DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE

Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

PRPC324: PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Module 1: Introduction to Reinforced Concrete Design
I. Course Objectives:
1. The students are expected to familiarize with the materials used in reinforced concrete,
advantage and disadvantage of reinforced concrete.
2. The students are expected to understand the stages of concrete failure and properties of
reinforced concrete.
3. The students are expected to familiarize the formula’s, principles and concepts used in
cracking moment of beams.

II. Course Outline:

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Advantages of Reinforced Concrete
1.3 Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete
1.4 Materials Used in Reinforced Concrete
1.5 Properties of Reinforced Concrete
1.6 Stress-Strain Relationship of Concrete
1.7 Design Code and Design Analysis of Reinforced Concrete
1.8 Structural Elements
1.9 Loads on Structure and Basic Load Combinations
1.10 Stages of Concrete Failure
1.11 Cracking Moment
1.12 Sample Problems
1.13 Activity no.1

III. Learning Content:

1.1 Introduction
Concrete and Reinforced Concrete
Concrete is a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock, or other aggregates held together in a
rocklike mass with a paste of cement and water. Sometimes one or more admixtures are added to
change certain characteristics of the concrete such as its workability, durability, and time of
hardening.

As with most rocklike substances, concrete has a high compressive strength and a very low
tensile strength. Reinforced concrete is a combination of concrete and steel wherein the steel
reinforcement provides the tensile strength lacking in the concrete. Steel reinforcing is also capable
of resisting compression forces and is used in columns as well as in other situations.

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 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

1.2 Advantages of Reinforced Concrete as a Structural Material

Reinforced concrete may be the most important material available for construction. It is used in
one form or another for almost all structures, great or small—buildings, bridges, pavements, dams,
retaining walls, tunnels, drainage and irrigation facilities, tanks, and so on. The tremendous success
of this universal construction material can be understood quite easily if its numerous advantages are
considered. These include the following:

1. It has considerable compressive strength per unit cost compared with most other materials.
2. Reinforced concrete has great resistance to the actions of fire and water and, in fact, is
the best structural material available for situations where water is present. During fires of average
intensity, members with a satisfactory cover of concrete over the reinforcing bars suffer only surface
damage without failure.
3. Reinforced concrete structures are very rigid.
4. It is a low-maintenance material.
5. As compared with other materials, it has a very long service life. Under proper conditions,
reinforced concrete structures can be used indefinitely without reduction of their load carrying
abilities. This can be explained by the fact that the strength of concrete does not decrease with time
but actually increases over a very long period, measured in years, because of the lengthy process of
the solidification of the cement paste.
6. It is usually the only economical material available for footings, floor slabs, basement walls, piers,
and similar applications.
7. A special feature of concrete is its ability to be cast into an extraordinary variety of shapes from
simple slabs, beams, and columns to great arches and shells.
8. In most areas, concrete takes advantage of inexpensive local materials (sand, gravel, and water)
and requires relatively small amounts of cement and reinforcing steel, which may have to be shipped
from other parts of the country.
9. A lower grade of skilled labor is required for erection as compared with other materials such as
structural steel.

1.3 Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete as a Structural Material

To use concrete successfully, the designer must be completely familiar with its weak points
as well as its strong ones. Among its disadvantages are the following:

1. Concrete has a very low tensile strength, requiring the use of tensile reinforcing.
2. Forms are required to hold the concrete in place until it hardens sufficiently. In addition, false work
or shoring may be necessary to keep the forms in place for roofs, walls, floors, and similar structures
until the concrete members gain sufficient strength to support themselves. Formwork is very
expensive.
3. The low strength per unit of weight of concrete leads to heavy members. This becomes an
increasingly important matter for long-span structures, where Reinforced concrete’s large dead
weight has a great effect on bending moments. Lightweight aggregates can be used to reduce concrete
weight, but the cost of the concrete is increased.
4. Similarly, the low strength per unit of volume of concrete means members will be relatively large,
an important consideration for tall buildings and long-span structures.

