Subhas Chandra Bose, by name 

Netaji (Hindi: “Respected Leader”), (born c.

January 23, 1897, Cuttack, Orissa [now Odisha], India—died August 18,
1945, Taipei, Taiwan, Indian revolutionary prominent in the independence movement
against British rule of India. He also led an Indian national force from abroad against
the Western powers during World War II. He was a contemporary of Mohandas K.
Gandhi, at times an ally and at other times an adversary. Bose was known in
particular for his militant approach to independence and his push
for socialist policies. Subhas Bose was born into wealth and privilege in a
large Bengali family in Orissa during the British Raj. The early recipient of an
Anglocentric education, he was sent after college to England to take the Indian Civil
Service examination. He succeeded with distinction in the vital first exam but
demurred at taking the routine final exam, citing nationalism to be a higher calling.
Returning to India in 1921, Bose joined the nationalist movement led by Mahatma
Gandhi and the Indian National Congress. He followed Jawaharlal Nehru to
leadership in a group within the Congress which was less keen on constitutional
reform and more open to socialism. Bose became Congress president in 1938. After
re-election in 1939, differences arose between him and the Congress leaders,
including Gandhi, over the future federation of British India and princely states, but
also because discomfort had grown among the Congress leadership over Bose's
negotiable attitude to non-violence, and his plans for greater powers for himself.
After the large majority of the Congress Working Committee members resigned in
protest, Bose resigned as president and was eventually ousted from the party. With
Japanese support, Bose revamped the Indian National Army (INA), which comprised
Indian prisoners of war of the Indian Army who had been captured by the Japanese
in the Battle of Singapore. A Provisional Government of Free India was declared on
the Japanese-occupied Andaman and Nicobar Islands and was nominally presided
over by Bose. Although Bose was unusually driven and charismatic, the Japanese
considered him to be militarily unskilled, and his soldierly effort was short-lived. In
late 1944 and early 1945, the Indian Army reversed the Japanese attack on India.
Almost half the Japanese forces and the participating INA contingent were killed.
The remaining INA was driven down the Malay Peninsula and surrendered with
the recapture of Singapore. Bose chose to escape to Manchuria to seek a future in
the Soviet Union which he believed to have turned anti-British. He died from third-
degree burns received when his overloaded plane crashed in Japanese Taiwan on
August 18, 1945. Some Indians did not believe that the crash had occurred,
expecting Bose to return to secure India's independence. The Indian National
Congress, the main instrument of Indian nationalism, praised Bose's patriotism but
distanced itself from his tactics and ideology.

Early life and political activity

The son of a wealthy and prominent Bengali lawyer, Bose studied at Presidency
College, Calcutta (Kolkata), from which he was expelled in 1916 for nationalist
activities, and the Scottish Churches College (graduating in 1919). He then was sent
by his parents to the University of Cambridge in England to prepare for the Indian
Civil Service. In 1920 he passed the civil service examination, but in April 1921, after
hearing of the nationalist turmoils in India, he resigned his candidacy and hurried
back to India. Throughout his career, especially in its early stages, he was supported
financially and emotionally by an elder brother, Sarat Chandra Bose (1889–1950), a
wealthy Calcutta lawyer and Indian National Congress (also known as
the Congress Party) politician. Bose joined the non-cooperation movement started
by Mohandas K. Gandhi, who had made the Indian National Congress a powerful
nonviolent organization. Bose was advised by Gandhi to work under Chitta Ranjan
Das, a politician in Bengal. There Bose became a youth educator, journalist, and
commandant of the Bengal Congress volunteers. His activities led to his
imprisonment in December 1921. In 1924 he was appointed chief executive officer of
the Calcutta Municipal Corporation, with Das as mayor. Bose was soon after
deported to Burma (Myanmar) because he was suspected of connections with secret
revolutionary movements. Released in 1927, he returned to find Bengal Congress
affairs in disarray after the death of Das, and Bose was elected president of the
Bengal Congress. Shortly thereafter he and Jawaharlal Nehru became the two
general secretaries of the Indian National Congress. Together they represented the
more militant, left-wing faction of the party against the more compromising, right-
wing Gandhian faction.

