Al-Fateh University

Faculty of Engineering
Petroleum Engineering Department

Optimization Of Gas Lift Design Using Graphical and Softwar

Methods for Entisar Field Zueitina Oil Company

A project Submitted to the department of petroleum engineering of Al-Fateh

university in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of bachelor of
science (B.Sc.) in petroleum engineering

Project By:
Eisa E. Mohamed Hani E. AlBouzidi

Taha M. AlMasalati

Supervised by:
Eng. Tarek. N.A . Daw

Spring- 2010
 Dedication

To our parents….
To our brothers and sisters….
To our friends…..
 Acknowledgement
We are so grateful to our supervisor Eng. Tarek N.A. Daw for his support
and guidance; also we are very thankful to our families, and to our friends for
helping us along the way.

We thank Zueitina Oil Company and specially the administrators,

Eng .Mahmoud Abonowara, Eng. Saad Alomari for their help in software
Design and the supplying information from Entisar field, which helps us in our
projects.

Special and infinite thanks to all personnel of petroleum engineering

department for their encouragement.
Table of Contents
Description Page
Quran i
Dedication ii
Acknowledgement iii
Table of Contents iv
List of figures vi
List of graphs vii
List of tables viii
Abstract ix
Introduction x
Chapter I – Overview Of Artificial Lift System
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 The need for artificial lift 3
1.3 Selection of artificial methods 5
1.4 Artificial lift techniques 6
Chapter II - Gas Lift System
2.1 introduction 11
2.2 Continuous flow gas lift 13
2.3 Intermittent Flow gas lift 13
2.4 Advantages of gas lift 13
2.5 Disadvantage of gas lift 14
2.6 Gas lift distribution system 14
2.7 Measurement methods. 17
2.8 Gas injection rate control methods 20
2.9 Gas supply 21
2.10 Compression unit 21
2.11 Gas treating. 22
2.12 Down hole equipment. 25
2.13 Continuous flow unloading. 30
Chapter III - Gas Lift Analysis Using Graphical & Software
3.1 Introduction 34
3.2 Design data requirements 34
3.3 Gas Lift Design Objective 35
3.4 Graphical Design Procedure 35
3.5 Overview software ( WellFlo) 37
Continue Table of Contents
Description Page
Chapter IV - Overview Of Entisar Oil Field
4.1 Entisar Oil Field is location.
4.2 Structure Map.
Chapter V - Analyzing Gas Lift Design In Entesar Oil Field
5.1 Gas lift design for Well E-10-103 42
5.2 Gas lift design for Well E-12-103 47
5.3 Gas lift design for Well E-15-103 52
5.4 Gas lift design for Well E-17-103 57
Chapter VI - Discussion and conclusion
6.1 Discussion 65
6.2 conclusion 73
Chapter VII – Recommendations
7.1 Recommendations 75
Appendix 77
References 84
List of figures
Description Page
1.1 Pressure losses in vertical well 2
1.2 The well is unable to initiate natural flow 3
1.3 Pump creates a small drawdown and flow rate 4
1.4 Electric Submersible Pump (ESP) 6
1.5 Gas Lift. 7
1.6 Progressing Cavity Pump (PCP). 8
1.7 Sucker Rod Pumps. 9
2.1 Gas lift system. 11
2.2 Lift the liquid to the surface mechanisms. 12
2.3 Basic component a gas lift system 15
2.4 Trunk line system 16
2.5 Combination System 17
2.6 Orifice meter. 18
2.7 Turbine meter. 19
2.8 Gas centrifugal compressor 22
2.9 Typical flow diagram of glycol dehydration unit. 25
2.10 Gas lift mandrel. 26
2.11 Gas lift valves. 27
2.12 IPO valve. 28
2.13 PPO valve. 30
4.1 The location map of Entisar oil field. 39
4.2 Structure map of Entisar oil field 40
5.1 Wellbore schematic E-10-103. 42
5.2 Wellbore schematic E-12-103. 47
5.3 Wellbore schematic E- 15-103. 52
5.4 Wellbore schematic E- 17-103. 57
List of Graphs
Description Page
3.1 Graphical gaslift valve position for E-10-103. 45
3.2 Gas lift valve position for E-10-103 by software. 46
3.3 Graphical gaslift valve position for E-12-103. 50
3.4 Gas lift valve position for E-12-103 by software. 51
3.5 Graphical gaslift valve position for E-15-103. 55
3.6 Gas lift valve position for E-15-103 by software. 56
3.7 Graphical gaslift valve position for E-17-103. 60
3.8 Gas lift valve position for E-17-103 by software. 61
List of Tables
Description Page
5.1 Casing record 43
5.2 Well test E-10-103 43
5.3 Casing record 58
5.4 Well test E-12-103 58
5.5 Casing record 53
5.6 Well test E-15-103 53
5.7 Casing record 58
5.8 Well test E-17-103 58
6.1 Graphical valve depthE-10-103 65
6.2 Software valve depthE-10-103 65
6.3 Compare between stats for E-10-103 66
6.4 Graphical depth E-12-103 67
6.5 Software valve depth E-12-103 67
6.6 Compare between stats for E-12-103 68
6.7 Graphical valve depth E-15-103 69
6.8 Software valve depth E-15-103 69
6.9 Compare between stats for E-15-103 70
6.10 Graphical valve depth E-17-103 71
6.11 Software valve depth E-17-103 71
6.12 Compare between stats for E-17-103 72
Abstract
Most oil wells in the early stages of their lives flow naturally to
the surface, These are called flowing wells ,the basic prerequisite to
ensure flowing production is that the pressure at well bottom be
sufficient to overcome the Sum of pressure losses oc curring along
the flow path the surface. When this criterion is not met , the well
stops flowing naturally and dies .

Gas lift method is some kind of artificial lifting mechanism to lift the
crude oil to the surface.

The main objective of this study is to present up-to-date analysis of Gas

lift design procedures based on computer program Wellflo software.

Real data was obtained from four wells in Entisar field of Zueitina Oil
Company. Calculations were performed to compare the current and
proposed designs.

The operational conditions of the four wells have been evaluated with
the objective of detecting field conditions and find suitable Gas lift
equipment.

We found that reduction in lifting cost can be attained through

optimizing the oil production using the correct Gas lift equipment,
reducing operating valve depth, number of gas lift mandrel, tubing length,
this will lead to enhance the profit margin of the process.
Introduction

Oil flow from the reservoir to the wellbore and then trough the tubing
string and flow line to the separator, must has a sufficient pressure to
overcome sum of pressure losses occurring along the way to the separator.
Sometimes the reservoir has sufficient energy to overcome these pressure
losses, but as the production continue the reservoir pressure starts to
decline if is not maintained by water injection or any other form of
enhancing recovery, also water cut increases gradually leading to increase
the friction losses and hence increase in the flowing bottom hole pressure.
The consequence of reduction in pressure drawdown (reservoir pressure –
flowing bottom hole pressure) a significant reduction in the production or
even losing the total production from the well. To overcome this problem
(reduction in pressure drawdown) there are two way one way is to maintain
the reservoir pressure and another way is to reduce the gravitational losses
in the tubing string by utilizing a form of artificial lift.
Gas lift is widely used and proven to be successful and has low
relatively operating cost, high flow rate, and capable of handling corrosive
gases such as H2S and CO2. To achieve low operating cost a maximum
production should be produced from the available gas. many software
packages are being used nowadays for gas lift design and gas lift
distribution such as (Wellflo) from Petroleum Experts.
The aim of this project is to design gas lift wells for Entisar oilfield for
four wells, in order to overcome production decline from the producing oil
wells due to reduction in pressure drawdown, also optimizing the gas lift
wells to achieve the maximum production from the available gas, study
difference between Graphical and software methods.
 Chapter I
Overview Of

Artificial Lift System

1.1 Introduction
Most oil wells in the early stages of their lives flow naturally to the
surface and are called flowing well.