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 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

5. The properties of concrete vary widely because of variations in its proportioning and mixing.
Furthermore, the placing and curing of concrete is not as carefully controlled as is the production of
other materials, such as structural steel and laminated wood.

1.4 Materials Used in Reinforced Concrete

1. Reinforcing Steel
The reinforcing used for concrete structures may be in the form of bars or welded wire fabric.
Reinforcing bars are referred to as plain or deformed. The deformed bars, which have ribbed
projections rolled onto their surfaces (patterns differing with different manufacturers) to provide
better bonding between the concrete and the steel, are used for almost all applications. Instead of
rolled-on deformations, deformed wire has indentations pressed into it. Plain bars are not used very
often except for wrapping around longitudinal bars, primarily in columns.

2. Portland Cement

Concretes made with normal portland cement require about 2 weeks to achieve a sufficient
strength to permit the removal of forms and the application of moderate loads. Such concretes reach
their design strengths after about 28 days and continue to gain strength at a slower rate thereafter.

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) recognizes five types of portland
cement. These different cements are manufactured from just about the same raw materials, but their
properties are changed by using various blends of those materials.

Type I cement is the normal cement used for most construction, but four other types are useful for
special situations in which high early strength or low heat or sulfate resistance is needed:
Type I—The common, all-purpose cement used for general construction work.
Type II—A modified cement that has a lower heat of hydration than does Type I cement and that can
withstand some exposure to sulfate attack.
Type III—A high-early-strength cement that will produce in the first 24 hours a concrete
with a strength about twice that of Type I cement. This cement does have a much higher heat of
hydration.
Type IV—A low-heat cement that produces a concrete which generates heat very slowly. It is used
for very large concrete structures.
Type V—A cement used for concretes that are to be exposed to high concentrations of sulfate.

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 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

Figure 1: Portland Cement

3. Aggregates

The aggregates used in concrete occupy about three-fourths of the concrete volume. Since
they are less expensive than the cement, it is desirable to use as much of them as possible. Both fine
aggregates (usually sand) and coarse aggregates (usually gravel or crushed stone) are used. Any
aggregate that passes a No. 4 sieve (which has wires spaced 1/4 in. on centers in each direction) is
said to be fine aggregate. Material of a larger size is coarse aggregate.

Aggregates must be strong, durable, and clean. Should dust or other particles be present, they
may interfere with the bond between the cement paste and the aggregate. The strength of the
aggregate has an important effect on the strength of the concrete, and the aggregate properties
greatly affect the concrete’s durability.

Figure 2: Aggregates

4. Admixtures

Materials added to concrete during or before mixing are referred to as admixtures. They are
used to improve the performance of concrete in certain situations as well as to lower its cost. There
is a rather well-known saying regarding admixtures, to the effect that they are to concrete as beauty
aids are to the populace.

P a g e 4 | 22
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

Figure 3: Admixtures

5. Water

According to NSCP, water used in mixing concrete shall be clean and free from injurious
amounts of oil, acids, alkalis, salts, organic materials, or other substances that may deleterious to
concrete or reinforcement. Non potable (non-drinkable) water not be used in concrete unless the
following are satisfied: (a) Selection of concrete proportions shall from the same source and (b)
mortar test cubes made with non-potable mixing water shall have 7-day and 28-day strengths equal
to at least 90 percent of strengths of similar specimens made with potable water.

1.5 Properties of Reinforced Concrete

1. Compressive Strength (f’c)

The compressive strength of concrete, f’c, is determined by testing to failure 28-day-old 6-in.
diameter by 12-in. concrete cylinders at a specified rate of loading. For the 28-day period, the
cylinders are usually kept under water or in a room with constant temperature and 100% humidity.
Although concretes are available with 28-day ultimate strengths from 2500 psi up to as high as
10,000 psi to 20,000 psi, most of the concretes used fall into the 3000-psi to 7000-psi range.