A falling-out with Gandhi
Vocal support for Gandhi increased within the Indian National Congress, meanwhile,
and, in light of this, Gandhi resumed a more commanding role in the party. When
the civil disobedience movement was started in 1930, Bose was already in detention
for his associations with an underground revolutionary group, the Bengal Volunteers.
Nevertheless, he was elected mayor of Calcutta while in prison. Released and then
rearrested several times for his suspected role in violent acts, Bose was finally
allowed to proceed to Europe after he contracted tuberculosis and was released for
ill health. In enforced exile and still ill, he wrote The Indian Struggle, 1920–1934, and
pleaded for India’s cause with European leaders. He returned from Europe in 1936,
was again taken into custody, and was released after a year. Meanwhile, Bose
became increasingly critical of Gandhi’s more conservative economics as well as his
less confrontational approach toward independence. In 1938 he was elected
president of the Indian National Congress and formed a national planning committee,
which formulated a policy of broad industrialization. However, this did not harmonize
with Gandhian economic thought, which clung to the notion of cottage industries
benefiting from the use of the country’s resources. Bose’s vindication came in 1939
when he defeated a Gandhian rival for re-election. Nonetheless, the “rebel president”
felt bound to resign because of the lack of Gandhi’s support. He founded
the Forward Bloc, hoping to rally radical elements, but was again incarcerated in July
1940. His refusal to remain in prison at this critical period of India’s history was
expressed in a determination to fast to death, which frightened the British
government into releasing him. On January 26, 1941, though closely watched, he
escaped from his Calcutta residence in disguise and, traveling
via Kabul and Moscow, eventually reached Germany in April.
 
Activity in exile
In Nazi Germany Bose came under the tutelage of a newly created Special Bureau
for India, guided by Adam von Trott zu Solz. He and other Indians who had gathered
in Berlin made regular broadcasts from the German-sponsored Azad Hind Radio
beginning in January 1942, speaking
in English, Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, Telugu, Gujarati, and Pashto. A little more than a
year after the Japanese invasion of Southeast Asia, Bose left Germany, traveling by
German and Japanese submarines and by plane, and arrived in May 1943 in Tokyo.
On July 4 he assumed leadership of the Indian Independence Movement in East
Asia and proceeded, with Japanese aid and influence, to form a trained army of
about 40,000 troops in Japanese-occupied Southeast Asia. On October 21, 1943,
Bose proclaimed the establishment of a provisional independent Indian government,
and his so-called Indian National Army (Azad Hind Fauj) alongside Japanese troops,
advanced to Rangoon (Yangon) and thence overland into India, reaching Indian soil
on March 18, 1944, and moving into Kohima and the plains of Imphal. In a stubborn
battle, the mixed Indian and Japanese forces, lacking Japanese air support, were
defeated and forced to retreat; the Indian National Army nevertheless for some time
succeeded in maintaining its identity as a liberation army, based in Burma and
then Indochina. With the defeat of Japan, however, Bose’s fortunes ended.
A few days after Japan’s announced surrender in August 1945, Bose, fleeing
Southeast Asia, reportedly died in a Japanese hospital in Taiwan as a result of burn
injuries from a plane crash.
 
 
        FORMATION OF THE FORWARD BLOC
The Forward Bloc of the Indian National Congress is a Political Party that was
formed on May 3, 1939, by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose in Makur Unnao, Uttar
Pradesh, who had resigned from the presidency of the Indian National Congress on
29 April after being out-maneuvered by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. The
formation of the Forward Bloc was announced to the public at a rally in Calcutta.
Bose said that who all were joining, had to never turn their back to the British and
must fill out the pledge form by cutting their finger and signing it with their blood. First
of all, seventeen young girls came up and signed the pledge form. Initially, the aim of
the Forward Bloc was to rally all the leftwing sections within the Congress and
develop an alternative leadership inside the Congress. Bose became the president
of the Forward Bloc and S.S. Kavishar is vice president. A Forward Bloc Conference
was held in Bombay at the end of June. At that conference, the constitution and
program of the Forward Bloc were approved. In July 1939 Subhas Chandra Bose
announced the Committee of the Forward Bloc. It had Subhas Chandra Bose as
president, S.S. Kavishar from Punjab as its vice-president, Lal Shankarlal from Delhi,
as its general secretary, and Vishwambhar Dayalu Tripathi and Khurshed
Nariman from Bombay as secretaries. Other prominent members were Annapurniah
from Andhra Pradesh, Senapati Bapat, Hari Vishnu Kamath from Bombay,
Pasumpon U. Muthuramalingam Thevar from Tamil Nadu, and Sheel Bhadra
Yager from Bihar. Satya Ranjan Bakshi was appointed as the secretary of the
Bengal Provincial Forward Bloc.
In August, of the same year, Bose began publishing a newspaper titled Forward
Bloc. He traveled around the country, rallying support for his new political project.

