICE ZONE SPLICE ZONE

500 mm

250 mm 3-25 mm

LEFT SUPPORT MIDSPAN RIGHT SUPPORT

Note: There should always be 2 continuous top and bottom bars all throughout the span of the beam.

P a g e 20 | 26
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
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E-Mail Address: [email protected]

8. A beam with a span of 7.20 m between supports has an overhanging part of 2.40 m on one side
only. The beam carries a uniform dead load of 12 kN/m (including its own weight) and a uniform
live load of 10 kN/m. Design the beam for flexure alone.

wu

7.2 m 2.4 m C
Given:
f’c= 35 MPa
A B
fy = 415 MPa
Structural cover = 50mm
Use 25 mm∅ bars

wu = 30.4 kN/m
Solution:
a.) Solve for ultimate uniform load and A 7.2 m B 2.4 m C
maximum positive and negative moment. RA = 97.28 kN RB =194.56 kN

Wu = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL
= 1.2 (12) + 1.6 (10) +97.28 kN
+72.96 kN
Wu = 30.4 kN/m
∑MA = 0 + D 7.2 - x
V.D.
x
-RB (7.2) + 30.4 (9.6) (9.6/2) = 0
RB = 194.56 kN
-121.60 kN
∑Fv = 0 + +155.648 kN-m
𝑥 7.2 − 𝑥
RA + RB = 30.4 (9.6) =
97.28 121.60
RA = 30.4 (9.6) – 194.56 x =3.2 m
RA = 97.28 kN
M.D.

- 87.552 kN-m

P a g e 21 | 26
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

b. Assume the value of p(rho) and establish the dimensions of the beam
Let us assume ρ is equal to 0.60 ρmaxTC.

𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇′ 𝒄𝜷𝟏 𝟑
ρmax TC = (𝟖)
𝒇𝒚
0.05
𝛽1= 0.85 - 7
(f’c – 28)
0.05
𝛽1 = 0.85 - 7
(35 – 28)

𝛽1= 0.80
𝟎.𝟖𝟓(𝟑𝟐)(𝟎.𝟖𝟎) 𝟑
ρmax TC = 𝟒𝟏𝟓
(𝟖)
ρ max TC= 0.0215

ρ = 0.60 (0.0215)
ρ = 0.0129 (Assume value)

Using this formula solve for dimensions:

𝜌𝑓𝑦
Mumax = φρfyb𝑑2 (1- 1.7𝑓′𝑐)
0.0129(415)
155.648 x106 = 0.90(0.0129) (415) b𝑑2 (1 − )
1.7(35)
b𝑑 2 =35.498 x 106 mm3
Try b = 250 mm
Therefore, d = 376.82 mm ≈ 400 mm
D = 400 + 50 mm (concrete cover) = 450 mm
Try = 250mm x 450mm cross section

c. Compute for steel reinforcement in tension for positive and negative moment.
𝜌𝑓𝑦
Mumax+= φρfyb𝑑2 (1- 1.7𝑓′𝑐)
Mumax+ = 155.648 kN-m
Mucap ≥ Mumax
ρfy
Mucap = ø ρf ybd2 (1 - 1.7 f`c)
ρ(415)
155.648 x 106 = 0.90 ρ (415)(250)(400)2 [1-1.7 (35)]

ρ = 0.0113
As = ρbd
As = 0.0113 (250)(400)

P a g e 22 | 26
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
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E-Mail Address: [email protected]

As = 1130 mm2
As 1130 mm2
n= = π
(25)2
= 2.30 ≈ 3 bars @ bottom reinforcement.
Ab
4

Mumax - = - 87.552 kN-m

Mucap ≥ Mumax
ρfy
Mucap = ø ρf ybd2 [1 - 1.7 f`c]
ρ(415)
87.552 x 106 = 0.90 ρ (415)(250)(400)2 [1-1.7 (35)]

