Principle of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 6h

Module 3: Analysis and Design of Non- Rectangular and One side of web Least of: sw/2
Doubly Reinforced Beam Sections ℓn/12

Reinforced Concrete T-Beams

406.4.6 Beams, girders or slabs supported by columns or walls
shall not be cast or erected until concrete in the vertical
support members is no longer plastic.
406.4.7 Beams, girders, haunches, drop panels and capitals
shall be placed monolithically as part of a slab system, unless
otherwise shown in design drawings or specifications.
Doubly reinforced sections
Beam sections reinforced in both tension and compression

A’s = area of compression reinforcement

d’ = distance from the centroid of compression steel to
extreme compression fiber
ε’s = area of compression reinforcement

Video Courseware
Non-Rectangular Beams
Case 1: The depth of compression block is less than or equal
to the flange thickness (𝑎 ≤ ℎ𝑓 )

Equilibrium
𝑇=𝐶
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑓
406.3.2 T-Beam Geometry 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝑎=
406.3.2.1 For non-prestressed T-beams supporting 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑓
monolithic or composite slabs, the effective flange width bf 𝑎
shall include the beam web width bw plus an effective ∅(0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑓 ) (𝑑 − )
𝑀𝑢 = 2
overhanging flange width in accordance with Table 𝑎
∅𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − )
406.3.2.1, where h is the slab thickness and sw is the clear 2
distance to the adjacent web. Compatibility
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐
𝜀𝑡 = (0.003)
Table 406.3.2.1: Dimensional Limits for Effective 𝑐
Overhanging Flange Width for T-Beams 𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = (600)
Effective overhanging flange width, beyond face 𝑐
Flange Location
of web
8h Case 2: The depth of compression block is greater than the
Each side of web Least of: sw/2 flange thickness (𝑎 > ℎ𝑓 )
ℓn/8
 𝜋
5 [ (32)2 ] (415) = 0.85(21)[700(100) + 400(𝑎 − 100)]
4
𝒂 = 𝟏𝟓𝟖. 𝟕𝟐𝟕𝟒𝟓𝟑𝟒 𝒎𝒎 > ℎ𝑓 = 100 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 158.7274534
𝑐= = ; 𝒄 = 𝟏𝟖𝟔. 𝟕𝟑𝟖𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟓 𝒎𝒎
𝛽1 0.85
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 584 − 186.7381805
𝜀𝑡 = (0.003) = (0.003)
Equilibrium 𝑐 186.7381805
𝑇=𝐶 𝜺𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟑𝟖𝟐𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟎𝟐 > 0.005
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 ∴ 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑; ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎
b. Ultimate moment capacity, MU
𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑓 ℎ𝑓
𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 (𝑎 − ℎ𝑓 ) 𝑀𝑢 = 0.90(0.85)(21) [400(58.7274534) (584 − 100

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐[𝑏𝑓 ℎ𝑓 + 𝑏𝑤 (𝑎 − ℎ𝑓 )] 58.7274534 100

− ) + 100(700)(584 − )]
2 2
ℎ𝑓
∅(0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐)[ℎ𝑓 𝑏𝑓 (𝑑 −
) + 𝑏𝑤 (𝑎 − ℎ𝑓 ) 𝑴𝒖 = 𝟕𝟕𝟐. 𝟎𝟖𝟏𝟓𝟐𝟓𝟗 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 > 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
2
∴ 𝑨𝑫𝑬𝑸𝑼𝑨𝑻𝑬
𝑎 − ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑢 = (𝑑 − ℎ𝑓 − )]
2
ℎ𝑓 𝑎 − ℎ𝑓 Example (Design)
∅𝑓𝑦 [𝐴𝑠1 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐴𝑠2 (𝑑 − ℎ𝑓 − )] Determine the number of 32mm diameter bars to adequately
2 2
support a maximum moment of 650 kN.m. Use f’c=21MPa,
Compatibility
fy=415MPa, stirrups diameter=10mm, and concrete
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐
𝜀𝑡 = (0.003) cover=40mm. Flange width is 650mm, web width is 400mm,
𝑐 height is 600mm, and flange thickness is 100mm.
𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = (600) Solution:
𝑐

Example (Analysis)
Check the adequacy of the given section to support the loads if
f’c=21MPa, fy=415MPa, stirrups diameter=10mm, and
concrete cover=40mm. Flange width is 700mm, web width is
400mm, height is 650mm, and flange thickness is 100mm.

32
𝑑 = 600 − 40 − 10 − = 534 𝑚𝑚
2
a. Moment Equation
100
650 × 106 = 0.90(0.85)(21) [650(100) (534 − )
2
𝑎 − 100
+ 400(𝑎 − 100) (534 − 100 − )]
Solution: 2
50(3)2 𝒂 = 𝟏𝟓𝟓. 𝟑𝟖𝟎𝟑𝟐𝟕𝟑 𝒎𝒎 > 100 𝑚𝑚 ∴ 𝑜𝑘!
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + 150(3) = 675 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
2 𝑎 155.3803273
32 𝑐= = ; 𝒄 = 𝟏𝟖𝟐. 𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟓𝟏 𝒎𝒎
𝛽1 0.85
𝑑 = 𝑑𝑡 = 650 − 40 − 10 − = 584 𝑚𝑚
2 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 534 − 182.8003851
𝜀𝑡 = (0.003) = (0.003)
𝑐 182.8003851
𝜺𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟕𝟔𝟑𝟔𝟓𝟕𝟔𝟖𝟔 > 0.005
∴ 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑; ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎
b. Equilibrium
𝑇=𝐶
𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐
𝐴𝑠(415) = 0.85(21)[650(100)
a. Impose equilibrium + 400(155.3803273 − 100)]
𝑇=𝐶 𝑨𝒔 = 𝟑𝟕𝟒𝟖. 𝟓𝟗𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐
 𝐴𝑠 3748.591655 𝜺𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟒𝟖𝟐𝟏𝟗𝟔 < 0.005
𝑛32 = = 𝜋 ; 𝒏𝟑𝟐 ≈ 𝟓 − 𝟑𝟐 𝒎𝒎 ∅ 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔
𝐴𝑏 (32)2 ∴ 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑; ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓
4
b. Calculate moment capacity, MU
Example (Analysis of other shapes)
The beam is to support the given loads as shown. If
f’c=21MPa, fy=415MPa, stirrups diameter=10mm, and
concrete cover=40mm, determine the maximum possible
length of the beam.
1
𝑀𝑢 = 0.65(0.85)(21)[ (279.595986)2 (536
2
2
− (279.595986)]
3
𝑴𝒖 = 𝟏𝟓𝟖. 𝟓𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟔𝟎𝟑 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
c. Compute the maximum length
Solution: 𝑤𝑢 𝐿2 𝑃𝑢 𝐿 40(𝐿)2 120𝐿
𝑀𝑢 = + = +
8 4 8 4
158.5470603(8) = 40𝐿2 + 240𝐿
𝑳𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟖𝟎𝟑𝟗𝟐𝟕𝟖𝟑 𝒎

Example (Design of other shapes)

Determine the number of 20mm diameter bars to adequately
support a maximum moment of 170 kN.m. Use f’c=28MPa,
28 fy=415MPa, stirrups diameter=10mm, and concrete
𝑑 = 600 − 40 − 10 − = 536 𝑚𝑚 cover=40mm. Top width is 300mm, bottom width is 350mm,
2
a. Equilibrium and height is 500mm.