                   THE FIRST CONFERENCE

The next year, on 20–22 June 1940, the Forward Bloc held its first All India
Conference in Nagpur. The conference declared the Forward Bloc to be a socialist
political party, and the date of 22 June is considered the founding date of the party
by the Forward Bloc itself. The conference passed a resolution titled 'All Power to the
Indian People', urging militant action in the struggle against British colonial rule.
Subhash Chandra Bose was elected as the president of the party and H.V. Kamath
as the general secretary.
            
ARREST AND EXILE OF BOSE 
Soon thereafter, on 2 July, Bose was arrested and detained in Presidency Jail,
Calcutta. In January 1941 he escaped from house arrest and clandestinely went into
exile. He traveled to the Soviet Union via Afghanistan, seeking Soviet support for the
Indian independence struggle. Stalin declined Bose's request, and he then traveled
to Germany. In Berlin, he set up the Free India Centre and rallied the Indian Legion. 
Inside India, local activists of the Forward Bloc continued the anti-British activities
without central coordination. For example, in Bihar members were involved in
the Azad Data resistance groups, and distributed propaganda in support of Bose
and the Indian National Army. They did not have, however, any organic link either
with Bose or the INA
 
 
Forward Bloc
 
 
 
Forward Bloc is a political party set up by Subhas Chandra bose. On his resignation
from the Congress presidency, he formed it in 1939 as a radical faction within the
framework of the Congress. He declared that the object behind the formation of the
new party was 'to rally all radical and anti-imperialist progressive elements in the
country on the basis of a minimum program representing the greatest common
measure of agreement among radicals of all shades of opinion'. He, however, hoped
that all radicals ie socialists, communists and Kisan Sabhaits, etc would respond to
his call.
The first All-India Forward Bloc conference was held in Bombay in July 1939. The
conference approved the formation of a 'Left Consolidation Committee. In July 1939
Subhas Bose announced the Committee of the Forward Bloc. It included: Subhas
Bose, president; Sardul Singh Caveeshar (Punjab), vice-president; Lal Shankarlal
(Delhi), general secretary; Pandit B Tripathi and KF Nariman (Bombay), secretaries.
Other prominent members were Annapurniah (Andhra Pradesh), Senapati Bapat,
and HV Kamath (Bombay). Satya Ranjan Bakshi, one of the trusted confidants of
Subhas Bose, was appointed secretary of the Bengal Provincial Forward Bloc.
In early August 1939, the Forward Bloc began publishing its mouthpiece- Forward
Bloc. Subhas Bose wrote its editorials regularly. He toured throughout India and
called upon the people, particularly the young, to join him in his fight against all the
reactionary forces of imperialism and within the nationalist platform.
Some left-leaning Congress leaders were highly critical of the steps taken by
Subhas. Jawaharlal Nehru branded the Forward Bloc as evil. JP Narayan was
opposed to the formation of factions in Congress. He urged the socialists to march
shoulder to shoulder in a common fight against the British. S Satyamurti, a member
of the Central Legislative Assembly, observed that the Forward Bloc was not helping
the movement against British imperialism; rather it was helping the enemies of the
Congress and of India.
In March 1940 Subhas Bose arranged an 'Anti-Compromise Conference' at
Ramgarh, Bihar. It was convened under the joint auspices of the Forward Bloc and
the Kisan Sabha. It was resolved in the conference that a worldwide struggle should
be initiated in April 1940 urging the people not to cooperate with the British during
the War either with men, money, or materials. The conference further resolved to
oppose stubbornly the exploitation of Indian resources for preserving the interests of
the British empire. The Indian people took part spontaneously in large numbers in
the struggle launched throughout the country by the Forward Bloc.
The second session of the All India Forward Bloc was held in June 1940 at Nagpur.
At this session, the stand of the 'Anti Compromise Conference' of Ramgarh was
reiterated. The Forward Bloc came forward with a demand for the formation of a
Provisional National Government in India without delay. In 1941 after Subhas Bose's
disappearance from his home in Calcutta where he was kept under house arrest, the
Government of India imposed restrictions upon the Forward Bloc. The leaders and
workers of the party took part in the quit India movement led by MK Gandhi and
many of them courted arrest. At the end of the War, the restriction upon the Forward
Bloc was lifted. The Working Committee of the party thereafter took the decision to
continue the relentless struggle to put an end to colonial rule in India. The Forward
Bloc was opposed to the 3 June (1947) plan for the partition of India. The Bengal
chapter of the Forward Bloc responded favorably to H.S. Suhrawardy's United
Independent Bengal Plan, but the plan finally fell out and Bengal was partitioned
according to the Radcliffe award.
 