Flowing production means that the pressure at the well bottom is

sufficient to overcome the sum of pressure losses, )shown in figure 1.1)
occurring along the flow path to the separator.

Flowing wells  Pwf > sum of ∆PLosses

* When this criterion is not met, natural flow ends and the well dies.

The artificial lift is Any system that adds energy to the fluid column in a
wellbore with the objective of initiating and improving production from the
well that refers to the use of artificial means to increase the flow of liquids,
such as crude oil or water, from a production well. Generally this is achieved
by the use of a mechanical device inside the well.

Figure (1.1) Pressure losses in vertical well (7)

1.2 The need for artificial lift
Artificial lift is required when a well will no longer flow or when the
production rate is too low to be economic.
The reservoir pressure is so low that the static fluid level is below the
wellhead see Figure (1.2).
That is possible for this well to flow naturally under any conditions.

Figure (1.2) The well is unable to initiate natural flow. (1)

 If the well productivity Index is sufficiently high and the produced fluid
contains enough gas that the flowing fluid pressure gradient gives a
positive wellhead pressure.
The Figure (1.3) shows how installation of a pump a small distance
below the static fluid level allows a limited drawdown (Dp') to be created.
The well now starts to flow at rate q. the static and flowing pressure
gradients are similar since frictional pressure losses in the tubing are small
at this low flow rate.

Figure (1.3) Pump creates a small drawdown and flow rate.(1)

 It can be readily seen that the same production rate will occur when the
pump is relocated to the bottom of the tubing, provided the pressure drop
across the pump, and hence the drawdown, remains the same. The
advantage of placing the pump near the perforations is that the maximum
potential production can now be achieved.

1.3 Selection of artificial methods

The choice of an artificial lift system in a given well depends upon a
number of factors such as :-
1. Well productivity (productivity index PI) and water cut percentage.
2. Gas lift availability, either from produced associated gas or from other
nearby sources, and reservoir performance must be amenable to gas lift.
3. Space availability for gas lift processing units such as compression unit,
and dehydration unit.
4. Crude oil properties such as viscosity, API gravity, GOR, and H2S.
5. Sand production, wax, and asphaltene which may cause a lot of
problems to the ESP pumps.
6. Well type, vertical or deviated, as this has an impact in the productivity
index of a well. As a well becomes highly deviated it becomes much
hard to lower some artificial lift deeper in the well.
7. Power supply availability either electrical or hydraulic power.
8. Number of wells, some type of artificial lift becomes not economically
viable if it only applies to a single well.
9. Surface facility constraints i.e. separation capacity, water treatment etc.
10. Geographical and environmental consideration as some artificial lift only
suits onshore field such as sucker rod pump.
11. Reservoir pressure, temperature, and long term reservoir performance.
12. Cost of artificial lift which including capital expenditure and operating
expenditure.
13. Flexibility of artificial lift over changing the operating conditions.
1.4 Artificial lift techniques:
1.4.1 Electric Submersible Pump (ESP).

Figure (1.4) Electric Submersible Pump (ESP). (1)

1.4.2Gas Lift.

Figure (1.5) Gas Lift.(1)

1.4.3 Progressing Cavity Pump (PCP).

Figure (1.6) Progressing Cavity Pump (PCP).(6)

1.4.4 Sucker Rod Pumps.

Figure (1.7) Sucker Rod Pumps. (6)

 Chapter II

Gas Lift System

2.1 Introduction
Gas lift is a process of injecting compressed gas at relatively high
pressure via casing deeper down into the well in order to lift the liquid by
reducing the wellbore pressure, and hence increasing pressure drawdown.
Show Figure (2.1).

Figure (2.1) gas lift system(6)

 Lift the liquid to the surface by one or more of the following
mechanisms:

I. Reduction of fluid density and weight column would lead to increase

the Pressure drawdown (differential pressure between reservoir
pressure and wellbore pressure).
II. The process in which the gas lift expands in the tubing pushes the
liquid ahead of the gas, which further reduces the column weight and
increases the pressure drawdown.
III. Displacement of liquid slug by large bubbles of gas acting as a piston,
See Figure (2.2).

Figure (2.2) lift the liquid to the surface mechanism(5)

 There are two types of gas lift systems used in the oil fields
2.2 Continuous flow gas lift
A relatively high pressure gas is injected continuously down hole into
the fluid column. The injected gas is mixed with the formation gas in the
liquid column.
Continuous flow gas lift system is usually more efficient and
economically less expensive for wells that produce at higher rate when a
continuous gas injection can be maintained without using excessive gas
lift. The continuous flow gas lift is suitable for wells that have high PI >
0.5 stb/day/psi and reasonably high reservoir pressure relative to well
depth.

2.3 Intermittent flow gas lift

Intermittent flow gas lift is used for a well that either has very low
reservoir pressure or low producing rating. The productivity index PI is
less than 0.5 barrel/day/psi. This type of production system produces
irregularly and is designed to produce at a rate in which the fluid enters
the wellbore from the formation. The liquid accumulates and builds up in
the tubing then lifts to the surface by injecting a high pressure gas
underneath the liquid column. The process of injecting the high pressure
gas is carried out periodically not continuously. The amount of gas
injection depends on the amount of time required for a liquid slug to enter
the tubing and also the time required to push one slug of liquid to the
surface.
Intermittent flow gas lift is suitable for wells that produce at very low
rate PI< 0.5 stb/day/psi with very low reservoir pressure or high PI with
low reservoir pressure. The types of gas lift operation used, either
continuous or intermittent, also depends on the volume of fluids to be
produced, the availability of gas lift as both volume and pressure, and the
reservoir conditions.
2.4 Advantages of gas lift
1. The cost of down hole gas lift equipment is usually low.
2. There is no other type of artificial lift more flexible than gas lift. Gas
lift installation can be designed to lift from a few barrels of oil to
thousands of barrels of oil per day. Gas lift installation can be designed
 for lifting at different depths from near the surface to down deep the
wellbore.
3. The production rate can be controlled at the surface either by increasing
or decreasing the gas lift rate.
4. Gas lift is suitable for sandy and gassy wells.
5. Gas lift has long service life due to having relatively less moving parts
compared with other forms of artificial lift.
6. Gas lift system has relatively low operating cost.
7. Gas compressor is the major equipment item in the gas lift system and
it is installed on the surface, so it can be easily monitored and
maintained regularly.

2.5 Disadvantage of gas lift

1. A source of gas must be available in optimum quantities. Other
alternatives have been used instead of natural gas such as air, exhaust
gases, and nitrogen, but they are more expensive and more difficult to
work with.
2. Treatment of some impurities that may present in the gas such as H2S,
and CO2 will increase the operating cost operating expenditure. of the
gas lift operation.
3. Converting old wells into gas lift will need a higher degree of integrity
than would be needed by other form of artificial lift.
4. Gas lift cannot achieve as great drawdown pressure as some pumps can
if the reservoir pressure is very low.
5. Fire and explosion hazards due to high pressure gas.