2. Static Modulus of Elasticity (Ec)

Concrete has no clear-cut modulus of elasticity. Its value varies with different concrete strengths,
concrete age, type of loading, and the characteristics and proportions of the cement and aggregates.

In SI units, EC = wc1.5 0.043√𝑓′𝑐 with wc varying from 1500 to 2500 kg/m3 and with f ‘c in N/mm2
or MPa (megapascals). Should normal crushed stone or gravel concrete (with a mass of
approximately 2320 kg/m3) be used, Ec = 4700√𝑓′𝑐.

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 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

3.Poisson’s Ratio

As a concrete cylinder is subjected to compressive loads, it not only shortens in length but also
expands laterally. The ratio of this lateral expansion to the longitudinal shortening is referred to as
Poisson’s ratio. Its value varies from about 0.11 for the higher-strength concretes to as high as 0.21
for the weaker-grade concretes, with average values of about 0.16. There does not seem to be any
direct relationship between the value of the ratio and the values of items such as the water–cement
ratio, amount of curing, aggregate size, and so on.

4. Shrinkage

When the materials for concrete are mixed, the paste consisting of cement and water fills the
voids between the aggregate and bonds the aggregate together. This mixture needs to be sufficiently
workable or fluid so that it can be made to flow in between the reinforcing bars and all through the
forms. After the concrete has been cured and begins to dry, the extra mixing water that was used
begins to work its way out of the concrete to the surface, where it evaporates. As a result, the concrete
shrinks and cracks.

The amount of shrinkage is heavily dependent on the type of exposure. For instance, if
concrete is subjected to a considerable amount of wind during curing, its shrinkage will be greater.
In a related fashion, a humid atmosphere means less shrinkage, whereas a dry one means more.

Figure 4: Shrinkage

5. Creep

Under sustained compressive loads, concrete will continue to deform for long periods of time.
After the initial deformation occurs, the additional deformation is called creep, or plastic flow. If a
compressive load is applied to a concrete member, an immediate or instantaneous elastic shortening
occurs. If the load is left in place for a long time, the member will continue to shorten over a period
of several years, and the final deformation will usually be two to three times the initial deformation.

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 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

Figure 5: Creep

6. Tensile Strength

The tensile strength of concrete varies from about 8% to 15% of its compressive strength. A
major reason for this small strength is the fact that concrete is filled with fine cracks. The cracks have
little effect when concrete is subjected to compression loads because the loads cause the cracks to
close and permit compression transfer.

The tensile strength of concrete members has a definite reduction effect on their deflections.
(Because of the small tensile strength of concrete, little effort has been made to determine its tensile
modulus of elasticity. Based on this limited information, however, it seems that its value is equal to
its compression modulus.)

7. Shear Strength

It is extremely difficult in laboratory testing to obtain pure shear failures unaffected by other
stresses. As a result, the tests of concrete shearing strengths through the years have yielded values
all the way from one-third to four-fifths of the ultimate compressive strengths.

P a g e 7 | 22
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

1.6 Stress Strain Relationship of Concrete

fc

Ultimate Compressive
Strength
f’c Breaking Point

Elastic Limit

Proportional Limit

Non - Linearly
Elastic Region

Linearly
Elastic Region
εc
εmax
`
 Proportionality Limit - stress is proportional to strain.
Hooke’s Law - the stress is directly proportional to strain up to the proportionality limit
ℴ= 𝐸𝜀
where E is the Modulus of Elasticity

 Elastic Limit - the material returns to its original shape when the load is removed.
 Ultimate Compressive Strength - the highest stress on the stress-strain curve. The load-
carrying capacity of the uncracked portions of the concrete reaches a maximum value.
Commercial Available fc’ of Concrete:
17 MPa - Lowest value according to NSCP 2010/2015
21 MPa - 3 ksi
28 MPa - 4 ksi
34 MPa - 5 ksi

 Breaking Point / Rupture Strength - failure occurs, the concrete cracks in tension.
fr = 0.62λ √𝑓′𝑐 (NSCP 2010/2015)

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 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

1.7 Design Code and Design Analysis of Reinforced Concrete

Design codes provide detailed technical standards and are used to establish the requirements
for the actual structural design. It should be realized, however, that codes provide only a general
guide for design.

