USEFUL LANGUAGE FOR TASK 1

I. Useful sentences, structures and phrases.

1. It stood at 20 in 1880 and doubled over the next 20 years to level off at
40, after which it remained constant until 2000.
2. In 2000, Internet usage in both the US and Canada rose to around 70% of
the N, while the figure for Vietnam reached just over 2000.
3. This was followed by another increase, although much steeper, in
March when sales were almost 125 meters higher than February.
4. … but this was not to last as they dropped again.
5. October came with a small increase of about 100 meters in sales, after
which sales figures levelled off and remained static.
6. The latter number was slightly less than that of the British tourists at the
beginning of this period and experienced similar yet less intensive
trends, reaching approximately half as high by the end of the century.
7. The least among the four
8. The figures for those aged 20-24 also reduced over the years, with a
more dramatic pattern for women from approximately 6% to 3%
9. Meanwhile, the figure recorded for 25-29 year old women remained
unchanged at about 12%, as opposed to/as against a slight drop to 8%
in that for their male counterparts.
10. However, while the number of men who got married aged 35-39
increased by 4%, to 11% in 2008, a fall of nearly 1% was observed of
women in that age group married in the same year.
11. Group of age 40-44 maintained the status quo (the present situation)
over the examined period, whereas the percentage of females in this age
group halved, ending up at well over 3% after 12 years.
12. Doctors had significantly better salaries than employees in other fields,
with the gaps varying wildly among the countries.
13. The US was where doctors and other workers were paid the highest
annually.
14. It is noticeable that the salary of an average Italian, Czech and German
doctor was three times that of a worker in other fields, with respective
figures being around 60 and 20 thousand US dollars.
15. The pattern for Finland was slightly different, with doctors receiving
lower income of about 55 thousand dollars, which was more than
double the figure for other workers, at 25 thousand dollars.
16. Doctors in France and Switzerland were on par, earning about 70
thousand US dollars that year, while there was a disparity in the income
levels of workers in other fields.
17. The average minimum and maximum amount of Sulphur Dioxide and
Nitrous Oxide being disposed daily in various cities in 2000.
18. An equal maximum volume of both SO2 and N2O of approximately
200 microgram per m3 was observed in Mexico City, which doubled the
minimum amount of around 80 to 100 microgram per m3.
19. The corresponding figures in rural areas were just half that, at 35 and
24 million respectively.
20. The lives of 8 and 10 million city residents were disturbed at nighttime
and during the day, registering a less pronounced disparity of (mức
chênh lệch ít) 2 million cases compared to the figures for rural areas.
21. Aircraft and industrial noise pollution, on the contrary, had a minor
impact.
22. X were twice as many Y : X nhiều gấp đôi Y
23. More specifically, Asia and the US are currently the leading consumers
of oil, with each taking up to more than a quarter even though the
regions only contain 2.89% and 1.85% respectively of the global oil
resources.
24. It is also worth mentioning the Other regions and Australia and New
Zealand, with a negligible (không đáng kể) combined oil amount of
under 2%.
25. While the Newhaven and Brighton and Brighton branch managed to
increase their turnovers, there was a considerable decrease in sales
revenues of the Seaford branch over the period shown.
26. The figure for Newhaven slightly fell to 21 thousand dollars in February
prior to rising again to exactly 35 thousand dollars in March.
27. Similarly, 23 thousand dollars was the sales turnover of Brighton branch
in the first month of 2010; however, February observed a moderate
decline of Brighton branch's earnings, then surprisingly rocketing to 40
thousand dollars at the end of the period surveyed.
28. Experiencing an erratic trend, about 5 MT of waste had been burnt by
2006, prior to a considerable fall of 20 MT in 2007.
29. Waste combustion then immediately became prevalent in the following
year, marked by a recovery to the initial level at 65 MT, a quarter
higher than the figures for the other two methods.
30. While significantly more restaurant jobs were created during the given
period, the number of jobs in the other three industries decreased by
varying degrees, with the most pronounced growth and reduction
being seen in the fỉelds of restaurants and tours.
31. After overtaking the hotel industry to become the field with the highest
number of more than 1500 jobs in 1989, the restaurant industry continued
to …
32. Country A produced the largest number of films during the given
three-year period, while the movie industry was not a strength of
countries C, D, and E.
33. Leading the chart, in 2008, A yielded approximately 87 movies and this
figure remained unchanged the next year before decreasing to 80 in
2009.
34. With substantially lower production capability, countries C, D, and E
were home to less than 20 movies.
35. Specifically, about 8 films were manufactured in C in the first year, then
this figure increased twofold prior to reaching 18 in 2009.
36. On Wednesday, cinema attendance rates nearly halved to approximately
8%, indicating that Wednesday had the smallest proportion of cinema
goers in 2007.
37. Roughly half the population went to cinemas on Saturday, when the
figure rose from 40% in 2003 to a peak of 45% before seeing a drop of
about 3% by 2007.
38. Likewise, the population in Sao Paulo witnessed a considerable growth
from 15 million to 18 million in 2010, despite the projection of roughly
24 million beforehand. (earlier)
39. Overall, despite a slight increase in total spending on commodities, the
only two categories which benefited were clothes and electronics, the
largest expenses in both years.
40. During the given period, Brisbane overtook Darwin to contain the
largest amount of water in its reservoirs.
41. It can be clearly seen from the chart that South Africa was the largest
exporter of oranges, exporting more than 1 million metric tons, followed
by Egypt whose export value was about 900 thousand metric tons.
42. With regard to lemons, the second most popular citrus fruit, Turkey
exported 500 thousand metric tons, which was about 60 thousand
higher than the figure for Mexico.
43. The export value of Argentina's was lowest, at just half of Turkey's.