2.6 Gas lift distribution system

Gas lift system consists of reservoir, wells, flow lines, injection lines,
separators, treating facilities, compressors, and meters see Figure (2.3).
Maximum production, with effective use of gas and lowest investment
in capital expenditure and operating expenditure, can be achieved if the
gas lift system is designed and planned properly.
 Figure (2.3) Basic component a gas lift system(7)

The importance of gas lift distribution system configuration is that it

can affect the choke / control strategy, also the distribution configuration
can have an impact on the other wells in the system.
 There are three basic types of distribution system:

2.6.1 Spider system

It is a direct connection from compressor station to each well. The
advantage of this system, that if there is any pipeline problem it will only
affect one well. This system is very useful for limited number of wells and
short pipelines.

2.6.2 Trunk line system

It is a main trunk line with individual distribution headers to local
wells. This system provides
local distribution for each well,
it also allows many compressor
stations to be connected in
parallel, so in case of any station
shutdown the entire system
operation will not be disrupted.
In such a system gas is made up
from other stations “provided
that sufficient compensation
capacity exists”. Main trunk line
system is suitable for large land
or offshore remote well head
platform see Figure (2.4).
The main trunk line can be
modified by using a distribution
ring, so that gas can flow to
local distribution header from either Figure. (2.4) Trunk line system(5)

direction. At the take off point the distribution header sends the flow to
each well through a directly connected pipeline. The main trunk line
system is more economical for large fields because it is less expensive
than a large number of individual pipelines.
2.6.3 Combination system.
In some cases one part of a field is developed with numerous new wells
and the best option is to have a main pipeline plus a manifold with wells
connected to it. Using a manifold can save enormous cost due to the
reduced amount of large pipeline required, also from the manifold
operations can be centralised such as measurement and control see Figure
(2.5).

Figure (2.5) show Combination System (5)

Other sections of the field might be developed more slowly with a

submain pipeline and the wells are directly connected to it or the mains.
For a large anticline reservoir structure with wells around the periphery, a
ring pipeline gas distribution system can be used in order to reduce the
pipeline footage. The disadvantage of this system, as mentioned before, is
that if the whole station shuts down the system will lose the pressure and
shutdown.
2.7 Gas measurement methods.
Gas flow rates are measure by various methods such:
1. Orifice Flow Meter.
2. Turbine Flow Meter.
2.7.1 Orifice mater:
 An orifice meter is a device used for measuring flow rate of conductive
and non-conductive fluids, gases and vapours in all industrial branches. It
is a pressure-based flow meter that uses Bernoulli's principle which says
that there is a relationship between the pressure of the fluid and the
velocity of the fluid. When the velocity increases, the pressure decreases
and vice versa.
The orifice meter consists of a flat orifice plate with a circular hole
drilled in it. There is a pressure tap upstream from the orifice plate and
another just downstream. There are in general three methods of placing
the taps. The coefficient of the meter depends upon the position of taps.
As fluid flows through the pipe, it
has a certain velocity and a certain
pressure. When the fluid reaches the
orifice plate, the fluid is forced to
converge to go through the small
hole; the point of maximum
convergence actually occurs shortly
downstream of the physical orifice,
at the so-called vena contracta point.
As it does so, the velocity and the
pressure changes. Beyond the vena
contracta, the fluid expands and the
velocity and pressure change once
again. By measuring the difference
in fluid pressure between the normal
pipe section and at the vena contracta, Figure (2.6) show orifice meter (5).
The volumetric and mass flow rates can be obtained from Bernoulli's
equation.

2.7.1.1 Advantages of orifice mater:

 1. Extremely rugged and stable measuring instrument.
2. suitable for extreme applications.
3. Dry calibration is possible.
4. Highly reproducible results.
5. Easy to install without differential pressure lines.
6. Flexibility.
7. Offer significant cost benefits over other types of flow meter.

2.7.1.2 Disadvantages of orifice meter:

1. Causes significantly permanent energy loss.
2. Accuracy and readability become worse at decreased flow rates.
3. As the process flow conditions deviate from the design conditions, flow
indications become inaccurate.
4. Require a certain length of straight pipe upstream and downstream to
avoid flow distortion
5. Performance may also depend upon whether flow is laminar or
turbulent.

2.7.2 Turbine meter:

A basic turbine meter consists of a pressure containing meter house with end
flanges, a set of internals, incorporating turbine wheel and gearing
mechanisms, and a means of counting the turbine wheel revelations. A
typical turbine meter has additional components such as flow conditioning
devices, bearing lubrication mechanisms and sophisticated mechanical and
electrical counter systems, see Figure (2.7).

Figure (2.7) turbine meter(5).

2.7.2.1 Advantages of turbine meter:
 1. Good accuracy over linear flow range.
2. Industrial acceptance.
3. Medium capital cost.
4. Medium rangeability at high pressure.
5. Electronic output availability.
6. Digital output high repeatability.
7. Natural flow totalizer.

2.7.2.2 Disadvantages of turbine meter:

1. Requires initial laboratory flow calibration.
2. Relatively high pressure loss.
3. Moving parts required maintenance.
4. Cannot tolerate dirty processes.
5. Possible damage because over speeding.

2.8 Gas Injection rate control methods:

There are two basic methods of gas injection control is used in the oil
and gas industry.
1. Manual control which is the most widely used control method for a
continuous gas lift operation. The gas injection flow rate is adjusted
using a choke valve installed at the wellhead or along the gas injection
line in order to give the desired production flow.
2. Automatic control of gas injection rate can be achieved by a choke /
actuator using an electronic controller to monitor and control gas rate
based on pre-set limits (set point) or control logic. If possible the
controller should be connected via communication lines such as
microwaves or fiberglass to the operation centre.

2.8.1 Advantages of automatic measurement and control:

1. Provides faster real-time data (direct surveillance) to improve the
operation, problem well diagnosis, and reduce down time.
2. Increases the speed of gas allocation changes keeping the production
rate at the highest possible.
3. Reduces time required to return a well to production after shutdown.
 4. Controls gas delivery to maintain stable system and well bore pressure.
5. Improves gas control and measurement resulting in increased
production that re-pays the cost many times over.

2.9 Gas supply:

The key to very successful gas lift system is a reliable supply of dry,
high pressure gas where both gas rate and the supply pressure are stable.
Gas lift supply could be from gas wells, associated gas or from external
source such as main gas pipeline.

2.9.1 Gas must be:

1. Available in high pressure (800 ~2000) psi and with enough quantity.
2. Free of water to avoid corrosion, hydrate and slug problems.
3. Free of acid gases such as H2S and CO2 to avoid operating problems
such as corrosion, excessive compressor maintenance and fuel
contamination. Impurities such as H2S and CO2 are also potential
hazards.
4. Free of natural liquid gases NLG to avoid slugs and hydrate formation.

2.10 Compression unit:

Compressors are used in the oil and gas fields where compression of
formation gases and gas lift gas is required to be used either to increase or
maintain the production from the wells. Gas lift compressor duty is
frequently of low to medium throughput with high compression ratios .
The compression requirement represents the biggest cost in the gas lift
system and potentially requires the longest lead time in the construction
process. There are many types of gas compressors:
1. Positive Displacement Compressors.
- Reciprocating Compressors
Designed for high pressure and low volume
2. Dynamic Compressors.
- Centrifugal Compressors
Designed for low pressure and high volume
 One which is the most widely used in the oil industry in Libya will be
considered.

