RURAL ELECTRIFICATION, AGRICULTURAL PROCESSING, AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURES AND ALLIED SUBJECTS [34%, 6

hours]

0.50 – when using class A, B, or C concrete mix, to produce one cubic meter concrete, how many cubic meters of sand
are needed

1 m – min. height of building sidewalls for swine housing

1.225 kg/m^3 – air density

1.5 m and 1 m – primary and secondary walkways min. width, respectively

2% - 4% - slope of skid-resistant floor towards a gutter or drainage canal, direction shall be away from the feeding trough

5, 7, 9 Vdc – DC voltage best for remote instrumentation

6:1 to 12:1 – CR of otto cycle

8-16% - typical overall efficiency of multi-bladed windmills.

9 bags – 40 kg bags of cement per cubic concrete in standard class A

10m - standard diameter of both vertical and horizontal reinforcing bars in open channel construction.

11-13 V - during 8:00 PM in the Philippines what is the possible system voltage reading of a solar home system when all
electrical loads are switched on.

14:1 to 22:1 – CR of diesel cycle

15 cm - standard concrete wall thickness of lateral trapezoidal open channel in open channel design.

16 - the appropriate gage number of galvanized iron tie wire for open channel construction.

16-19 V – during a clear sky noontime in the Philippines what is the possible voltage reading of solar pump without
battery when electrical load is in switched on.

20 cm - standard spacing between vertical bars in open channel construction.

20-22 V - during a clear sky noontime in the Philippines what is the possible voltage reading of solar battery charger
when no battery is being charged.

23.45 degrees – consistent inclination of earth’s axis of spin with respect to plane of its orbit

45 degrees – average rotor blade twist angle to have a tip speed ratio of 1:1 in windmills

62.4 – lb/ft^3

80% - based on standards, this is the minimum stripping efficiency of the mechanized stripping machine.

90-95% - typical overall efficiency of manufactured aerogenerators or electricity generating windmills.

100 kW - this is the maximum power rating for microhydro in Philippine classification.

737 kg/m3 = Density of gasoline

846 kg/m3 = Density of Diesel

Abaca - It is utilized as interior building material such as ceiling boards, sliding boards and as paper substitute.
Agricultural Waste Utilization - the study of basic principle and ways of utilizing agricultural waste derived from on-farm
and off-farm operation for production of energy, food and feed, agricultural inputs, and as source element for low cost
construction materials for agriculture.

All lead-acid batteries – kind of battery useful in solar home systems.

Alternator – part of an aerogenerator exceeding 100kw capacity is responsible in converting rotational movement to
electricity.

Annual discount rate – interest rate

Atmospheric turbidity – any condition of the atmosphere which reduces its transparency to radiation especially to its
visible portion

Automatic transfer switch – switch useful to automate control of irrigation dam gates

Backfurrow – raised ridge when two furrowslices overlap each other.

Battery - during solar panel installation this positive polarity wire should be connected last to the battery control unit
(BCU)

Bean or direct solar radiation – solar radiation received from the sun without having been scattered by the atmosphere

BiGSHOW – biomass and biofuel, geothermal, Solar, hydrogen, ocean, wind

Biomass – includes all carbonaceous plant and animal material resulting from agricultural and animal production, a non-
fossil organic material that have intrinsic chemical energy content

Blocking diode – diode needed as protection against lighting in solar radiation

Boar – male breeding swine which is at least 8 months old

Bos taurus/ Bos indicus - Cows

Brooder guard – materials that are placed around the brooder stoves to prevent the chicks from straying too far away
from the heat supply until they learn the source of heat

Brooding – process of supplying heat to the chicks after hatching up to the time that their natural heat regulatory
mechanisms becomes fully functional

Bubalus bubalis – carabao

Bumper – a washer on one of the common shaft to absorb the end thrust of the gang.

Bypass diode – part of solar module that should be included such that solar charging is continuous at slower rate even
when partially shaded by trees

C3H8 = Propane

C4H10 = Butane

C8H18 = Gasoline

C16H34 = Diesel

Class A (1:2:4) - Class of concrete mix should be used in open channel construction.

Chicken wire or bamboo slots – walls for broiler housing

Connecting rod – transmits the power of combustion from the piston to the crankshaft
 - Part of multi-bladed wind pump that converts rotational to reciprocating movement.

Connecting rod bearing – bearing where connecting

Crank arm – increase water displacement volume in windmills

Creep area - place for piglets inside the farrowing pen

culling rate - rate of removing undesirable or unproductive animals within the herd

Deadfurrow – trench left equal to two furrows when furrowslices are thrown on opposite sides.

diffuse radiation/sky radiation or solar sky radiation – the solar radiation received from the sun after its direction has
been changed by scattering by the atmosphere.