44. Turkey, the largest exporter of lemons, ranked third as regards
grapefruits with only 170 thousand metric tons exported.
45. In terms of other types of citrus fruits, Mexico surpassed all the others
with a total of 450 thousand metric tons, far outstripping the combined
figures of the US and Israel whose export values were negligible.
46. Clause, making this become the most/least …/ making something the
most...
47. The overall value of imports from Japan and the US remained relatively
stable till the end of the period at about 20 BD, with a slightly more
volatile (likely to change suddenly; unstable) pattern for the US's
figure.
48. Clause, followed by a nearly twofold surge to 40 BD in 2008 then a
substantial drop to the initial figure in the last year of the given period.
49. Export value to and from the US showed a stable and similar pattern
to import value, hovering around (dao động nhẹ quanh mức…) 10 BD
despite a minimal rise to 11 BD in 2007.
50. In the year 2000, the number of those driving to work rose to 7 million
and the number of commuting rail passengers reached 2 million before a
plateau till 2010.
51. On the contrary, buses are predicted to become the least popular
choice.
52. This figure then experienced a slight dip of 100 before rising back to
1000 both in March and in April, followed by a steep increase to reach
approximately 1600 enquiries in June.
53. Written enquiries saw an opposite.
54. While significantly more foreign travelers visited the coast and the
mountains, the influx of tourists to the lakes saw a less dramatic rise
with wild fluctuations during the timescale.
55. Starting off at only 10 thousand, the number of visitors to the lakes
leapt to 75 thousand in 2002 when the lakes overtook the coast in terms
of its popularity, followed by a sudden fall of 25 thousand thereafter.
56. The percentage of trains being cancelled went up dramatically from only
1% in the first week of October to a peak of 7% in the second week and
then fell back to the initial figure in the ensuing (following) one.
57. Over a half of the population was comprised of/constituted by (cấu
thành bởi) adolescents and adults between 15 and 64 years in 1960,
before a slight fluctuation to 60% was observed in the next 30 years.
58. However, this percentage then declined dramatically to only 13% in
2000 and is anticipated to continue falling, but at a steadier rate, to
10% in 2040.
59. A will be the same as that for B
60. It is also clear that with the most noticeable growth in price, brown
bread, replacing wholegrain bread, became the most expensive type of
bread in 2005.
61. As far as the family's financial background of students in 1991 is
concerned, the proportion of students belonging to the middle-income
class was 62%, being nearly eightfold that of those living in
low-income households and twofold that of those hailing from (come
from, have been born in a particular place) wealthy families.
62. Likewise, sales and other professions also saw a rise in popularity
among fresh graduating students, yet negligible, to around 10%
63. As regards the table, an average family in the UK earned $29,000 in
2010, and nearly a half of that sum ($14,000) was spent on food and
clothes.
64. This percentage in order nearly triples (gấp 3) and quadruples (gấp 4)
the figures for those with their journeys lasting up to 31-45 and 45-60
minutes, respectively.
65. On the contrary, public transportation, namely rail and underground was
used by 20% of London workers yet was unpopular elsewhere (in other
places) with less than 2% choosing it.
66. However, a more substantial rise, from 9% to 16%, was seen in the
bicycle share.
67. Professional and technical domains, on the other hand, are not
well-presented in this town.
68. While the number of automobiles (cars) produced in Argentina increased
significantly, that of Australia witnessed a reverse trend, compared to an
erratic pattern of Thailand during the period shown. (epitomic of an
overview that presents THREE PATTERNS)
69. More females than males went to every event.
70. Significantly more women than men went to a classical music event.
71. Far fewer people - roughly half the amount - went to see classical
music than opera.
72. Slightly less pop music was listened to by men than women.
73. The most popular music event to visit overall was kpop.
74. Opera concerts were attended by a larger number of people than
classical music concerts.
75. The popularity of pop music was nearly as high with men as with
women.
76. Fewer men than women went to the events known.
77. The least popular event was classical music, though opera was also less
popular than pop.
78. Many more people - approximately double - went to see opera than to
classical music.
79. Far fewer males attended classical music events than females.
80. A larger majority of people went to opera concerts than classical
music.
81. The bar chart illustrates the number of smartphone users in different age
groups who watch television on their phones. The largest number of
those who watch television this way, about 80 percent of the toal, come
from the 18-to-24 age bracket. In contrast, the group with the minority
of users is the 65+ age group. Just under 50 percent of people aged 45 to
54 used their phones to watch TV, around half of this age group,
compared to 60 percent of those in the age group below. This group is
twice the size of the 55-to-64-year-old group, whereas the 25 to 34 year
olds were considerably greater in number again, totaling slightly above
70 percent.
82. Almost 40 percent of people use a phone to stream TV because they
want to check that the information is correct. In contrast, quite a small
number use their phone so they can post comments themselves.
83. The largest number of phone users, a total of 58 percent, use their
device to keep busy when there are advertisements whereas the smallest
percentage, only 9 percent, use phones because they want to vote on
interactive television programmes.
84. Thirty five percent of people watch TV on a phone in order to visit
websites that are mentioned on programmes, though not for reading
reviews of the programme itself : only 20% do this.
85. Despite the fact that they are watching a programme, 32 percent use their
phone so they can exchange text messages with someone who is not
watching.
86. The lowest percentage of people using phones interactively to vote on
reality shows. However, most other activities depend upon the phone
having access to the Internet, e.g, to text or visit websites.
87. As can be seen in the two pie charts, developing countries are expected