2.10.1 Centrifugal compressors

Centrifugal compressors are high speed rotating machines driven by
either a turbine or an electrical motor which also operates at high rotating
speeds. In centrifugal compressor the energy is transferred from a set of
impeller blades to the gas see Figure (2.8).

Figure (2.8) gas centrifugal compressor. (7)

2.10.2.1 Advantages of centrifugal compressors

1. They have high flow capacity per unit of installed space and weight.
2. They required less maintenance than reciprocating compressors.
3. They have good reliability.
4. They do not have vibration detrimental to offshore platform facilities.

2.10.2.2 Disadvantages:
1. The performance can easily affect the design gas conditions such as
changes in specific gravity, pressure or temperature.
2.11 Gas treating.
Natural gas produced from gas wells or associated gas may contain
impurities such as acid gases H2S, CO2, and other impurities. These two
gases in particular become very corrosive in the presence of water or
water moisture. These acid gases can cause a lot of corrosion problems in
producing wells, injection wells, and transporting and processing
facilities. Therefore it is vital to remove these two acid gases from gas
stream in order to eliminate corrosion problems and meet sales gas
specification standards.

2.11.1 Methods of removing H2S and CO2 from the gas stream:
They can be classified depending on their chemical reaction,
absorption, adsorption or permeation:
1. Chemical solvent process using Aqueous Alkanolamine such as DEA.
2. Physical solvent process such as Fluor solvent and selexol.
3. Adsorption using molecular sieve.
4. Physical separation cryogenic “low temperature” distillation.
5. Membrane separation process.
6. Biological processes (Shell Pacques Process).

2.11.2 Selection of appropriate gas treating method depends on:

1. Air pollution regulations.
2. Types and concentrations of impurities in sour gas.
3. Specification of the residue gas.
4. Specification of the acid gas.
5. Volume of the gas to be processed.
6. Hydrocarbon composition of the gas.
7. Capital cost and Operating cost of the process.
8. Royalty costs for process.
9. Disposal of by-products considered hazardous chemicals.
10. Temperature and pressure at which sour gas is available and at which
sweet gas has to be delivered.
2.11.3 Dehydration unit
Natural gas and associated gas are often produced from the reservoir
saturated (in equilibrium) with water, the gas may also contain other
impurities such as CO2 and H2S that might need to be removed.

Dehydration of natural gas is a process of removing water from the

natural gas in order to prevent gas hydrate formation, corrosion, high
pressure drop, and slugging in the processing and transportation facilities .

The conditions which affect hydrate formation are gas or liquid must be
at or below its water dew point or saturation condition liquid water does
not have to be present for hydrate to form. Presence of impurities such as
H2S and CO2 in the gas composition and increase of pressure and
decrease in temperature could increase the occurrence of gas hydrate.
Also mixing, kinetics, salinity and agglomeration such as pipe elbow,
orifice, thermo well or line scale have an effect.

2.11.3.1 Glycol unit:

Glycol dehydration is one of the most common methods of gas
dehydration used in the oil industry. An absorption tower either packed or
tray is used in which lean glycol and wet gas come into contact as they
pass counter current in the tower. Dry gas leaves at the top of the tower
while rich glycol leaves at the bottom of the tower. The rich glycol then
passes to the reboiler where water is removed and lean glycol is reused in
the process. Chemical additives can be used to overcome operational
problems such as corrosion and foaming see Figure (2.9).
 (4)
Figure (2.9) shows typical flow diagram of glycol dehydration unit

2.12 Down hole equipment

2.12.1 Gas lift mandrels can be divided into two types:

1. Conventional mandrels are run on the tubing with the valve mounted on
the exterior part of the mandrel before the string is run. Conventional
mandrels can only be repaired by removing the tubing or completion
string.
2. Inside pocket mandrels allow the gas lift valves to be installed and
retrieved for repair or recalibration by wire line method see Figure
(2.10).
 Figure (2.10) gas lift mandrel (7)

2.12.2 Gas lift valves

Gas lift valves are run inside the pocket of the side pocket mandrels.
The function of the gas lift valves is to regulate the flow of the gas from
the annulus into the tubing. All gas lift valves, when installed, are
intended for one way flow only.

Gas lift valves consist of three main types:

1. Unloading valve - this is only used during the initial unloading process.
2. Orifice Operating valve - this is used for continuous gas injection
during the life of the well.
 3. Dummy valve - this is used to seal the ports in a gas lift mandrel when
it is not required, see Figure (2.11).

Figure (2.11) gas lift valves (6)

2.12.3 Classification of gas lift valves by application.

The operation of a valve in the well is controlled by two sources of
pressure one is located in the tubing while the other one is located in the
casing. The valve is physically positioned between those two pressure
sources.

2.12.3.1 Injection pressure operating valve IPOV

In which the gaslift gas is in contact with bellows “large area influence”
the opening pressure for the injection pressure operating valve can be
determined by this equation:
 Pc = (Pd – Pt *(Ap/Ab)) ÷ (1-(Ap/Ab))
Where :
Pc = injection or casing pressure, psi.
Pd = pressure in dome, psi.
Pt = tubing pressure, psi.
Ap = area of port, sq".
Ab = area of bellows, sq".
Injection pressure (Pc) acts on the largest area of influence (Ab-Ap) and
production pressure acts on the area of the port (Ap).

2.12.3.1.1 Advantages of IPOV:

1. Most commonly used valve in the industry.
2. Fewer mandrels and valves are required.
3. Better gas lift control – less well heading problems.
4. Suitable for high rate applications as valve can be designed for higher
through put.
2.12.3.1.2 Disadvantages of IPOV:
1. Stable injection gas pressure is required.
2. Higher injection pressure is required to achieve same injection depth as
PPOV.

Figure (2.12) shows IPO valve (1)

2.12.3.2 Production pressure operating valve PPOV.
In which the produced fluid is in contact with bellows.
The opening pressure for the PPOV can be determine using the same
equation:
Pp = (Pc – Pt *(Ap/Ab)) ÷ (1-(Ap/Ab))

Where :
Pp = production pressure operating, psi.
Pc = injection pressure, psi .
Pd = pressure in dome, psi.
Pt = tubing pressure, psi.
Ap = area of port, sq".
Ab = area of bellows, sq".

2.12.3.2.1 Advantages of PPOV:

1. Not generally influence by fluctuations in casing pressure.
2. Deeper injection achievable for a given injection pressure.
3. In dual completions the use of PPOV’s minimize string interference.

2.12.3.2.2 Disadvantages of PPOV:

1. Well performance must be known accurately.
2. Generally not applicable to stable wells.
3. Closer valve spacing is generally required.
4. It is often difficult to determine whether production anomalies are a
result of inflow / tubing behavior or valve malfunction.
5. Gas throughput can be constrained by small port size particularly for
small valves (1” or less).
 Figure (2.13) PPO valve (1)

2.13 Continuous flow unloading.

2.13.1 Purpose
Usually the level of completion fluid is close to the surface when the
work over is finished and the well is initially completed with gas lift
equipment. To unload the completion fluid to inject the gas to the required
depth needs very high pressure to overcome the hydrostatic pressure
caused by the fluid. High injection pressure may not be available, in this
case a series of gas lift valves are installed in the well.
Those valves are designed to use the available gas injection pressure in
order to unload the fluid and enable injecting gas to the desired depth in
the well.
2.13.2 API recommended practice for gas lift installation.
Recommended practice to reduce the potential of damage to the
unloading gas lift valves and to improve the unloading process:
1. Use clean completion and work over fluids to avoid skin damage.
2. Wellbore should be cleaned of any drilling mud before installing the
gas lift valves.
3. Gas lift valves should not be installed in the gas lift mandrels during
completion or work over activities such as acidizing or fracturing.
4. Fluid should not be circulated from the casing to the tubing string on a
well equipped with gas lift valves.
5. Clean gas injection line from debris and dirt before hook up especially
on new lines.
6. Bleed a small amount of liquid through the casing valve if there is
pressure in the casing.
7. Check the production system and make sure everything is working
properly such as separator capacity, stock tank level, valves all are fully
open.
8. Check the safety relief valve on the gas gathering system.