𝑇=𝐶
𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐
𝜋 1
3 [ (28)2 ] (415) = 0.85(21) [ 𝑎(𝑎)]
4 2
𝒂 = 𝟐𝟗𝟑. 𝟎𝟕𝟖𝟐𝟏𝟑𝟒 𝒎𝒎
𝑎 293.0782134 Solution:
𝑐= = ; 𝒄 = 𝟑𝟒𝟒. 𝟕𝟗𝟕𝟖𝟗𝟖𝟏 𝒎𝒎
𝛽1 0.85
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 536 − 344.7178981
𝜀𝑡 = (0.003) = (0.003)
𝑐 344.7178981
𝜺𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟔𝟒𝟔𝟖𝟑𝟖𝟏𝟓 < 0.005
∴ 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑; ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓
𝑑−𝑐 536 − 344.7178981
𝑓𝑠 = (600) = (600)
𝑐 344.7178981 a. Moment Equation
𝒇𝒔 = 𝟑𝟑𝟐. 𝟗𝟑𝟔𝟕𝟔𝟑 𝑴𝑷𝒂 ∴ 𝑤𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎
170 × 106 = 0.90(0.85)(28) [300𝑎 (440 − )
𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑠 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 2
1 𝑎 2
𝜋 1 + 2 ( 𝑎) ( ) (440 − 𝑎)]
3 [ (28)2 ] (𝑓𝑠) = 0.85(21) [ 𝑎(𝑎)] ; 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 2 10 3
4 2
1 𝒂 = 𝟔𝟑. 𝟒𝟗𝟏𝟒𝟕𝟒𝟕 𝒎𝒎
0.85(21) [ (0.85𝑐)2 ] 𝑎 63.4914747
𝑓𝑠 = 2 → 𝑒𝑞. 1
𝜋 𝑐= = ; 𝒄 = 𝟕𝟒. 𝟔𝟗𝟓𝟖𝟓𝟐𝟓𝟗 𝒎𝒎
3 [ (28)2 ] 𝛽1 0.85
4
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 440 − 74.69585259
𝟓𝟑𝟔 − 𝒄 𝜀𝑡 = (0.003) = (0.003)
𝒇𝒔 = (𝟔𝟎𝟎) → 𝒆𝒒. 𝟐 𝑐 74.69585259
𝒄
𝜺𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟕𝟏𝟔𝟔𝟑𝟖𝟖 > 0.005
𝒄 = 𝟑𝟐𝟖. 𝟗𝟑𝟔𝟒𝟓𝟒𝟐 𝒎𝒎
∴ 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑; ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎
𝒂 = 𝟐𝟕𝟗. 𝟓𝟗𝟓𝟗𝟖𝟔 𝒎𝒎
b. Equilibrium
𝒇𝒔 = 𝟑𝟕𝟕. 𝟔𝟗𝟔𝟒𝟑𝟗𝟑 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 536 − 328.9364542 𝑇=𝐶
𝜀𝑡 = (0.003) = (0.003) 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐
𝑐 328.9364542
 𝐴𝑠(415) = 0.85(28)[300(63.4914747)
1
+ 2 ( ) (63.4914747)2 ]
20
𝑨𝒔 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟓. 𝟒𝟕𝟕𝟖𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝐴𝑠 1115.47785
𝑛20 = = 𝜋 ; 𝒏𝟐𝟎 ≈ 𝟒 − 𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝒎 ∅ 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔
𝐴𝑏 (20)2
4 𝑤𝐿2 40(5)2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 125 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
8 8
Doubly Reinforced Sections 20
𝑑 = 400 − 40 − 10 − = 340 𝑚𝑚
Advantages of using doubly reinforced section 2
20
1. Anchorage for stirrups 𝑑 ′ = 40 + 10 + = 60 𝑚𝑚
2
2. Reversal of loads
a. Equilibrium
3. Control the deflection
𝑇 = 𝐶 (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓 ′ 𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦)
4. Ensure that tension reinforcement is yielding ay failure
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 + 𝐴′𝑠𝑓′𝑠
𝑐 − 𝑑′
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐; 𝑓 ′ 𝑠 = (600)
𝑐
𝜋
5 [ (20)2 ] (415)
4
= 0.85(21)(300)(0.85𝑐)
Equilibrium 𝜋 𝑐 − 60
𝑇=𝐶 + 3 [ (20)2 ] [ (600)]
4 𝑐
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 + 𝐴′𝑠𝑓′𝑠 𝒄 = 𝟗𝟔. 𝟑𝟒𝟕𝟑𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟕 𝒎𝒎
𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝒂 = 𝟖𝟏. 𝟖𝟗𝟓𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟗𝟓
𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦 = 𝐴′𝑠𝑓′𝑠 ′
𝒇 𝒔 = 𝟐𝟐𝟔. 𝟑𝟓𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟑𝟐 𝑴𝑷𝒂 < 𝑓𝑦
𝑎 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 340 − 96.34731877
∅ [0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐴′ 𝑠𝑓 ′ 𝑠(𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )] 𝜀𝑡 = (0.003) = (0.003)
𝑀𝑢 = 2 𝑐 96.34731877
𝑎
∅ [𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦(𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )] 𝜺𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟓𝟖𝟔𝟔𝟗𝟖𝟑𝟒𝟒 > 0.005
2
Compatibility ∴ 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑; ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎
b. Calculate moment capacity, MU
Cc Cs

T
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐
𝜀𝑡 = (0.003)
𝑐
𝑑−𝑐 𝑀𝑢 = 0.90 {0.85(21)(81.89522095)(300) (340
𝑓𝑠 = (600)
𝑐 81.89522095
𝑐 − 𝑑′ − )
𝜀 ′𝑠 = (0.003) 2
𝑐 𝜋
+ 3 [ (20)2 ] (226.3518232)(340 − 60)}
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 4
𝑓 ′𝑠 = (600) 𝑴𝒖 = 𝟏𝟕𝟏. 𝟕𝟗𝟑𝟕𝟒𝟒 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 > 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑐
∴ 𝑨𝑫𝑬𝑸𝑼𝑨𝑻𝑬
Example (Analysis)
Check the adequacy of the given section to adequately support Example (Design)
the given loads. Use f’c=21MPa, fy=415MPa, stirrups Design the necessary reinforcement need for 300mm by
diameter=10mm, and concrete cover=40mm. 600mm rectangular beam to adequately support an external
factored moment of 500 kN.m. Use f’c=21MPa, fy=415MPa,
diameter of the bar=28mm, stirrups diameter=10mm, and
concrete cover=40mm.
′
𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑞 𝑑 > 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 ∴ 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑
28
𝑑 = 600 − 40 − 10 − = 536 𝑚𝑚
Solution: 2
a. Check if doubly reinforced
 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 = 2204.58253 + 731.6913393
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝜌𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59𝜌 )
𝑓 ′𝑐 𝑨𝒔 = 𝟐𝟗𝟑𝟔. 𝟐𝟕𝟑𝟖𝟔𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟐
2936.273869
𝑛28 = 𝜋 ; 𝒏𝟐𝟖 ≈ 𝟓 − 𝟐𝟖 𝒎𝒎 ∅ 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔
(28)2
4
742.506485
𝑛28 = 𝜋 ; 𝒏𝟐𝟖 ≈ 𝟐 − 𝟐𝟖 𝒎𝒎 ∅ 𝒕𝒐𝒑 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔
(28)2
4
d. Checking
415
500 × 106 = 0.90𝜌(300)(536)2 (415) (1 − 0.59𝜌 )
21
𝝆𝒓𝒆𝒒′𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟎𝟒
3 𝑓 ′𝑐 3 21
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (0.85𝛽1 ) ( ) = [0.85(0.85)] ( )
7 𝑓𝑦 7 415
𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟔𝟔𝟖𝟔𝟕𝟒𝟕 < 𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑞′𝑑 28 28
5𝑚 = 3 (40 + 10 + ) + 2 (40 + 10 + 28 + 25 + )
2 2
∴ 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑
𝒎 = 𝟖𝟓. 𝟐
b. Compute AS1
𝑑 = 600 − 85.2; 𝒅 = 𝟓𝟏𝟒. 𝟖 𝒎𝒎
assumption:
- one layer only
- final section  two layers: thus, there is a reduction in “d”