to account for a big share of emissions in 2030, 48% as against 38% in
2002. In contrast, OECD countries are projected to make up a lower
proportion, 43%, 9% down over the same period.
88. Countries with transition economies are estimated to take up the
remaining 9% in 2030, 1% less than in 2002.
89. Asian population is as large as 14,3 million, a tenfold increase over the
1966 level. By comparison, although White Americans are still in the
majority, accounting for two thirds of the current US population, the
growth rate was lower than the general population.
90. Afro-Americans made up the second largest ethnical group in 1966
with a population of 22,3 million.
91. Waster combustion and other sectors make up a much lower
proportion, each producing an estimated 1 billion carbon dioxide.
92. According to the first pie chart, the consumption of oil was the highest
in 2005, accounting for 37% of the energy consumed worldwide,
followed by coal and natural gas, taking up 28% and 23% separately.
Nuclear power and hydro-electricity evenly contributed to the remaining
12%.
93. A and B are the two countries with the largest oil reserves - 20%
versus 14%. C, D and E follow behind, each having 8% to 10% of the
global reserves. G, H and M are on the list as well but account for a
smaller share, 6%, 5% and 2% respectively.
94. As shown in the third graph, children in households where both parents
are obese are twice as likely to be obese as those in households where
one parent is obese (12,5%) and five times as those with parents having
a healthy weight (5%).
95. From the table, it is clear that th 15-to-20 year old population in Britain
had a much higher percentage of smokers by the end of the last century
than in the early 1970s.
96. In 1994, license, insurance and record keeping offences were the most
common type of offences and rose to 956 thousand in 2004, after a
ten-year high at 2075 thousand, more than three times the figure ten
years earlier. Neglect of traffic signs and directions came third,
averaging at around 250 thousand per year.
97. The most striking trend/feature is that of + Noun
98. Similarly significant was the rate of decline in turnover of B company.
99. At the outset, it had the second highest level of turnover, but ended in
the last place, having suffered a significant drop in sales revenue.
100. A and B companies, on the other hand, enjoyed fairly steady sales
revenue, though it did drop from first position in 2004 to second
position at the end of 2014.
101. Taking a closer look at the bar chart/detail (Eg : the performance of
the individual companies and starting with A company)
102. From then on, sales revenue rose steadily until 2006. It then
remained quite flat until 2008, when turnover began steadily increasing
year by year again until, in 2014, approximately 3,4 million was
generated.
103. For the next two years, the company registered a slight increase
before turnover flattened out in 2007. From then on, turnover fell,
with the sharpest fall in 2010.
104. Between 1990 and 2000, while private vehicles fell slightly in
passenger kilometers, public transportation witnessed a rise in distance
coverage, leading to an overall rise in the total amount.
105. Specifically, bicycles and motorbikes saw figures declining by
approximately 1 billion, whereas the remaining three transportation
modes experienced an upward trend, most notable of which is the
roughly 10 billion rise in railways’ covered kilometers.
106. While bicycles and motorbike passenger kilometers hover around the
4 million mark, roughly tenfold was that of buses and railways in both
1990 and 2000, which contributed to nearly half of the total covered
kilometers as mentioned in the paragraph.
107. Generally, the higher the education level a family had, the more
financial emphasis they placed on non-essential expenditures and
long-term investment, notwithstanding a few exceptions.
108. Households receiving university education devoted a larger percentage
of income to luxuries compared to those only attending school.
109. A long term investment, pension, also saw a similar trend, recording
10, 16 and 18 percent corresponding to increasing education levels.
110. By contrast, such immediate needs as accomodation and food home
were financially prioritized by lower education level families.
111. Interestingly, transport, among others, was an exception to these two
trends, with families obtaining college diplomas outstripping their
counterparts by roughly 5 percent.
112. A is the main culprit of this phenomenon, contributing around 220
million hectares in Australia and 120 in Europe. B and C trails behind in
that order, hovering around 110 million hectares and 80 million in both
regions.
113. Not far behind is the woodcutting industry at 390 million.
114. A general look reveals a carbon copy (sth that is similar to sb/sth)
of ranks among four particular sectors, with the most popular one being
further study, and the opposite being voluntary work.
115. Apropos of graduates, the figure for further study reached just nearly
30000 students to top the chart, compared to a modicum (a fairly small
amount) of 3500 students enrolling in voluntary work.
116. While air travel overtook motorbike and bicycle in terms of
kilometers travelled in 2000, bus and rail continued their dominant
status as the two most popular means of transport.
117. The 10 billion increase in passenger kilometers of rail transport in
2000 was especially notable, as it put rail travel ahead of bus in this
aspect, with the figure for the former standing at roughly 44 billion and
that of the latter at just below.
118. With the exception of fatal crimes, serious and fatal injuries increased
dramatically over time, with the latter contributing significantly to the
total number of injuries.
119. There were only 653 incidents in the period of 2000 to 2010 but it
went on to reach a peak of 3200 in the year 2015 to 2016, a fivefold
increase that establishes itself as the most widely committed type of
crime.
II. Useful vocabulary.
● AGE-RELATED
- People aged 0-9
- The youngsters/the children
- 0-9-year-olds
- The 0-9 age group
- The youngest age group
- 0 to 9-year-old people
- People who fell into 0-9/falling into 0-9 age group
- People (who were) between 0 and 9 years old
- The 0-9s
- People in the range of 0 to 9
- Under the age of 30
- Those aged 30 and over/above
- 0-9 age range
- Group of age 0-9
- As people age : khi tuổi của mọi người càng tăng
- senior citizens
- aged under 64
- children aged up to 14
-
● INTRODUCTION LANGUAGE