NSCP 2015

WORKING STRESS DESIGN (WSD) - The behavior of concrete is LINEAR ELASTIC. The consideration
is up to the proportionality limit.
ULTIMATE STRESS DESIGN (USD) The behavior of concrete is NON-LINEAR ELASTIC. The
consideration is up to the ultimate strength.

1.8 Structural Elements

A structure refers to a system of connected parts used to support a load. Important examples
related to civil engineering include buildings, bridges, and towers;
When designing a structure to serve a specified function for public use, the engineer must
account for its safety, esthetics, and serviceability, while taking into consideration economic and
environmental constraints. Often this requires several independent studies of different solutions
before final judgment can be made as to which structural form is most appropriate. This design
process is both creative and technical and requires a fundamental knowledge of material properties
and the laws of mechanics which govern material response. Once a preliminary design of a structure
is proposed, the structure must then be analyzed to ensure that it has its required stiffness and
strength.

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 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

A.) Slabs
Slabs are flat horizontal panels that support the floor. It can be supported by
beams/girders on edges or directly by columns. They carry gravity loads and transfer them
to the vertical components (columns and/or walls), and also act as horizontal diaphragms by
transferring the lateral load to the vertical components of a structure.
Types of Slab:
1. One – way Floor System
2. Two – way Floor System
One-way floor system is a slab or deck that is supported such that it delivers its load to the
supporting members by one-way action. It is often referred to as a one-way slab. ( s/l < 0.50 ) ”s” is
for shorter span and “l” is for longer span. One-way slab bends in only one direction along the short
span.
If the support ratio is s/l ≥ 0.5, the load is assumed to be delivered to the supporting beams
and girders in two directions. When this is the case the slab is referred to as a two-way slab.

P a g e 10 | 22
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

B.) Beams
Beams are usually straight horizontal members used primarily to carry vertical loads.
Quite often they are classified according to the way they are supported, as indicated the
figure.
Beams are primarily designed to resist bending moment; however, if they are short
and carry large loads, the internal shear force may become quite large and this force may
govern their design.

P a g e 11 | 22
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

 Flexure Cracks - originates in maximum moment region because the flexural capacity of
the beam is inadequate.
 Shear Cracks - originates near supports because the shear capacity of the beam is
inadequate.

C. Columns
Members that are generally vertical and resist axial compressive loads are referred to as columns.

 Lateral Ties – confinement to prevent buckling. It helps maintain the vertical positions of
the bars.
 Buckling Effect– due to moment and instability because of the applied compressive force.

P a g e 12 | 22
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

1.9 Loads on Structure

Once the structural form has been determined, the actual design begins with those elements
that are subjected to the primary loads the structure is intended to carry, and proceeds in sequence
to the various supporting members until the foundation is reached. In order to design a structure, it
is therefore necessary to first specify the loads that act on it.
A.) Gravity Loads - the vertical loads, due mainly to the occupancy, self-weight and snow or
rain, are commonly referred to as gravity loads.
B.) Dead Loads -dead loads consist of the weights of the various structural members and the
weights of any objects that are permanently attached to the structure. The values for dead
loads are shown in NSCP Section 204, Tables 204-1 and 204-2 for common material
densities and minimum design dead loads for common components.

C.) Live Loads - live loads can vary both in their magnitude and location. They may be caused
by the weights of objects temporarily placed on a structure, moving vehicles, or natural
forces. NSCP Section 204, Table 205-1 provides recommended design live loads
depending on the use of the space.

