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Padhle 10th - Light - Reflection & Refraction

Light can be reflected or refracted. Reflection occurs when light bounces off a surface, following the laws of reflection. Refraction is when light changes direction passing from one medium to another, with the ratio of sines determining the refractive index. Spherical mirrors and lenses form images via reflection or refraction according to mathematical formulas relating focal length and other parameters. Different optical components are used in applications like microscopy, eyeglasses, and vehicle headlights.

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2K views

Padhle 10th - Light - Reflection & Refraction

Light can be reflected or refracted. Reflection occurs when light bounces off a surface, following the laws of reflection. Refraction is when light changes direction passing from one medium to another, with the ratio of sines determining the refractive index. Spherical mirrors and lenses form images via reflection or refraction according to mathematical formulas relating focal length and other parameters. Different optical components are used in applications like microscopy, eyeglasses, and vehicle headlights.

Uploaded by

ved bhasker
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Light -

Reflection &
Refraction
Digitalised Handwritten Notes
Light

Reflection Refraction
What is Reflection?
Bouncing back of light in the same medium on
striking the surface of any object.
Laws of reflection :
1. Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection (i = r)

2. The incident ray, reflected ray and the normal


drawn at the point of incidence lie in the same plane.
Properties of image in a plane mirror:
1.Image size = object size
2. Image distance = object distance
3. Image is always erect
4. Image is always laterally inverted
5. Image is always virtual
REFLECTION BY
SPHERICAL
MIRRORS
WHAT ARE THE
COMPONENTS OF
SPHERICAL MIRRORS?
The Center of Curvature : The reflecting surface of a spherical mirror
forms a part of a sphere. The sphere's centre is called as centre of
curvature. It is denoted by the letter ‘c’.
Radius of Curvature (r): It’s the linear distance between Pole
and the Center of curvature.
Pole (P) : It’s the midpoint of the spherical mirror.

Focus: It’s any given point, where light rays parallel to the principal
axis, will converge after getting reflected from the mirror.

Principal Axis : A straight line passing through the


pole and the centre of curvature of a spherical mirror.
Relation between R and Focal length F
F = R/2
R = 2F
Image formation by concave mirror
Uses of Concave Mirror

Concave mirrors are commonly used in torches, search-lights and


vehicles headlights to get powerful parallel beams of light.

They are often used as shaving mirrors to see a larger image of


the face.

The dentists use concave mirrors to see large images of the teeth
of patients.

Large concave mirrors are used to concentrate sunlight to produce


heat in solar furnaces.
A concave mirror is used in the case of shaving mirror because
when the concave mirror is placed very close to the object, a
magnified and virtual image is obtained.
Image formation by convex mirror
Uses of Convex Mirror
Convex mirrors are commonly used as rear-view (wing) mirrors
invehicles. These mirrors are fitted on the sides of the vehicle,
enabling the driver to see traffic behind him/her to facilitate safe
driving.

Convex mirrors are preferred because they always give an erect,


though diminished, image.

Also, they have a wider field of view as they are curved outwards.
Thus, convex mirrors enable the driver to view much larger area
than would be possible with a plane mirror.
Sign Convention for Reflection by
Spherical Mirrors
(i) The object is always placed to the left of the mirror. This implies
that the light from the object falls on the mirror from the left-hand side.

(ii) All distances parallel to the principal axis are measured from the
pole of the mirror.

(iii) All the distances measured to the right of the origin (along+ x-axis) are
taken as positive while those measured to the left of the origin (along – x-
axis) are taken as negative.

(iv) Distances measured perpendicular to and above the principal axis


(along + y-axis) are taken as positive.

(v) Distances measured perpendicular to and below the principal axis


(along –y-axis) are taken as negative.
Mirror formula

Magnification
REFRACTION
Refraction of light is the phenomenon of change in the
path of light in going from one medium to another.

When light goes from When light goes from


dense to rare medium it bends rare to dense medium it bends
away the normal towards the normal
LAWS OF REFRACTION
Incident ray, normal and the refracted
ray lie in the same plane.

The ratio of sine of angle of incidence and


sine of angle of refraction is constant for
given pair of media

This constant value is called the refractive index of the


second medium with respect to the first.
Let v1 be the speed of light in medium 1 and v2 be
the speed of light in medium 2. The refractive index of medium 2 with respect to
medium 1 is given by the ratio of the speed of light in medium 1 and the speed
of light in medium 2. This is usually represented by the
symbol n21. This can be expressed in an equation form as
If medium 1 is vacuum or air, then the refractive index of medium 2
is considered with respect to vacuum. This is called the absolute
refractive index of the medium.
Refraction by Spherical Lenses
A transparent material bound by two
surfaces, of which one or both surfaces are
spherical, forms a lens.
Convex lens converges light rays. Hence convex
lenses are called converging lenses.

Similarly, a double concave lens is bounded by two


spherical surfaces, curved inwards. It is thicker at the
edges than at the middle. Such lenses diverge light rays
as shown. Such lenses are called diverging lenses.
Image Formation in Lenses
Using Ray Diagrams
Image formation by convex lens
Image formation by concave lens
Lens Formula and
Magnification
Power of a lens

The SI unit of power of a lens is ‘dioptre’. It is denoted


bny 'D'. The power of a convex lens is positive as a
convex lens has a positive focal length, while the power
of a concave lens is negative as concave lens has a
negative focal length.

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