The line graph show/outline/describe/ percentage/proportion of

The bar chart compare/juxtapose/ the number/amount of
The pie chart depict/outline/exhibits/ the changes/changing
The table represent/delineate/dem patterns
The diagram onstrate/express/sketch the differences in/btw
The map out/give information how the
on/track the changes the trend/pattern in
in/illustrate the changing an overview of
patterns/shifts in/ give a
breakdown of
Verb + Noun : register/witness/experience/undergo/record/mark + a/an + Noun
TREND VERB NOUN PHRASES
INCREASE increase /go up /rise/ jump increase/rise/growth in
/grow /take off / upward tendency/trend
climb/ leap/ soar/ shoot up/ an upsurge/upturn in
(sky)rocket/ (up)surge a jump/leap
DECREASE decrease /decline/ fall/ drop/ fall /decrease /drop/
reduce/ plummet/ slump/ decline/
plunge/ crash/ sink/ take a downward tendency/trend
nosedive/ go into free fall a plunge/slump/crash
STABLE remain/stay stable/ static/ a plateau/a plateaux/ no
constant/unchanged at change/ a flat/ a levelling
stabilise at the same level out
stay at the same level
stagnate
level off/ level out
reach a plateau
stay uniform/immutable
FLUCTUATE wave/ (wildly)fluctuate/ waves/ fluctuations/
oscillate/ erratic oscillations