 OBJECTIVES OF FORWARD BLOC
 
Bose felt the urgent need for an organized left-wing party in congress. After resigning
from the presidentship of the congress in 1939, he laid the foundation of a new party
within the congress, to bring the entire left wing under one banner. Thus, the party
known as the forward bloc was formed on May 3, 1939. 
Objectives of the Forward bloc are:
· Its immediate objective was the liberation of India with the support of workers,
peasants, and other organizations.
· Re-organisation of agriculture and industry on socialist lines.
· Abolition of the Zamindari system
· Introduction of a new monetary and credit system. 
 
                          
       THE INA 
 
The Indian National Army was an armed force formed by Indian freedom
fighters/collaborators and Imperial Japan on 1 September 1942 in Southeast
Asia during World War II. Its aim was to secure Indian independence from British
rule. It fought alongside Japanese soldiers in the latter's campaign in the Southeast
Asian theatre of WWII. The army was first formed in 1942 under Rash Behari
Bose by Indian PoWs of the British-Indian Army captured by Japan in the Malayan
campaign and at Singapore. This first INA, which had been handed over to Rash
Behari Bose, collapsed and was disbanded in December of that year after
differences between the INA leadership and the Japanese military over its role in
Japan's war in Asia. Rash Behari Bose handed over INA to Subhas Chandra Bose. It
was revived under the leadership of Subhas Chandra Bose after his arrival in
Southeast Asia in 1943. The army was declared to be the army of Bose's Arzi
Hukumat-e-Azad Hind (the Provisional Government of Free India). Netaji Subhas
Chandra Bose named the brigades/regiments of INA after Gandhi, Nehru, Maulana
Azad, and himself. There was also an all-women regiment named after Rani of
Jhansi, Lakshmibai. Under Bose's leadership, the INA drew ex-prisoners and
thousands of civilian volunteers from the Indian expatriate population
in Malaya (present-day Malaysia) and Burma. This second INA fought under
the Imperial Japanese Army against the British and Commonwealth forces in
the campaigns in Burma: at Imphal and Kohima, and later against the Allied retaking
of Burma.
After the INA's initial formation in 1942, there was concern in the British Indian Army
that further Indian troops would defect. This led to a reporting ban and a propaganda
campaign called "Jiffs" to preserve the loyalty of the Sepoy. Historians like Peter W.
Fay who have written about the army, however, consider the INA not to have had a
significant influence on the war. The end of the war saw many of the troops
repatriated to India where some faced trials for treason. These trials became a
galvanizing point in the Indian Independence movement. The Bombay mutiny in
the Royal Indian Navy and other mutinies in 1946 is thought to have been caused by
the nationalist feelings that were caused by the INA trials. Historians like Sumit
Sarkar, Peter Cohen, Fay, and others suggest that these events played a crucial role
in hastening the end of British rule. A number of people associated with the INA
during the war later went on to hold important roles in public life in India as well as in
other countries in Southeast Asia, most notably Lakshmi Sehgal in India, and John
They and Janaki Athinahappan in Malaya
It was associated with Imperial Japan and the other Axis powers, and accusations
were leveled against INA troops of being involved and complicit in Japanese war
crimes INA's members were viewed as Axis collaborators and traitors by British
soldiers and Indian PoWs who did not join the army, but after the war, they were
seen as patriots by many Indians. Although they were widely commemorated by
the Indian National Congress in the immediate aftermath of Indian independence,
members of the INA were denied freedom fighter status by the Government of India,
unlike those in the Gandhian movement Nevertheless, the army remains a popular
and passionate topic in Indian culture and politics.
 