Disc – basic part of disc plow bottom, round and concave disc of heat-hardened steel w/ sharpened edges to cut the soil.
Rotated by the soil during soil cutting.

Disc gang – an assembly of discs all rotating together on a common shaft.

Disc harrow – consists of two or more sets of disc gangs cutting the soil to a depth of 3” to 6”.

Disc plow – it is a primary tillage machinery developed to reduce friction in the sliding moldboard plow bottom by using
a rotating disc plow bottom.

Double-action disc harrow – consists of four gangs of discs. Two gangs in front as in single-action and two gangs at the
rear.

Draft of Plows – resistance of the soil to tillage operation, the speed of plowing, sharpness of the cutting edge and over-
all adjustment of the plow. (expressed as Specific draft: force reqd to cut a unit cross sectional area of soil)

Drag force - component of force used to rotate the rotor in savonius windmill

dry sows - unbred sows which have just been weaned, non-pregnant sows

enclosed housing – house wherein inside conditions are maintained as near as possible to the bird’s optimum reqts with
the use of mechanical ventilation and artificial lighting

Engine – mechanical device used to convert the heat energy of fuel produced by combustion into mechanical energy.

Equus caballus - Horse

farrowing – act of giving birth in swine

farrowing pen – area in which a sow is confined during farrowing and lactation periods, but in which the sow can turn
around

farrowing stall/crate – device in which a sow is confined during farrowing and lactation periods which prevents sow from
moving around

fattener – swine raised for meat production usually starts at 15 kg

finisher – swine which are 66 kg and up

Four-unit system – sows/piglets remain in the farrowing house until weaning. After weaning, piglets are moved to a
nursery house, then to a growing house and finally to a finishing house until they are ready for slaughter.

Furrow – trench or canal left by the furrowslice

Furrowslice – soil cut, lifted, inverted and thrown to one side of the plow bottom.
Furrow wall – unbroken side of the furrow.

General-purpose tillage – combined primary and secondary in one operation. Implements used are rotary and floating
tillers. Depth 6” (rototilling)

geophysical survey - this stage comes first in a geothermal power plant development.

gilt – female swine that has not farrowed

ground – pin common in integrated circuits (ICs)

grower – swine from 40 to 65 kg

Hinged side vane – type of multi-bladed wind pump tail effective for windy areas.

Horizontal clearance – clearance of the moldboard plow bottom which is bend outward or sideward of the point of the
share towards the unplowed land to make the plow cut the proper width.

Jig – should be done first in multi bladed windmill fabrication

Jet stream – wind energy resource located about 10-16km from earth surface with velocity over 150 kph.

Kettle - the geothermal power system resembles this principle.

Land – unplowed soil

Landsides - basic part of moldboard plow bottom that counteracts the side pressure exerted by the furrowslice on the
plow bottom.

Lift force – component of force used to rotate the rotor in multi-bladed windmills

litter – piglets born in one farrowing

litter – material used as bedding for animals

litter index/farrowing index – average number of farrowings of one sow per year

Low amperage - this condition is true when a bamboo shades half of solar module.

LM 333 – IC used in instrumentation and control.

Minihydro - this is a classification of a 260 kW hydro power plant

Moldboard – basic part of moldboard plow bottom that receives the furrowslice from the share; lifts, inverts and throws
it to one side of the plow bottom.

Moldboard plow – a primary tillage machinery, one of the oldest and most important agricultural machinery for land
prep. Cuts the soil to a depth of 6” to 18”.

occupancy – number of days an animal stays in a pen

Offset disc harrow – consists of two gangs of disc. One gang located behind the other and operated in an offset position
in relation to the tractor.

one-unit system – system in which sows are removed when the piglets reach weaning age (19-22 days old).

Open-sided housing – long and narrow type of houses wherein at least one-half of the front and the back of the house
are open (chicken housing)

PAES 401:2001 - Housing for Swine Production

Perihelion – sun is nearest the earth (January 3)

Piston – receives and transmits the pressure forces in the combustion chamber to the rotating crankshaft

Piston pin – serves to fasten the piston to the upper end of the connecting rod; wrist pin

Piston rings – retain compression; reduce cylinder wall contact thereby reducing friction losses and wear

Photovoltaic cell – device used to convert solar radiation directly into electricity, most common type is single crystal
silicon solar cell

Pressure switch – a switch for automatic starting of pumps with sealed water tank in drip irrigation systems.