DEGREES OF CHANGES

TYPE OF CHANGE ADJECTIVE

Rapid dramatic/rapid/sharp/quick/hurried/speedy/swift/
significant/considerable/substantial/noticeable/huge/
enormous/marked/sudden
Steady steady/gradual/progressive/sequential/moderate
Slight slight/slow/mild/small/minimal/negligible
APPROXIMATION EXPRESSIONS : just under, well under, roughly,
approximately, about, just over, well over, nearly
- data/figures
- breakdown of : detailed information that you get by studying a set of
figures
● OPENING LANGUAGE (FOR BODY, SENTENCES)
- As is illustrated
- At the outset
● CORRELATION
- Positive correlation : tỉ lệ thuận >< negative correlation : tỉ lệ nghịch
- Correlate to/with
- closely, highly, significantly, strongly, tightly, well | positively correlate
- inversely, negatively correlate : tỉ lệ nghịch
- Double comparison (Eg: The higher salary a person earns, the more
money he spends on food)
- directly/inversely proportional to sth : tỉ lệ nghịch >< thuận với
● EDUCATION-RELATED
- the attendance rates : tỷ lệ nhập học
- tertiary education / higher education
- have the poorest access to education : tỷ lệ đi học thấp nhất
- attend school : đi học
- school-aged population : dân số trong độ tuổi đi học
- participation level : tỷ lệ nhập học
- enrol at universities : đăng ký học đại học
- pursue higher education : theo học giáo dục bậc cao
● ENVIRONMENT-RELATED
- dispose : thải
- volume : thể tích
- primarily/mainly contaminated by : chủ yếu bị ô nhiễm do
- waste incineration : the act of burning waste
- be dumped into somewhere (landfill/…)
- combustion : the process of burning (waste/fossil fuel combustion)
● DESCRIBE TREND AND CHANGE
- buck the trend : have different, the opposite trend
- the reverse/opposite trend/pattern was true for/versus : used to describe
the opposite trend
- As regards / In terms of sth = In sth terms/ Regarding / With regard to /
Apropos (of) / As for / In-With reference to / Pertaining to / In relation to/
In connection with
- to be double the rates : gấp đôi tỉ lệ
- disparity/discrepancy/difference
- vary/fluctuate wildly : change in a way that can not be controlled
- on a level/par with sb/sth : be as good/bad/… as sb/sth else
- The first / The second most + adj + Noun
- range/vary from A to B : dao động từ A đến B
- The second/third + largest/biggest + Noun
- On the contrary / In contrast to sth
- The leading + Noun of something (Eg : The leading consumer of oil)
- There was a reverse trend witnessed in Noun
- Likewise / Similarly / Follow a similar pattern / Follow a similar trend
- with varying degrees / with variations
- The least + adj
- The former - The latter
- initial figure/number/data/point // original figure
- as opposed to / as against / sth versus sth
- rank first/top the chart/top the list/hold the first position/lead the pack
- earn itself the second position/make it the second + N/retain its leading
position as sth / establish itself as the most adj N / occupy the first/second
place on the chart / sth receive the most + adj + Noun
- counterpart/subordinate
- although/albeit to a lesser extent
- expect for sth / apart from sth / except in the case for sth
- readily apparent
- far exceed/surpass
- demographic change : sự thay đổi cơ cấu dân số
- a record high of = a peak of >< hit a low of / at its lowest
- be of note / noticeable / remarkable / conspicuous / readily
apparent / another point to note is that
- lose its popularity
- remain the least preferred N
- percentage/proportion/share/portion/fraction
- make up/account for/constitute/amount to/represent/comprise
● FINANCE-RELATED
- weak financial stability : khả năng cân bằng tài chính kém
- turnover : doanh thu
- revenue / receipts : money that a government receives (business, taxes..)
- proceeds : money that receive from selling st, organize a performance,..
- spending / expense / expenditure / outlays
- export/import value : giá trị xuất >< nhập khẩu
- exports > imports -> positive balance of trade / net exporter
- imports > exports -> negative balance of trade
- earnings / income / gains / salary / wage / remuneration
- heavily invest
- disburse sth : pay money to sb from a large collected amount of money
(~distribute)
- distribute / allocate
- economic background
- financial support
- funding / subsidy
● ENTERTAINMENT AND SPORTS - RELATED
- cinema attendance : tỷ lệ xem phim
- level of participation : tỉ lệ tham gia
● TIME-RELATED
- the given timescale
- late running : khởi hành chậm (train,bus..)
- in the course of + time
- thereafter : after the time mentioned >< hereafter : in this time, in the
future
- From then on/For the next + time/Thereafter (used at both the beginning
and the end of sentence)
● FEELING-RELATED
- Happy : give positive feedback to/be satisfied/be please/rate st as
satisfactory/be happy/consider themselves to be happy/satisfied
- Unhappy : be far less helpful/feel unsatisfied/be completely dissatisfied
with
 ● CALCULATION
GẤP ĐÔI : double
GIẢM ½ : halve
GẤP BA : triple