 
                      FIRST INA
Before the start of World War II, Japan and South-East Asia were major refuges for
exiled Indian nationalists. Meanwhile, Japan had sent intelligence missions, notably
under Maj. Iwaichi Fujiwara, into South Asia to gather support from the Malayan
sultans, overseas Chinese, the Burmese resistance, and the Indian independence
movement. The Minami Kikan successfully recruited Burmese nationalists, while the
F Kikan was successful in establishing contacts with Indian nationalists in exile
in Thailand and Malaya. Fujiwara, later self-described as "Lawrence of the Indian
National Army" (after Lawrence of Arabia) is said to have been a man committed to
the values which his office was supposed to convey to the expatriate nationalist
leaders, and found acceptance among them. His initial contact was with Giani Pritam
Singh and the Thai-Bharat Cultural Lodge.] At the outbreak of World War II in South-
East Asia, 70,000 Indian troops (mostly Sikhs) were stationed in Malaya. In Japan's
spectacular Malayan Campaign many Indian prisoners-of-war were captured,
including nearly 45,000 after the fall of Singapore alone. The conditions of service
within the British-Indian Army and the social conditions in Malaya had led to
dissension among these troopsFrom these prisoners, the First Indian National
Army was formed under Mohan Singh. Singh was an officer in the British-Indian
Army who was captured early in the Malayan campaign. His nationalist sympathies
found an ally in Fujiwara and he received considerable Japanese aid and support
Ethnic Indians in Southeast Asia also supported the cause of Indian independence
and had formed local leagues in Malaya before the war. These came together with
encouragement from Japan after the occupation, forming the Indian Independence
League (IIL). 
Although there were a number of prominent local Indians working in the IIL, the
overall leadership came to rest with Rash Behari Bose, an Indian revolutionary who
had lived in self-exile in Japan since World War I. The League and INA leadership
decided that the INA was to be subordinate to the IIL. A working council – composed
of prominent members of the League and the INA leaders – was to decide on
decisions to send the INA to war The Indian leaders feared that they would appear to
be Japanese puppets, so a decision was taken that the INA would go to battle only
when the Indian National Congress called it to do so. Assurances of non-interference
— later termed the Bidadary resolutions— were demanded of Japan; these would
have amounted to a treaty with an independent government. At this time, F. Kikan
had been replaced by the Iwakuro Kikan (or I Kikan) headed by Hideo Iwakuro.
Iwakuro's working relationship with the league was more tenuous. Japan did not
immediately agree to the demands arising from the Bidadary resolutions. Differences
also existed between Rash Behari and the League, not least because Rash Behari
had lived in Japan for a considerable time and had a Japanese wife and a son in the
Imperial Japanese Army. On the other hand, Mohan Singh expected military strategy
and decisions to be autonomous decisions for the INA, independent of the league. 
In November and December 1942, concern about Japan's intentions towards the INA
led to disagreement between the INA and the League on the one hand and the
Japanese on the other. The INA leadership resigned along with that of the League
(except Rash Behari). The unit was dissolved by Mohan Singh in December 1942,
and he ordered the troops of the INA to return to PoW camps. Mohan Singh was
expected to be shot. 
Between December 1942 and February 1943, Rash Behari struggled to hold the INA
together. On 15 February 1943, the army itself was put under the command of Lt.
Col. M.Z. Kiani. A policy-forming body was formed with Lt. Col J.R. Bhonsle (Director
of the Military Bureau) in charge and clearly placed under the authority of the IIL.
Under Bhonsle served Lt. Col. Shah Nawaz Khan as Chief of General Staff, Major
P.K. Sahgal as Military Secretary, Major Habib ur Rahman as commandant of the
Officers' Training School, and Lt. Col. A.C. Chatterji (later Major A.D. Jahangir) as
head of enlightenment and culture
 