𝜀𝑡 = 0.005 therefore, check the capacity
𝑑−𝑐 536 − 𝑐 a. Equilibrium
𝜀𝑡 = (0.003) = (0.003)
𝑐 𝑐 𝑇 = 𝐶 (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓 ′ 𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦)
3
𝑐= 𝑑 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 + 𝐴′𝑠𝑓′𝑠
8
𝑐 − 𝑑′
𝒄 = 𝟐𝟎𝟏 𝒎𝒎 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐; 𝑓 ′ 𝑠 = (600)
𝑐
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 0.85(201); 𝒂 = 𝟏𝟕𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝒎𝒎 𝜋
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 201 − 64 5 [ (28)2 ] (415)
𝑓 ′𝑠 = (600) = (600); 4
𝑐 201 = 0.85(21)(300)(0.85𝑐)
𝒇′ 𝒔 = 𝟒𝟎𝟖. 𝟗𝟓𝟓𝟐𝟐𝟑𝟗 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝜋 𝑐 − 64
+ 2 [ (28)2 ] [ (600)]
𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 4 𝑐
𝐴𝑠1 (415) = 0.85(21)(300)(170.85) 𝒄 = 𝟏𝟕𝟕. 𝟎𝟒𝟗𝟎𝟑𝟖 𝒎𝒎
𝒂 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟏𝟔𝟖𝟐𝟑
𝑨𝒔𝟏 = 𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟒. 𝟓𝟖𝟐𝟓𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝑎 𝒇′ 𝒔 = 𝟑𝟖𝟑. 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟑𝟔𝟕 < 𝑓𝑦
𝑀1 = ∅𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 536 − 177.049038
2 (0.003) = (0.003)
𝜀𝑡 =
170.85 𝑐 177.049038
𝑀1 = 0.90(2204.58253)(415) (536 − )
2 𝜺𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟗𝟓𝟐𝟓 > 0.005
𝑴𝟏 = 𝟑𝟕𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟔𝟕𝟎𝟒 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 ∴ 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑; ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎
𝑀2 = 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑀1 = 500 − 371.0086704 b. Calculate moment capacity, MU
𝑴𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐𝟖. 𝟗𝟗𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟗𝟔 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
𝑀𝑢 = 0.90 {0.85(21)(150.4916823)(300) (514.8
c. Calculate AS2
150.4916823
− )
2
𝜋
+ 2 [ (28)2 ] (383.1109367)(514.8
4
− 64)}
𝑀2 = ∅𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦(𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
128.9913296 × 106 = 0.90𝐴𝑠2 (415)(536 − 64) 𝑴𝒖 = 𝟓𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟔𝟏𝟎𝟔𝟖 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 > 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑨𝒔𝟐 = 𝟕𝟑𝟏. 𝟔𝟗𝟏𝟑𝟑𝟗𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝟐 ∴ 𝑨𝑫𝑬𝑸𝑼𝑨𝑻𝑬
𝑇=𝐶
𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦 = 𝐴′ 𝑠𝑓 ′ 𝑠 Formative Assessment
A T-beam reinforced with 4-32 mm diameter bars has the
731.6913393(415) = 𝐴′ 𝑠(408.9552239)
following properties: bf = 650 mm, bw = 400 mm, h = 700
𝑨′ 𝒔 = 𝟕𝟒𝟐. 𝟓𝟎𝟔𝟒𝟖𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝟐 mm, flange thickness = 100 mm, f’c = 21 MPa, fy = 415 MPa,
stirrups diameter = 10 mm, and concrete cover = 40 mm.
𝑀𝑢 = 0.90(0.85)(21) [650(86.29936743)(634
Calculate the effective depth of the beam.