TIPS AND APPROACHES TO IMPROVE WRITING

III.
TASK 1
1. Diverse sentence structures.
- S + verb + adverb + number + time period
Eg: The number of students increased significantly to 3000 in 2021
- There + be + an/a + adj + Noun + number + in N + time period
Eg : There was a significant increase of 1700 in the number of students in 2021.
- Subject + experience/see/witness/report/register/undergo + a/an + adj + N
+ time period
Eg : The number of students witnessed a significant increase of 1700 in 2021.
- A/an + adj + Noun + number + was seen/witnessed/registered/… + in
subject + time period
Eg : A significant of 500 students was seen/witnessed/… in the number of
students in 2021.
- Time period + witnessed/saw/registered + an/a + adj + Noun + in + Noun
phrase
Eg : The year 2021 witnessed/registered a significant increase of 1700 in the
number of students
- S + Verb, which was followed by
Eg : There was a fall of 2500 in the number of students in 2015, which was
followed by an increase to 3000 in 2021.
- S + Verb, but later + V
Eg : The number of students declined slightly to 2500 in 2015, but later went up
sharply by 500 in 2021.
- S + Verb before V-ing
Eg : The number of students declined sharply to 2500 in 2015 before
experiencing a sharp increase of 500 in 2021.

2. Other techniques.
- Relative clauses
Eg :
+ A growth of 2 million dollars was observed in this figure which
amounted to 7.5 billion dollars in 2008.
+ Specifically, bicycles and motorbikes saw figures declining by
approximately 1 billion, whereas the remaining three transportation
modes experienced an upward trend, most notable of which is the
roughly 10 billion rise in railways’ covered kilometers.

- Inversion
Eg :
+ While bicycles and motorbike passenger kilometers hover around
the 4 million mark, roughly tenfold was that of buses and
railways in both 1990 and 2000, which contributed to nearly half
of the total covered kilometers as mentioned in the paragraph.
+ Similarly significant was the rate of decline in turnover of B
company.
- Passive voice
Eg :
+ Approximately 8 billion dollars was disbursed in health studies in
1980
+ By contrast, such immediate needs as accomodation and food home
were financially prioritized by lower education level families.

- Comparison language :
Eg :
+ General Science was the least prioritized field of research in the US
throughout the years.
+ …, receiving 2 million dollars more than other fields.
+ Generally, the higher the education level a family had, the more
financial emphasis they placed on non-essential expenditures and
long-term investment, notwithstanding a few exceptions.
- Participles (V-ing / V-II)
Eg :
+ Receiving an unchanged amount of only 2.5 million dollars from
1980 to 1994
 + General Science was the least prioritized field of research in the US
throughout the years.
+ At the outset, it had the second highest level of turnover, but
ended in the last place, having suffered a significant drop in sales
revenue.
- Use structure “With S V-ing/V-ed" to extend the sentences
- Diversify the structure of “verb - advs"; “adj - nouns"
- Complex sentence
Eg : By 2030, significant more computers will drive to work, reaching
almost 9 million of them, and the figure for train users is also predicted to
observe a twofold growth (compared with the initial figure), to nearly 5
million
- Prediction language
Eg : Buses are predicted to become the least popular choice, with only 3
million daily users, a decline of around one thousand travelers.
- Vary subjects
Eg : While the numbers of people who use car will grow remarkably, an
even faster growth rate may be recorded for train passengers.
3. Body development.
- Step 1 : List information
- Step 2 : Describe changes
- Step 3 : Compare
4. Overview comprehensiveness.
- General trend (Increase >< Decrease/Correlation/Plateau/Fluctuation)
- Degree (increase/decrease)
- Ranking/Order