D.) Impact Loads - when live loads are applied rapidly to a structure, they cause larger
stresses than those that would be produced if the same loads would have been applied
gradually. The dynamic effect of the load that causes this increase in stress in the
structure is referred to as impact.

E.) Wind Loads - when structures block the flow of wind, the wind’s kinetic energy is
converted into potential energy of pressure, which causes a wind loading. The effect of
wind on a structure depends upon the density and velocity of the air, the angle of
incidence of the wind, the shape and stiffness of the structure, and the roughness of its
surface.
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 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

F.) Earthquake Loads - earthquakes produce loadings on a structure through its interaction
with the ground and its response characteristics. These loadings result from the
structure’s distortion caused by the ground’s motion and the lateral resistance of the
structure.

1.9.1 Basic Load Combination for Strength Design

Where strength design is used, structures and all portions thereof shall resist the most critical effects
from the following combination of factored loads:

Symbols and Notations:

D = dead load
E = earthquake load
Em = Estimated maximum earthquake force that can be developed on structures
L = live load
Lr = roof live load, including any permitted live load reduction
W = load due to wind pressure

1.10 Stages of Concrete Failure

A. UNCRACKED STAGE
At small loads when the tensile stresses are less than the modulus of rupture (the bending
tensile stress at which the concrete begins to crack), the entire cross section of the beam resists
bending, with compression on one side and tension on the other.

 Actual moment, M < Cracking moment, Mcr.

 No cracking occur.
 The gross section resists bending
 The tensile stress of concrete is below rupture

P a g e 14 | 22
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

B. CRACKED STAGE (WORKING STRESS DESIGN)

As the load is increased after the modulus of rupture of the concrete is exceeded, cracks begin
to develop in the bottom of the beam. The moment at which these cracks begin to form—that is, when
the tensile stress in the bottom of the beam equals the modulus of rupture—is referred to as the
cracking moment, Mcr. Service Loads/Actual Loads are used.

 Actual moment, M = Cracking moment, Mcr.

 Crack begins to form.
 The gross section resists bending.
 The tensile stress of concrete reached the rupture point.
C. COLLAPSED STAGE (ULTIMATE STRESS DESIGN)
As the load is increased further so that the compressive stresses are greater than 0.50fc’, the
tensile cracks move farther upward, as does the neutral axis, and the concrete compression stresses
begin to change appreciably from a straight line. It is assumed that the reinforcing bars have yielded.

 Actual moment, M > Cracking moment, Mcr.

 Cracks developed at the tension fiber of the beam and spreads quickly to the neutral axis.
 The tensile stress of concrete is higher than the rupture strength.

1.11 Cracking Moment

Cracking moment is the maximum bending moment for which the beam remains uncrack. It
is also the moment due to external loads in combination with pre-stress that produces a tensile
stress equal to the modulus of rupture.

So we have here the formula for cracking moment, Mcr :

𝒇𝒓𝑰𝒈
𝑴𝒄𝒓 =
𝒚𝒕

where,
Mcr – Cracking Moment
fr – modulus of rupture, MPa
Ig – gross moment of inertia of the section, mm4
Yt – distance from the centroidal axis to the extreme fiber in tension, mm.

In modulus of rupture, fr :
𝑓𝑟 = 0.62𝛾√𝑓 ′ 𝑐 , for NSCP 2010/2015
𝑓𝑟 = 0.70𝛾√𝑓 ′ 𝑐 , for NSCP 2001

P a g e 15 | 22
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

Wherein, 𝛾 refers to modification factor or multiplier of √𝑓 ′ 𝑐 reflecting the reduced mechanical

properties of weight of concrete. See section 408.7.1. NSCP 2010.

For normal weight concrete, 𝛾 = 1.0

For sand lightweight concrete, 𝛾 = 0.85
For all lightweight concrete, 𝛾 = 0.75

If average splitting tensile strength of lightweight concrete is specified,

𝒇 ′ 𝒄𝒕
𝜸= ≤ 𝟏. 𝟎
(𝟎.𝟓𝟔√𝒇′ 𝒄)

For a given split cylinder tensile strength fct , modulus of rupture fr has different condition.