32 86.29936743
𝑑 = 𝑑𝑡 = 700 − 40 − 10 − = 634 𝑚𝑚 − ]
2 2
Calculate the depth of the compression block. 𝑴𝒖 = 𝟓𝟑𝟐. 𝟒𝟓𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟔𝟕 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
𝑇=𝐶 Calculate the nominal moment capacity
𝑀𝑢 532.4504167
𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝑀𝑛 = = ; 𝑴𝒏 = 𝟓𝟗𝟏. 𝟔𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟕𝟒𝟏 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
𝜋 ∅ 0.90
4 [ (32)2 ] (415) = 0.85(21)[650(100) + 400(𝑎 − 100)] A T-beam is to be designed to support an ultimate moment of
4
𝒂 = 𝟏𝟐𝟒. 𝟒𝟖𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟐𝟖 𝒎𝒎 > ℎ𝑓 = 100 𝑚𝑚 650 kN-m and has the following properties: bf = 650 mm, bw =
400 mm, h = 700 mm, flange thickness = 100 mm, f’c = 21
Calculate the depth of the neutral axis.
MPa, fy = 415 MPa, stirrups diameter = 10 mm, diameter of
𝑎 124.4819628 the bar = 32 mm, and concrete cover = 40 mm. Calculate the
𝑐= = ; 𝒄 = 𝟏𝟒𝟔. 𝟒𝟒𝟗𝟑𝟔𝟕𝟗 𝒎𝒎
𝛽1 0.85 minimum area of steel reinforcement in the web to adequately
Calculate the strain. support the given load.
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 634 − 146.4493679 32
𝜀𝑡 = (0.003) = (0.003) 𝑑 = 700 − 40 − 10 − = 634 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 146.4493679 2
𝜺𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟗𝟖𝟕𝟒𝟐𝟑𝟕𝟓𝟒 > 0.005 𝑎
650 × 106 = 0.90(0.85)(21) [400𝑎 (634 − 100 − )
∴ 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑; ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎 2
100
Calculate the ultimate moment capacity + 100(650) (634 − )]
2
𝑀𝑢 = 0.90(0.85)(21) [400(24.4819628) (634 − 100 𝑎 = 11.83828509 𝑚𝑚
24.4819628 100 𝐴𝑠(415) = 0.85(21)[650(100) + 11.83828509(400)]
− ) + 100(650)(634 − )]
2 2 𝑨𝒔 = 𝟐𝟗𝟗𝟗. 𝟒𝟓𝟖𝟔𝟖𝟖 𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝑴𝒖 = 𝟔𝟗𝟏. 𝟗𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟗𝟏 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 Calculate the number of rebar.
Calculate the nominal moment capacity 𝐴𝑠 2999.458688
𝑛32 = = 𝜋 ; 𝒏𝟑𝟐 ≈ 𝟒 − 𝟑𝟐 𝒎𝒎 ∅ 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔
𝑀𝑢 691.9110991 𝐴𝑏 (32)2
𝑀𝑛 = = ; 𝑴𝒏 = 𝟕𝟔𝟖. 𝟕𝟗𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟏 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 4
∅ 0.90
The tubular beam shown is reinforced with 4-32 mm diameter
A T-beam reinforced with 4-32 mm diameter bars has the
top bars and has the following properties: f’c = 40 MPa, fy =
following properties: bf = 650 mm, bw = 400 mm, h = 700
415 MPa, stirrups diameter = 10 mm and concrete cover = 50
mm, flange thickness = 100 mm, f’c = 21 MPa, fy = 415 MPa,
mm. Calculate the depth of compression block in the beam.
stirrups diameter = 10 mm, and concrete cover = 40 mm.
Calculate the effective depth of the beam.
32
𝑑 = 𝑑𝑡 = 700 − 40 − 10 − = 634 𝑚𝑚
2
Calculate the depth of the compression block.
𝑇=𝐶
𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐
𝜋
3 [ (32)2 ] (415) = 0.85(21)[650(100) + 400(𝑎 − 100)]
4
𝑎 = 77.73647207 𝑚𝑚 < ℎ𝑓 = 100 𝑚𝑚 Calculate the effective depth of the beam.