2.13.3 API Recommendation for operating new gas lift installations:

1. Open the production choke of the well and make initial setting 25 %
open.
2. Open production and injection valves. Route the well to the separator
test.
3. Slowly start injecting the gas into the annulus, take 10 minutes for
pressure to rise from 50 to 100 psi.
4. Gas injection rate should initially be very slow, 0.2 to 0.3 MMscfd, and
then increase to the above guideline.
5. Monitor well flow rate, wellhead temperature, tubing and casing
pressure.
6. Adjust rate to achieve 100 psi / min casing head pressure. Maintain
injection pressure at steady state and continue unloading process.
7. The production from the well will be slugging at the beginning until it
reaches sufficient drawdown, where the flow becomes continuous.
8. Slowly open production choke and increase the injection gas rate to
design optimum rate.
9. Do not choke the well back, if the flow rate is higher than the optimum
decrease the injection rate.
 Chapter III
Gas Lift Design Analysis
Using Graphical & Software
3.1 Introduction
The most efficient operation of a gas lift installation depends on proper
design. although the selection of the spacing of the valves and the
determination of proper pressure setting depends upon accurate design
techniques.
Modern design procedures can be accomplished by computer, but gas
lift personnel must understand design fundamentals in order to use these
tools effectively. The best method of achieving this understanding is to
personally design a system without computer assistance.

This chapter includes the final results, which were concluded from
applying the steps in this chapter on the used data, The analysis of the
data was done by two methods, as shown:
 The first Method was done by hand calculation and Graphic.
 The second Method was done by a software program (Wellflo),and its
work

3.2 Design data requirements

3.2.1 Physical well data:
 Casing size.
 Tubing size.
 Mid-perforation (datum).
3.2.2 Production and reservoir data:
 Bottom hole temperature.
 Surface pressure of gas injected.
 Desired fluid rate.
 Flowing well head pressure and temperature.
 Productivity index.
 Gas liquid ratio.
 Volume of injection gas available.
 Static bottom hole temperature.
 3.2.3 Produced fluid data:
 Water specific gravity.
 Oil API gravity.
 Gas injection specific gravity.
 Water cut.
 Packer depth.

3.3 Gas Lift Design Objective:

 Design depth at which valve.
 Design amount of gas to be injected.
 Rate of production depended on amount of gas injected.

3.4 Graphical Design Procedure:

1. Draw a line at the depth of mid – perforation.
2. Plot the (Pws) at the depth of the mid – perforation.
3. Draw the static gradient line starting from (Pws) upwards to (Zero),
the intersection of this gradient line gives the (SFL).
4. Use the (PI) and the desired rate to calculate (Pwf), plot this at the
same pressure depth as Pws.
5. Use chart (Figure.3A-1) to determine gas gradient, starting at Pso and
gas Sp.gr.
6. Correct the bottom hole temperature.
1.6x 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑕
100𝐹+ 70+
100
a. Chart Avg. T = ,F̊
2
{𝑇𝑠+𝐵𝐻𝑇}
b. Actual Avg. T = ,F̊
2
𝐶𝑕𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝐴𝑣𝑔 .𝑇+460 𝑃𝑠𝑖
7. Gas.grd ( cor.) = Gas.grd (chart) x =
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 .𝐴𝑣𝑔 .𝑇+460 1000 𝑓𝑡
𝐺𝑎𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑑 .𝑐𝑜 𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑕
8. Psoc = pso (surface) +
1000
9. Draw the gas injection line starting from Pso (surface) downwards to
Psoc (correct), the intersection of this line with (Pwf) gives the (Point
Of Balance).
10. From point of balance get safety factor (100 psi), move lift side and
upwards, the intersection of this line with (Pwf) gives the (Injection
Point).
11. Choose vertical flowing pressure gradients (type of fluid, tubing size,
production rate) and draw the same curve representing the pressure
flow gradient, start from Pwh to the point of injection C.
12. Starting from Pwh draw a line representing the static fluid gradient
until intersection with gas column line and add a safety factor of 50
psi, this defines the position of highest valve.
13. Extend the first valve depth horizontally until it intersects GLR and
use this point of intersection to draw parallel line to the first static
fluid gradient line.
14. Point of intersection with gas injection line is the depth of the second
valve.
15. Repeat the procedure (14) until reaching the point of injection C or
below.
16. Find The Total Volume Of Gas needed (SCF / D ) :
= [GLRT – GLRP] x QL

Where:
GLRT: Total gas liquid ratio.
GLRP: Produce gas liquid ratio.

17. Find the temperature at point of injection (C).

18. Find the correction factor = 0.0544 x Gas. Sp. gr xTc
19. Chart (Figure.3c-1) could be used to calculate correction factor.
20. The Correct Gas Volume (SCF/D) = Cor.factor × Gas volume.
 3.5 Overview software ( WellFlo)

3.5.1 Introduction
WellFlo systems analysis software is a powerful and simple to use
stand alone application to design, model, optimize and troubleshoot
individual oil and gas wells, whether naturally flowing or artificially
lifted, using WellFlo software results in more effective capital expenditure
by enhancing the design of wells and completions, reduces operating
expenditure by finding and curing production problems and enhances
revenues by improving well performance.

3.5.2 Applications
The WellFlo software package is a single well tool which uses nodal
analysis techniques to model reservoir inflow and well outflow
performance. WellFlo modeling can be applied to designing, optimizing
and troubleshooting individual wells. Specific applications for which the
software can be used include:
• Well configuration design for maximum performance over life of well.
• Completion design to maximize well performance over the life of well.
• Artificial lift design.
• Prediction of flowing temperatures and pressures in wells and flowlines
and at surface equipment for optimum design calculations.

3.5.3 Gas Lift Design and Analysis

Using the program’s specialized capabilities for gas lift, engineers can
design and model gas-lift installations and determine the number and
position of the gas lift valves, as well as the optimum injection rate taking
account of the available injection pressure.
This program will allow you to incorporate gas injection rate or gas-liquid
ratio terms as preferred. Together with the casing head pressure, these
factors are input as sensitivity variables. For every rate specified, the
program will determine which valve is being used for gas injection so that
the system’s predictions are always accurate.
 Chapter IV
Overview Of Entisar
Oil Field
 4.1 Entisar Oil Field is location.

The field is located in southeastern part of Sirte Basin in Libya.