𝒇𝒓 = (𝟎. 𝟕𝟎)(𝟏. 𝟖)(𝒇𝒄𝒕 ) ≤ 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎√𝒇′ 𝒄

1.12 Sample Problems

1. A reinforced concrete beam is in the form of an inverted U-section having a uniform thickness
of 100mm. and a total depth of 400mm and a width of 400mm. The beam is reinforced with
2-25mm ∅ bars at the bottom section one at each stem having a thickness of 400mm. The
neutral axis is at a distance of 241mm. from the bottom of the beam. The beam has a total
area of 110,000mm2 and a moment of inertia at its neutral axis equal to 1,582x106 mm4. The
beam has a span of 4m. and carries a concentrated load of P at its midspan. Assume weight of
concrete to be 23.5 kN/m3. f’c=20.68 MPa, fct=2.2MPa (split cylinder tensile strength). NSCP
2001.
a.) Determine the cracking moment of the beam.
b.) Determine the concentrated load P at midspan that will cause the beam to crack.

Given:
Yt = 241mm
A = 110000 mm2
Ig = 1582x106 mm4
L = 4m.
Weight of concrete = 23.5 kN/m3
f’c = 20.68 MPa.
fct (split cylinder tensile strength)
NSCP 2001

Solutions:
a.) Modulus of rupture, fr

fr = (0.7)(1.8)(fct ) ≤ 0.70√f′c
fr = (0.7)(1.8)(2.2MPa) = 2.77 MPa
2.77 < 0.70√20.68 = 3.18MPa
∴ 𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐟𝐫 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟕 𝐌𝐏𝐚
P a g e 16 | 22
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

b.) Cracking Moment of the beam

frIg
Mcr = Yt
2.77 N/mm2(1582x1o6 mm4 )
Mcr =
241mm

Mcr = 18.18x106 N − mm

𝐌𝐜𝐫 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟏𝟖 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦

P
c.)

Solve for uniformly distributed load, w:

w = (110000mm2 )(23.5 kN/m3 ) x (1m/1000mm)2
w = 2.59 kN/m

use Mcr as Mmax.

PL wL2
Mmax = +
4 8
P(4m) 2.59kN/m2 (4m)2
18.18 kN − m = +
4 8
𝐏 = 𝟏𝟑𝐤𝐍

2. A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300mm., a total depth of 450mm. and an effective
depth of 375mm. It is reinforced with 3-28mm. ∅ bars at the bottom. If f’c= 27.6 MPa, fy=
314MPa. Use NSCP 2010.

a) Determine the bending stress in the extreme fiber of the beam for a bending moment of
340 kN-m?
b) Determine the cracking moment.

P a g e 17 | 22
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

6M
fb =
bd2
6(340x106 N − mm)
fb =
300mm(450mm)2
𝐟𝐛 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟓𝟖𝐌𝐏𝐚

c) Modulus of rupture, fr:

fr = 0.62γ√f ′ c
fr = 0.62(1.0)√27.6
𝐟𝐫 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟔 𝐌𝐏𝐚

d) Cracking Moment, Mcr

frIg
Mcr =
Yt
bh3
Ig = , for rectangular section
12
300mm. (450mm. )3
Ig =
12
Ig = 2278.125x106 mm4

3.26N/mm2 (2278.125x106 mm4 ) 1kN 1m

Mcr = 225mm
x 1000N x 1000mm

𝑴𝒄𝒓 = 𝟑𝟑 kN-m.

3. Determine the cracking moment of the section shown below if f’c=27.5 MPa. Use NSCP 2001.

fr = 0.70γ√f ′ c
fr = 0.70(1.0)√27.5MPa
fr = 3.67MPa

Solve for yt:

𝐴 𝑌 +𝐴 𝑌
𝑦𝑡 = 1 1𝐴 2 2 , from neutral axis (bottom)
𝑡

A1= 550mm(275mm)= 151250mm2 , Y1=962.5mm.