ρ = 0.0061
As = ρbd
As = 0.0061 (250)(400)
As = 610 mm2
As 610 mm2
n= = π
(25)2
= 1.24 ≈ 2 bars @ support/top reinforcement.
Ab
4

d. Check ductility
ρ min < ρ < ρ max
𝐴𝑠
ρ act =
𝑏𝑑
𝜋
( )(252 )(3)
ρ act = 4
(250)(450)
ρ act = 0.0147
1.4
ρ min= 𝑓𝑦
ρ min= 0.00337 (governs)
√𝑓′𝑐
ρ min= 4(𝑓𝑦)
ρ min = 0.00356
ρ min < ρ < ρ max (ok)
Therefore, Ductile Failure.

e. Check Flexure (Mucap ≥ Mumax)

ρ𝑓𝑦
Mucap = φ ρ fy b𝑑 2 (1- 1.7𝑓′𝑐)
0.0147(415)
Mucap = (0.9)(0.0147)(415) (250) (400)2 (1- )
1.7(35)
Mucap = 197.10 kN-m > Mumax + (safe in flexure)

Therefore, adopt 250 mm x 450mm beam section with 3-25 mmФ @ bottom reinforcement
and 2-25mmФ @ top reinforcement.

P a g e 23 | 26
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
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E-Mail Address: [email protected]

1.4 Activity no.3

Instructions and Reminders:
 Show your complete and comprehensive solution
 Include all relevant illustrations, drawings, derivations and concepts
whenever possible.
 Write or type your solutions legibly.
 Use NSCP 2015.

Problems:
1. A decorative concrete beam shown is simply supported on a span of 5m.
f’c = 21 MPa Unit weight of concrete = 23.5 KN/m3
fr = 3 MPa RSB = 3-28mmФ
fy = 414 MPa concrete cover = 70mm

In addition to its weight, what is the safe maximum uniform live load the beam could support.
100 mm

600 mm
As

300 mm
2. A fixed ended beam shown has a width of 250 mm and an effective depth of 350 mm that
contains 3-28mm diameter steel bars at tension side. The beam is exposed to weather; carries
a factored varying dead load of 28.8 kN/m excluding the weight of the beam and it also carries
CHB (6”) of height 1.5m. Assume that the design dead load of CHB is 2.95 kPa and the unit
weight of concrete is 24 kN/m3 . Determine the max. safe span that it could provide. Concrete
strength is 30 MPa and fy = 400 MPa.

w=28.8 kN/m

P a g e 24 | 26
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

3. Given the following beam properties. What is the safe service uniform live load that the
cantilever beam could provide if the service uniform dead load is 36.0736 kN/m (excluding
its own weight)?
f’c = 24 MPa Unit Weight of Concrete = 24 kN/m3
fy = 375 MPa clear concrete cover = 40mm
Tension steel reinforcements: clear layer distance = 25mm
Outer layer = 3-28mm∅ beam width = 300mm
Inner layer = 2-25mm∅ total depth = 600mm

40 mm

10 mmФ 600 mm
stirrup

A 3m B

300 mm

4. Design the steel area required section for concrete beam reinforced for tension only. The beam
carrying a total factored uniform load of 18 kN/m is continuous across the spans of 4.5 m each and
rest upon each support. Use f’c = 27.5 MPa, fy = 415 MPa and 20 mm diameter main reinforcement.

P a g e 25 | 26
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

5. The floor framing plan of a building is shown below. It consists of a dead load of 2.3 kPa (ceiling,
partition, MEP and floor finish) and a live load of 4.8 kPa. It also carries a 100 mm THK slab. Design
B-1 for flexure alone. (Hint: Consider a uniform distribution of load in the beam. B-1 will not transmit
a moment to G-1).
Design Parameters:
f'c = 21 MPa
fy = 276 MPa
Bar diameter = 20 mmΦ
Structural cover = 50 mm
𝛿c = 24 kN/m3
Use b = 250 mm

IV. References
1. Design of Reinforced Concrete by Jack C. McCormac and Russel H. Brown , 9th Edition.
2. National Structural Code of the Philippines 2010/2015 , Volume 1 (Buildings, Towers and
other Vertical Structures)
3. ACI 318 Building Code requirements for Reinforced Concrete, Latest Edition
4. Nilson, Arthur H. and Winter, George et. Al, Design of reinforced Concrete Structures, 13th Ed.
2000, McGraw Hill
P a g e 26 | 26