              THE SECOND INA 
 Subhas Chandra Bose was the ideal person to lead a rebel army in India came from
the very beginning of F Kikan's work with captured Indian soldiers. Mohan Singh
himself, soon after his first meeting with Fujiwara, had suggested that Bose was the
right leader of a nationalist Indian army. A number of the officers and troops –
including some who now returned to prisoner-of-war camps and some who had not
volunteered in the first place – made it known that they would be willing to join the
INA only if it was led by Subhas Bose. Bose was a nationalist. He had joined the
Gandhian movement after resigning from a prestigious post in the Indian Civil
Service in 1922, quickly rising in the Congress and being incarcerated repeatedly by
the RajBy late 1920s he and Nehru were considered the future leaders of the
Congress. In the late 1920s, he was amongst the first Congress leaders to call for
complete independence from Britain (Purna Swaraj), rather than the previous
Congress objective of India becoming a British dominion. In Bengal, he was
repeatedly accused by Raj officials of working with the revolutionary movement.
Under his leadership, the Congress youth group in Bengal was organized into a
quasi-military organization called the Bengal Volunteers. Bose deplored Gandhi's
pacifism; Gandhi disagreed with Bose's confrontations with the Raj. The Congress's
working committee, including Nehru, was predominantly loyal to Gandhi. While
openly disagreeing with Gandhi, Bose won the presidency of the Indian National
Congress twice in the 1930s. His second victory came despite opposition from
Gandhi. He defeated Gandhi's favored candidate, Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya,
in the popular vote, but the entire working committee resigned and refused to work
with Bose. Bose resigned from the Congress presidency and founded his own
faction, the All India Forward Bloc. 

At the start of World War II, Bose was placed under house arrest by the Raj. He
escaped in disguise and made his way through Afghanistan and Central -Asia. He
came first to the Soviet Union and then to Germany, reaching Berlin on 2 April 1941.
There he -sought to raise an army of Indian soldiers from prisoners of war captured
by Germany, forming the Free India Legion and the Azad Hind Radio. The Japanese
ambassador, Oshima Hiroshi, kept Tokyo informed of these developments. From the
very start of the war, the Japanese intelligence services noted from speaking to
captured Indian soldiers that Bose was held in extremely high regard as a nationalist
and was considered by Indian soldiers to be the right person to be leading a rebel
army.
In a series of meetings between the INA leaders and the Japanese in 1943, it was
decided to cede the leadership of the IIL and the INA to Bose. In January 1943, the
Japanese invited Bose to lead the Indian nationalist movement in East Asia. He
accepted and left Germany on 8 February. After a three-month journey by submarine
and a short stop in Singapore, he reached Tokyo on 11 May 1943. In Tokyo, he
met Hideki Tojo, the Japanese prime minister, and the Japanese High Command.
He then arrived in Singapore in July 1943, where he made a number of radio
broadcasts to Indians in Southeast Asia exhorting them to join in the fight for India's
independence.
 
OBJECTIVES OF THE INA

The idea of the INA was conceived in Malaya by Mohan Singh, an Indian officer in
the British Indian army. He decided not to join the retreating British army and instead
went to the Japanese for help. Indian prisoners of war were handed over by the
Japanese to Mohan Singh who inducted them into the INA.

OBJECTIVES OF THE INA

 To organise an armed revolution and to fight the British army with modern
arms.
 To organise a provisional government of free India in order to mobilise all the
forces effectively.
 Total mobilisation of Indian man-power and money for a total war
 The motto of the INA was “unity, faith, sacrifice”

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
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https://www.britannica.com/event/noncooperation-movement
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