Primary tillage – initial cutting, breaking, inversion of the soil. Implements are moldboard, disc, chisel plows and
subsoilers. Depth 6” to 36” (plowing)

product recall - in the factory, bottling of virgin coconut oil prints batch number. This is the main purpose of batch
number.

Pyranometer – reliable and convenient measuring device for total or global solar radiation

Pyrheliometer – device for measuring direct solar radiation

RA 8435 – modernization act

RA 9367 – biofuels act of 2006

RA 9513 – renewable energy act of 2008

Radio frequency – best in transmitting data to a remote line of sight point

Rear furrow wheel - basic part of disc plow bottom that presses against the furrow wall to resist the side pressure
exerted by the soil against the plow.

Reciprocating pump – type of pump appropriate for multi-bladed windmills

Refrigerator - the ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) operating resembles this principle.

Renewable energy – energy generated from natural process that are continuously replenished. Non-depletable or
naturally replenishable.

Scraper - basic part of disc plow bottom, curved plate placed on the concave side of the disc to scrape off the soil and
throw it on one side of the plow bottom.

Secondary tillage – subsequent breaking, pulverization and levelling of the soil making it ready for planting. Implements
are disc, spike-tooth and spring-tooth harrows. Depth is 3” to 6”. (harrowing)

Share – basic part of moldboard plow bottom that provides the cutting edge of the plow bottom.

Side angle (disc angle) – angle the makes with the direction of travel to make the disc cut the proper width and allow the
disc to rotate (42-45 deg. Cel.)

Silicon with little boron – photovoltaic conductor material used in manufacturing solar modules.

Single-action disc harrow – consists of two gangs of discs placed end-to-end which throws the soil in opposite directions.

Size of the disc plow bottom – expressed in terms of diameter of the disc. Width of cut is influenced by the disc
diameter, depth of cut, and side angle.
Size of the moldboard plow bottom – perpendicular distance bet. The wing and the point of the share. Expresses the
width of cut of the plow bottom.

Solar battery – battery appropriate for slow charging and slow discharging energy systems.

Solar collector – device that serves to collect solar radiant energy and transform it to some other useful form of energy,
may be flat plate type of focusing type.

Solar constant – amount of solar energy received per unit time on a unit area of surface perpendicular to the radiation at
the outer limit of the atmosphere (1370 W/m^2, 1.5x10^11m)

Solar energy – oldest energy source, energy from the sun, 1 st known practical application was in drying for preserving
food

sow – any breeding female pig that has farrowed

Spool – flanged tube inserted on the common shaft between two discs to maintain disc spacing.

stationary work – classification of operation that includes threshing, water pumping, milling, sorting

Swine waste - Immediate utilization is for fertilizer and methane gas production for cooking lighting, and power.

temperature difference - this causes OTEC fluid to flow and rotate the turbine.

Tillage – any physical soil manipulation which changes the structure of the soi, kills weeds, and rearranges dead plant
materials.

Tilt angle – angle the disc makes with the vertical to make the disc penetrate the soil to the proper depth of 15-25 deg.
Cel.

Timer – kind of IC included as an important part of electronic instruments for gathering speed, velocity and discharge
real-time data.

total solar radiation/global solar radiation – sum of the bean and diffuse solar radiation on a surface.

tractive work – classification of operation that includes land prep, cultivation, harvesting, transport/hauling

turbine - rotating part of a geothermal power plant which moves the generator.

two-unit system – sows and piglets remain in the farrowing house until the piglets are weaned. Weanlings are
transferred to a growing-finishing house.

Three-unit system – sows and piglets remain in the farrowing house until weaning. Weanlings are moved to a nursery
house and finally to a growing-finishing unit where they stay until they are ready for slaughter.

Vertical clearance - clearance of the moldboard plow bottom which is bend downward of the point of the share to make
the plow penetrate the soil to the proper depth.

Volumetric efficiency – can exceed 100% while windmill is in operation.

weaner/weanling – piglet that has been recently separated from its mother

Wind velocity measurement – this should be done first in big wind farm projects.

What orientation should the swine/broilers housing be located? East-west

ALLIED SUBJECTS
RA 3927 - the first Agricultural Engineering Law was enacted by the 5 th congress of the Philippines in 1964.

RA 8559 - An Act Regulating the Practice of Agricultural Engineering in the Philippines (known as the Philippine
Agricultural Engineering Act of 1998 was enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in 1998.

RA 10915 - “Philippine Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Act of 2016”