Geographically it is located between latitudes 31º and 32º north, and
between longitudes 21º and 22º east.
 Entisar Oil Field

Figure (4.1) the location map of Entisar oil field. (8)

4.2 Structure Map.

3D seismic data of Entisar area were interpreted to construct a

structure map. Entisar Structure map is shown in Fig (4.2)
 Figure (4.2) Structure map of Entisar oil field (8)

The field have (37 wells) producing oil, (3 wells) producing by ESP, (34
wells) producing by Gas lift, the Source of gas injection from field 103 D,
(Agip gas), and no wells produce by natural flow.
 Chapter V

Analyzing Gas Lift Design

In Entesar Oil Field

5.1 Gas lift design for Well E-10-103
5.1.1 Well History
Well E-10-103,vertical oil well which is located in Entisar field, The
well was startup drilled date at 29/1/1975, the rig end drill date at
31/3/1975, to depth 7300 ft and from beginning production was Gas Lift,
and the Wellbore schematic as following Figure (5.1):

Figure (5.1) wellbore schematic E-10-103

5.1.2 Casing record
Type Size (in) Weight Grade Setting depth
Casing (Ib/ft) (Ft)
Conductor 16 65 H-40 118
Surface 10 ¾ 40.5 J-55 4100
Production 7 23 N-80 7300
Tubing 2 7/8 -- -- 6860
Table (5.1) Casing record for E-10-103

5.1.3 Well test data for E-10-103

Well test Date Unit 15/8/2009
Surface injection pressure Psig 1290
Well head pressure Psig 380
Flow rate Oil bbls/D 119
Flow rate Water bbl/D 320
GOR SCF/bbl 185
Salinity NaCl ppm 188000
WC % 72
Well depth Ft 7300
Mid perforation Ft 6860
Flowing Well Head Temperature F 86
Water SP.gr -- 1.3820
Oil API -- 32.8
Productivity Index B/D/PSI 1.35
Static bottom hole pressure psig 2502
Down hole temperature F 196
Gas injection sp.gr -- 0.65
Liquid gradient Psia̸ft 0.5352
Static fluid level Ft 2159
Table (5.2) well test E-10-103
 Calculation Graphical Design for E-10-103.
1. Useing chart (Figure.3A-1) to determine gas gradient, starting at Pso &
ɣ g. Pso= 1304 psia , gas Sp.gr = 0.65

Gas.grd (chart) = 30.5 (Psi/1000 Ft)

2. Correct the bottom hole temperature.

1.6x 6860
100𝐹+ 70+
100
a. Chart Avg . T = = 139 F̊ .
2

{86+196}
b. Actual Avg . T = = 141 F
2

139+460
3. Gas.grd (cor.) = 30.5 x = 30.3 (Psi/1000 Ft)
141+460

30.3∗6860
4. Psoc = (1290+14.7) + = 1511 Psia
1000

5. GLRp=(1-0.72)* ( 185 ) = 52 scf/bbl

Volume of gas injection = (500 – 52)* 439 =196.7 M scf/day.

6. Using Chart (Figure.3c-1) could be used to calculate correction factor.

Tc= 635 R ̊ , gas Sp.gr = 0.65 cor.factor= 1.11

The Correct Gas Volume (SCF/D) = 1.11 × 196.7 M scf/day

= 218.3 M scf/day

7. Continue procedure And drawing we get graph (5.1) Graphical result:

Depth (ft) Pressure (psig)

Graph (5.1) graphical gas lift valve position for E-10-103.

  The calculation same data using software , the result in graph (5.2):

Graph (5.2) gas lift valve position for E-10-103 by software.

5.2 Gas lift design for Well E-12-103

 5.1.1 Well History
Well E-12-103, vertical oil well which is located in Entisar field, The
well was startup drilled date at 12/1/1982, the rig end drill date at
18/6/1982, to depth 7335 ft and from beginning production was Gas Lift,
and the Wellbore schematic as following Figure (5.2):

Figure (5.2) wellbore schematic E-12-103

5.2.2 Casing record
 Type Size (in) Weight Grade Setting depth
Casing (Ib/ft) (Ft)
Conductor 20 94 H-40 119
Surface 10 ¾ 40.5 J-55 4228
Production 7 23 N-80 7335
Tubing 2 7/8 6860
Table (5.3) casing record for E-12-103

5.2.3 Well test data for E-12-103

Well test Date Unit 16/9/2009
Surface injection pressure Psig 1260
Well head pressure Psig 370
Flow rate Oil bbls/D 385
Flow rate Water bbl/D 604
GOR SCF/bbl 185
Salinity NaCl ppm 212000
WC % 61
Well depth Ft 7335
Mid perforation Ft 6860
Flowing Well Head Temp F 86
Water SP.gr -- 1.1574
Oil API -- 32.8
Productivity Index B/D/PSI 1.42
Static bottom hole pressure psig 2281
Down hole temperature F 196
Gas injection sp.gr -- 0.65
Liquid gradient Psi/ft 0.4511
Static fluid level Ft 1772
Table (5.4) well test E-12-103

 Calculation Graphical Design for E-12-103.

1. Useing chart (Figure.3A-1) to determine gas gradient, starting at Pso &ɣ g.
Pso= 1274 psia , gas Sp.gr = 0.65
Gas.grd (chart) = 30.0 (Psi/1000 Ft)

2. Correct the bottom hole temperature.

1.6x 6860
100𝐹+ 70+
100
c. Chart Avg. T = = 139 F̊ .
2

{86+196}
d. Actual Avg. T = = 141 F
2

139+460 𝑃𝑠𝑖
3. Gas.grd (cor.) = 30.0 x = 29.9
141+460 1000 𝑓𝑡

29.9∗6860
4. Psoc = (1274) + = 1479 Psia
1000

5. GLRp= (1-0.61)* (185) = 72 scf/bbl

Volume of gas injection = (1000 – 72)* 989 = 917.6 M scf/day.

6. Using Chart (Figure.3c-1) could be used to calculate correction factor.

Tc= 628 R ̊ , gas Sp.gr = 0.65 cor.factor= 1.10

The Correct Gas Volume (SCF/D) = 1.10× 917.6 M scf/day

= 1009.3 M scf/day

7. Continue procedure And drawing we get Figure (5.3) Graphical result:

Pressure (psig)
Depth (ft)

Graph (5.3) graphical gas lift valve position for E-12-103

 The calculation using software , the result in Graph (5.4):
 Graph (5.4) gas lift valve position for E-12-103 by software.

5.3 Gas lift design for Well E-15-103

 5.3.1 Well History
Well E-15-103, vertical oil well which is located in Entisar field, The
well was startup drilled date at 1/8/1989, the rig end drill date at
16/9/1989, to depth 9400 ft and from beginning production Natural Flow
to 18.1.1994 after that producing by gas lift, and the Wellbore
schematic as following Figure (5.3):

Figure (5.3) wellbore schematic E-15-103

5.3.2 Casing record

Type casing Size (in) Weight (Ib/ft) Grade Setting depth
 (Ft)
Conductor 20 94 H-40 751
Surface 13 3/8 68 J-55 4115
Intermediate 9 5/8 47 J-55 8760
Production 7 29 N-80 8552 - 9399
Liner
Tubing 2 7/8 -- -- 8335
Table (5.5) casing record for E-15-103

5.3.3 Well test data E-15-103

Well test Date Unit 8/12/2009
Surface injection pressure Psig 1470
Well head pressure Psig 600
Flow rate Oil bbls/D 167
Flow rate Water bbl/D 1242
GOR SCF/bbl 616
Salinity NaCl ppm 24000
WC % 88
Well depth Ft 9400
Mid perforation Ft 8335
Flowing Well Head Temperature F 82
Water SP.gr -- 1.0156
Oil API -- 32.8
Productivity Index B/D/PSI 1.53
Static bottom hole pressure psig 2904
Down hole Temperature F 216
Gas injection sp.gr -- 0.65
Liquid gradient Psi/ft 0.4317
Static fluid level Ft 1575
Table (5.6) well test E-15-103

 Calculation Graphical Design for E-12-103.