A2= 250mm(1100)= 275000mm2 , Y2=550mm.

P a g e 18 | 22
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

151250(962.5) + 275000(550)
𝑦𝑡 = = 696.37𝑚𝑚.
151250 + 275000

Solve for Ig:

Ig = I1 + I2
bh3
I= + Ad2
12
(550 )(275)3
I1 = 12
+ (151,250)(696.37 − 962.50)2
I1 = 1.17 x 1010 mm4
(250 )(1100)3
I2 = 12
+ (275,000)(696.37 − 550 )2
I2 = 3.36 x 1010 mm4
Ig = (1.17 + 3.36) (1 x 1010)
Ig = 4.53x1010 mm4

3.67 N/mm2 (4.53x1010 mm4 ) 1kN 1m

Mcr = x x = 𝟐𝟑𝟖. 𝟕𝟒 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦.
696.37mm 1000N 1000mm.

4.) A decorative concrete beam shown is simply supported on a span of 4m.

f’c = 30 MPa Unit weight of concrete = 23.5 KN/m3
fr = 3 MPa
Determine the minimum bending moment that will cause the beam to crack.

400 mm

P a g e 19 | 22
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

Solution:
frIg
a.) Mcr = Yt

100 mm
Yt = √2002 − 1002
Yt
Yt = 173.205 mm
Ig = 4 I(triangle) + I (rectangle)
bh3 (100)(173.205)3 1 173.205 2
I(triangle) = 36
+ Ad2 = 36
+ 2 (100)(173.205)( 3
)

I(triangle) = 43.30x106 mm4

bh3 (200)(173.205x2)3
I(rectangle) = 12
=
12
= 692.82x106 mm4
3 (866.02x106 )
Mcr = Ig = 4 (43.30x106) + 692.82x106 = 866.02x106 mm4
173.205

𝐌𝐜𝐫 = 𝟏𝟓 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦

1.13 ACTIVITY NO.1

Solve the problems completely.

1. Determine the cracking moment of the section shown below if f’c=28.5 MPa. Use NSCP 2015.

bf = 600 mm

t = 110 mm

h = 390 mm

bw = 300 mm

P a g e 20 | 22
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

2. Determine the cracking moment for positive and negative bending of the beam shown below if f’c
= 21.73 MPa. Use NSCP 2015.

150 mm 200 mm 150 mm

200 mm

150 mm

150 mm

2.) A precast plain concrete beam shown is simply supported on a span of 3m. Use NSCP 2015.
Given:
f'c = 17 MPa a.) What is the allowable load on the beam (kN/m)
Concrete Unit weight = 17 kN/m 3 if the cracking moment is 27 kN-m?
a = 250 mm d = 200 mm b.) Determine the cracking moment for the positive
b = 350 mm e = 600 mm and negative bending.
c = 100 mm

a b a

P a g e 21 | 22
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

5.) A decorative concrete beam shown is simply supported on a span of 4m. Determine the factor of
safety against cracking if the maximum bending moment is 40 kN-m. Use NSCP 2015.
Given:

f'c = 21 MPa
Concrete Unit weight = 24 kN/m3
a = 400 mm d = 225 mm
b = 200 mm r = 75 mm
c = 600 mm

IV. References
1. Design of Reinforced Concrete by Jack C. McCormac and Russel H. Brown , 9th Edition.

2. National Structural Code of the Philippines 2010/2015 , Volume 1 (Buildings, Towers and
other Vertical Structures)

3. ACI 318 Building Code requirements for Reinforced Concrete, Latest Edition

4. Nilson, Arthur H. and Winter, George et. Al, Design of reinforced Concrete Structures, 13th Ed.
2000, McGraw Hill

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