𝜋 32
3 [ (32)2 ] (415) = 0.85(21)(650𝑎) 𝑑 = 700 − 50 − 10 − = 𝟔𝟐𝟒 𝒎𝒎
4 2
𝒂 = 𝟖𝟔. 𝟐𝟗𝟗𝟑𝟔𝟕𝟒𝟑 𝒎𝒎 Calculate the depth of the compression block.
Calculate the depth of the neutral axis. 𝑇=𝐶
𝑎 86.29936743 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐
𝑐= = ; 𝒄 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏. 𝟓𝟐𝟖𝟔𝟔𝟕𝟔 𝒎𝒎 𝜋
𝛽1 0.85
4 [ (32)2 ] (415)
Calculate the strain. 4
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 634 − 101.5286676 = 0.85(40)[(350)(100)
𝜀𝑡 = (0.003) = (0.003) + 2(100)(𝑎 − 100)]
𝑐 101.5286676
𝜺𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟕𝟑𝟑𝟔𝟐𝟓𝟏𝟓 > 0.005 𝒂 = 𝟏𝟐𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟏𝟎𝟔𝟎𝟗 𝒎𝒎
∴ 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑; ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎 Calculate the depth of the neutral axis.
𝑎 121.3310609
Calculate the ultimate moment capacity 𝑐= = ; 𝒄 = 𝟏𝟓𝟖. 𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟎𝟖 𝒎𝒎
𝛽1 0.85 − 40 − 28 (0.05)
7
Calculate the strain.
𝑀𝑢 = 0.90 {0.85(30)(79.32357395)(300) (437.5
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 624 − 158.7509208
𝜀𝑡 = (0.003) = (0.003) 79.32357395
𝑐 158.7509208 − )
𝜺𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟕𝟗𝟐𝟎𝟓𝟕𝟓𝟖𝟕 > 0.005 2
𝜋
∴ 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑; ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎 + 3 [ (20)2 ] (220.7216495)(437.5
4
Calculate the ultimate moment capacity. − 60)}
𝑑−𝑐 624 − 158.7509208
𝑓𝑠 = (600) = (600) 𝑴𝒖 = 𝟐𝟖𝟕. 𝟗𝟓𝟑𝟎𝟔𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
𝑐 158.7509208
𝒇𝒔 = 𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟖. 𝟒𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟏𝟕 𝑴𝑷𝒂 > 𝑓𝑦 Calculate the nominal moment capacity.
100 𝑀𝑢 287.9530622
𝑀𝑢 = 0.90(0.85)(40)[350(100) (624 − ) 𝑀𝑛 = = ; 𝑴𝒏 = 𝟑𝟏𝟗. 𝟗𝟒𝟕𝟖𝟒𝟔𝟗 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
2 ∅ 0.90
A 300mm by 500mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 3-25
+ 2(75)(21.3310609) (624 − 100
mm diameter tension reinforcement and 2-20 mm diameter
21.3310609 compression reinforcement. The compressive strength of
− )
2 concrete is 28 MPa, fy=415 MPa, stirrups diameter= 10mm,
𝑴𝒖 = 𝟔𝟖𝟏. 𝟕𝟔𝟕𝟖𝟎𝟗𝟑 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 and concrete cover=40 mm.
Calculate the nominal moment capacity. Calculate the effective depth of the beam.
𝑀𝑢 681.7678093 25
𝑀𝑛 = = ; 𝑴𝒏 = 𝟕𝟓𝟕. 𝟓𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟖𝟖𝟏 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 𝑑 = 500 − 40 − 10 − = 𝟒𝟑𝟕. 𝟓 𝒎𝒎
∅ 0.90 2
A 300mm by 500mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 4-25 Calculate the depth of the neutral axis in the beam.
mm diameter tension reinforcement and 3-20 mm diameter 20
compression reinforcement. The compressive strength of 𝑑 ′ = 40 + 10 + = 60 𝑚𝑚
2
concrete is 30 MPa, fy=415 MPa, stirrups diameter= 10mm, 𝑇 = 𝐶 (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓 ′ 𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦)
and concrete cover=40 mm.