1. Useing chart (Figure.3A-1) to determine gas gradient, starting at Pso &ɣ g.
Pso= 1484 psia , gas Sp.gr = 0.65
Gas.grd (chart) = 35.0( psi/1000 ft).

2. Correct the bottom hole temperature.

1.6x 8335
100F+ 70+
100
a. Chart Avg . T = = 151 F̊ .
2
{82+216}
b. Actual Avg . T = = 149 F
2

151+460 Psi
3. Gas.grd (cor.) = 35.0 x =35.1
149+460 1000 ft

35.1∗8335
4. Psoc = (1484) + = 1776 Psia
1000

5. GLRp= (1-0.88)* (616) = 74 scf/bbl

Volume of gas injection = (1000 – 74)* 1409 =1304.8 M scf/day.

6. Using Chart (Figure.3c-1) could be used to calculate correction factor.

Tc= 648 R ̊ , gas Sp.gr = 0.65 cor.factor= 1.13

The Correct Gas Volume (SCF/D) = 1.13 × 1304.8 M scf/day

= 1474.4 M scf/day

7. Continue procedure And drawing we get graph (5.5) Graphical result:

Pressure (psig)
Depth (ft)

Graph (5.5) graphical gas lift valve position for E-15-103

 The calculation using software , the result in graph (5.6):
 Graph (5.6) gas lift valve position for E-15-103 by software.

5.4. Gas lift design for Well E-17-103

 5.4.1 Well History
Well E-17-103,vertical oil well which is located in Entisar field, The
well was startup drilled date at 12/1/1982, the rig end drill date at
18/6/1982, to depth 7335 ft and from beginning production was Gas Lift,
and the Wellbore schematic as following Figure (5.4):

Figure (5.4) wellbore schematic E-17-103

5.4.2 Casing record

 Type casing Size (in) Weight (Ib/ft) Grade Setting depth
(Ft)
Conductor 20 94 H-40 46
Surface 13 3/8 68 J-55 4938
Intermediate 9 5/8 47 J-55 7452
Production 7 29 N-80 6628 - 9110
Liner
Tubing 2 7/8 -- -- 8195
Table (5.7) casing record for E-17-103

5.4.3Well test data E-17-103

Well test Date Unit 6/10/2009
Surface injection pressure Psig 700
Well head pressure Psig 230
Flow rate Oil bbls/D 501
Flow rate Water bbl/D 174
GOR SCF/bbl 616
Salinity NaCl ppm 154000
WC % 25
Well depth Ft 9300
Mid perforation Ft 8195
Flowing Well Head Temperature F 84
Water SP.gr -- 1.1115
Oil API -- 32.8
Productivity Index B/D/PSI 1.50
Static bottom hole pressure psig 1803
Down hole temp F 216
Gas injection sp.gr -- 0.65
Liquid gradient Psi/ft 0.3999
Static fluid level Ft 3651
Table (5.8) well test E-17-103

 Calculation Graphical Design For E-12-103.

1. Useing chart (Figure.3A-1) to determine gas gradient, starting at Pso &ɣ g.
Pso= 714 psia , gas Sp.gr = 0.65
Gas.grd (chart) = 17.0 (psi/1000 ft )

2. Correct the bottom hole temperature.

1.6x 8195
100F+ 70+
100
a. Chart Avg . T = = 150.5 F̊ .
2
{82+216}
b. Actual Avg . T = = 149 F
2

150.5+460 Psi
3. Gas.grd (cor.) = 17.0 x =17.0
149+460 1000 ft

17.0∗8195
4. Psoc = (714) + = 853 Psia
1000

5. GLRp= (1-0.25)* (616) = 462 scf/bbl

Volume of gas injection = (600 – 462)* 675 =93.15 M scf/day.

6. Using Chart (Figure.3c-1) could be used to calculate correction factor.

Tc= 668 R ̊ , gas Sp.gr = 0.65 cor.factor= 1.15

The Correct Gas Volume (SCF/D) = 1.15 × 93.15 M scf/day

= 107.1 M scf/day

7. Continue procedure And drawing we get Figure (5.7) Graphical result:

Pressure (psig)
Depth (ft)

Graph (5.7) graphical gas lift valve position for E-17-103

 The calculation using software , the result in graph (5.8):
Graph (5.8) gas lift valve position for E-17-103 by software.
 Chapter VI
Discussion & Conclusion
6.1 Discussion
6.1.1 Well E-10-103
 Result and comparison :

Graphical Casing pressure Mandrel

No# valve
Valve Depth(ft) Psig Temperature F
1 3600 1472 134
2 3870 1508 150
3 5800 1528 162
Orifice 6520 1558 172
Table (6.1) graphical valve depth for E-10-103.

Software Valve Casing pressure Mandrel

No# valve Temperature F
Depth (ft) Psig
1 3046 1409 136
2 4711 1464 161
3 6090 1509 182
Orifice 6770 1531 193
Table (6.2) software valve depth for (E-10-103).

Tables (6.1),(6.2) show difference between graphical and software

valve ,we found by graphical method has four valves ,and by software has
four valves distribution as following : the first valve depth by graphical
method at 3600 ft , second valve at 3870 ft , third valve at 5800 ft , and
orifice valve at 6520ft. but we found the first valve depth by software
method at 3046 ft , second valve at 4711 ft , third valve at 6090 ft and
orifice valve at 6770 ft.
 Compare between status for E-10-103
Current
Well Data Unit Graphical Software
status
Surface injection
Psig 1290 1290 1290
pressure
Well head pressure Psig 380 380 380
Flow rate Oil bbl/D 119 119 119
Flow rate Water bbl/D 320 320 320
GOR SCF/bbl 185 185 185
Salinity NaCl ppm 188000 188000 188000
WC % 72 72 72
Mid perforation Ft 6860 6860 6860
Flowing Well Head
F 86 86 86
Temperature
Water SP.gr -- 1.3820 1.3820 1.3820
Oil API -- 32.8 32.8 32.8
Productivity Index B/D/PSI 1.35 1.35 1.35
Static bottom hole
Psig 2502 2502 2502
pressure
Down hole
F 196 196 196
temperature
Gas injection sp.gr -- 0.65 0.65 0.65
Liquid gradient Psi/ft 0.5352 0.5352 0.5352
Static fluid level Ft 2159 2159 2159
Valve number No# 4 4 4
Volume of gas M
2262 2183 2262
injection Scf/D
Table (6.3) compare between status for E-10-103
6.1.2 Well E-12-103
 Result and comparison :
Graphical Depth Casing pressure
No# valve Temperature F
Valve (ft) Psig
1 2270 1390 117
2 3920 1440 139
3 5260 1480 156
4 6200 1510 168
Orifice 6760 1524 175
Table (6.4) graphical depth for E-12-103.

Software Depth Casing pressure Mandrel

No# valve Temperature F
Valve (ft) Psig
1 3010 1375 136
2 4353 1418 157
3 5316 1449 171
4 6000 1471 182
Orifice 6483 1486 190
Table (6.5) software valve depth for E-12-103.

Tables (6.4) ,(6.5) show difference between graphical and software

valve , we found by two methods has five valves , distribution as
following : the first valve depth by graphical method at 2270 ft , second
valve at 3920 ft , third valve at 5260 ft , forth at 6200, and orifice valve at
6760 ft . but we found the first valve depth by software method at 3010 ft
, second valve at 4353ft , third valve at 5316ft , forth at 6000 ft and orifice
valve at 6483ft .
 Compare between status for E-12-103
Current
Well Data Unit Graphical Software
status
Surface injection
Psig 1260 1260 1260
pressure
Well head pressure Psig 370 370 370
Flow rate Oil bbl/D 385 385 385
Flow rate Water bbl/D 604 604 604
GOR SCF/bbl 185 185 185
Salinity NaCl ppm 212000 212000 212000
WC % 61 61 61
Mid perforation Ft 6860 6860 6860
Flowing Well Head
F 86 86 86
Temperature
Water SP.gr -- 1.1574 1.1574 1.1574
Oil API -- 32.8 32.8 32.8
Productivity Index B/D/PSI 1.42 1.42 1.42
Static bottom hole
Psig 2281 2281 2281
pressure
Down hole temperature F 196 196 196
Gas injection sp.gr -- 0.65 0.65 0.65
Liquid gradient Psi/ft 0.4511 0.4511 0.4511
Static fluid level Ft 1772 1772 1772
Valve number No# 4 5 5
Volume of gas injection M Scf/D 2909 1009 2909
Table (6.6) compare between status for E-12-103
6.1.3 Well E-15-103
Result and comparison:

Graphical Mandrel
Casing pressure Temperature F
No# valve Depth
Psig
Valve (ft)
1 2325 1390 117
2 4260 1440 139
3 5700 1480 156
4 6750 1510 168
5 7500 1524 175
Orifice 7960 1808 191
Table (6.7) graphical valve depth for E-15-103.

Software Depth Casing pressure Mandrel

No# valve
Valve (ft) Psig Temperature F
1 3528 1133 142
2 4827 1167 162
3 5872 1193 177
4 6704 1214 190
5 7362 1231 200
Orifice 7880 1244 207
Table (6.8) software valve depth for E-15-103.

Tables ( 6.7), (6.8) show Difference between graphical and software

valve , we found by graphical method has six valves ,and by software has
six valves distribution as following : the first valve depth by graphical
method at 2325ft , second valve at 4260 ft , third valve at 5700 ft , forth at
6750, fifth at 7500 ft, and orifice valve at 7960 ft . But we found the first
valve depth by software method at 3528 ft, second valve at 4827 ft, third
valve at 5872 ft, forth at 6704 ft, fifth valve at 7362ft, and orifice valve at
7880 ft.
 Compare between status for E-15-103
Well Data Current Graphical Software
Unit
stat
Surface injection pressure Psig 1470 1470 1470
Well head pressure Psig 600 600 600
Flow rate Oil bbl/D 167 167 167
Flow rate Water bbl/D 1242 1242 1242
GOR SCF/bbl 616 616 616
Salinity NaCl ppm 24000 24000 24000
WC % 88 88 88
Mid perforation Ft 8335 8335 8335
Flowing Well Head 82 82 82
F
Temperature
Water SP.gr -- 1.0156 1.0156 1.0156
Oil API -- 32.8 32.8 32.8
Productivity Index B/D/PSI 1.53 1.53 1.53
Static bottom hole 2904 2904 2904
Psig
pressure
Down hole temperature F 216 216 216
Gas injection sp.gr -- 0.65 0.65 0.65
Liquid gradient Psi/ft 0.4317 0.4317 0.4317
Static fluid level Ft 1575 1575 1575
Valve number No# 4 5 6
Volume of gas injection M Scf/D 4626 1474 4626
Table (6.9) compare between status for E-15-103
4.1.4 Well E-17-103
Result and comparison:
Graphical Mandrel
Casing pressure Temperature F
No# valve Depth
Psig
Valve (ft)
1 3900 840 156
2 4980 852 171
3 5970 872 184
4 6800 888 196
5 7490 900 204
Orifice 7995 910 212
Table (6.10) graphical valve depth for E-17-103.

Software Depth Casing pressure Mandrel

No# valve
Valve (ft) Psig Temperature F
1 2411 1061 123
2 3784 1096 142
3 4907 1124 158
4 5829 1146 171
5 6589 1165 181
6 7214 1187 190
Orifice 7730 1193 197
Table (6.11) software valve depth for E-17-103.

Tables (6.10), (6.11) show difference between graphical and software

valve we found by graphical method has six valve and by software has seven
valves distribution as following : the first valve depth by graphical method at
3900ft , second valve at 4980 ft , third valve at 5970 ft , forth at 6800ft and
fifth at 7490 ft , and orifice valve at 7995 ft . But we found the first valve
depth by software method at 2411 ft, second valve at 3784 ft, third valve at
4907 ft, forth at 5829 ft, fifth valve at 6589 ft, sixth valve 7214 ft, and
orifice valve at 7730 ft.
 Compare between status for E-17-103
Current
Well Data Unit Graphical Software
status
Surface injection pressure Psig 700 700 700
Well head pressure Psig 230 230 230
Flow rate Oil bbl/D 501 501 501
Flow rate Water bbl/D 174 174 174
GOR SCF/bbl 616 616 616
Salinity NaCl ppm 154000 154000 154000
WC % 25 25 25
Mid perforation Ft 8195 8195 8195
Flowing Well Head
F 84 84 84
Temperature
Water SP.gr -- 1.1115 1.1115 1.1115
Oil API -- 32.8 32.8 32.8
Productivity Index B/D/PSI 1.50 1.50 1.50
Static bottom hole
Psig 1803 1803 1803
pressure
Down hole temp F 216 216 216
Gas injection sp.gr -- 0.65 0.65 0.65
Liquid gradient Psi/ft 0.3999 0.3999 0.3999
Static fluid level Ft 3651 3651 3651
Valve number No# 5 5 7
Volume of gas injection M Scf/D 1375 107 1375
Table (6.12) compare between status for E-17-103
6.2 Conclusions

Gas lift designed for four wells (E-10, E-12, E-15, and E-17) in (103)
Entisar field. The conclusions as the following:

1. In well (E-17), the graphical given less number of valves than software
, due to low cost for well completion, but by in wells (E10, E-12, E-15)
two methods have same valves .
2. Graphical method of (E-12, E-15, E-17), the operating valve was
higher depth from software method, but in well (E10), operating valve
depth by graphical method was higher depth from software method.
3. Most wells orifice valve is nearer from each depth by two methods.
4. Over that software has easy to use, faster result and more accuracy
from graphical method.
 Chapter VII
Recommendation
5.1 Recommendation:
Using WellFlo software results in more effective capital expenditure by
enhancing the design of wells and completions reduces operating
expenditure by finding faster result, over that understanding Graphical
techniques.
References
Reference
1. Boyun .Gud, etc "petroleum production Engineering ", Elseervier
Science & Technology Book, 2007.
2. BROWN, K E, The Technology of Artificial Lift Methods, Volumes
1-4, Pen Well Books, 1980.
3. Gilbert, W.E "Flowing and Gas lift well performance ", American
Petroleum Institute, 1954.
4. Mian M. A., “Petroleum Engineering Handbook for the Practicing
Engineer”, Volume 2, PennWell Books, 1992.
5. Reda Abushnaq ,” Gas Lift Design and Optimization”, MSC, The
Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen,2009.
6. Roy Fleshman ,” Artificial Lift For High Volume Production “ ,
Bartlesville , Oklahoma , 1999.
7. Taerk. N. A.Daw, “Gas Lift Design “, Paper, Alfateh University,
2009.
8. Website Zueitina Company.