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 + 𝐴′𝑠𝑓′𝑠
Calculate the effective depth of the beam.
𝑐 − 𝑑′
25 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐; 𝑓 ′ 𝑠 = (600)
𝑑 = 500 − 40 − 10 − = 𝟒𝟑𝟕. 𝟓 𝒎𝒎 𝑐
2 𝜋
Calculate the depth of the neutral axis in the beam. 3 [ (25)2 ] (415)
4
20 = 0.85(28)(300)(0.85𝑐)
𝑑 ′ = 40 + 10 + = 60 𝑚𝑚 𝜋 𝑐 − 60
2 + 2 [ (20)2 ] [ (600)]
𝑇 = 𝐶 (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓 ′ 𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦) 4 𝑐
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 + 𝐴′𝑠𝑓′𝑠 𝒄 = 𝟖𝟑. 𝟑𝟏𝟓𝟏𝟓𝟐𝟗𝟏 𝒎𝒎
𝑐 − 𝑑′ Calculate the depth of the compression block.
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐; 𝑓 ′ 𝑠 = (600) 𝒂 = 𝟕𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟕𝟖𝟕𝟗𝟗𝟕 𝒎𝒎
𝑐
30 − 28 Calculate the stress in the compression reinforcement.
𝛽1 = 0.85 − (0.05) = 0.8357142857
7 𝒇′ 𝒔 = 𝟏𝟔𝟕. 𝟗𝟎𝟓𝟕𝟑𝟐𝟏 < 𝑓𝑦
𝜋
4 [ (25)2 ] (415) Calculate the strain.
4
= 0.85(30)(300)(0.8357142857𝑐) 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 437.5 − 83.31515291
𝜀𝑡 = (0.003) = (0.003)
𝜋 𝑐 − 60 𝑐 83.31515291
+ 3 [ (20)2 ] [ (600)] 𝜺𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟕𝟓𝟑𝟒𝟑𝟔𝟖𝟓 > 0.005
4 𝑐
𝒄 = 𝟗𝟒. 𝟗𝟏𝟕𝟎𝟗𝟕𝟎𝟒 𝒎𝒎 ∴ 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑; ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎
Calculate the depth of the compression block. Calculate the ultimate moment capacity
𝒂 = 𝟕𝟗. 𝟑𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟕𝟑𝟗𝟓 𝒎𝒎 𝑀𝑢 = 0.90 {0.85(28)(70.81787997)(300) (437.5
Calculate the stress in the compression reinforcement.
70.81787997
𝒇′ 𝒔 = 𝟐𝟐𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟏𝟔𝟒𝟗𝟓 < 𝑓𝑦 − )
2
Calculate the strain. 𝜋
+ 2 [ (20)2 ] (167.9057321)(437.5
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 437.5 − 94.91709704 4
𝜀𝑡 = (0.003) = (0.003)
𝑐 94.91709704 − 60)}
𝜺𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟕𝟖𝟓𝟔𝟓𝟑 > 0.005
𝑴𝒖 = 𝟐𝟏𝟖. 𝟖𝟐𝟒𝟗𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
∴ 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑; ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎
Calculate the nominal moment capacity.
Calculate the ultimate moment capacity
𝑀𝑢 218.8249109
𝑀𝑛 = = ; 𝑴𝒏 = 𝟐𝟒𝟑. 𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟕𝟖𝟗𝟗 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
∅ 0.90
 Principle of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 𝜉
𝜆𝛥 = (409 − 11)
Module 4: Serviceability 1 + 50𝜌′
where ρ’ shall be the value at midspan for simple and
continuous spans, and at support for cantilevers. It is permitted
Load-Deflection Behavior of a Concrete Beam
to assume the time-dependent factor ξ for sustained loads to be
equal to:
5 years or more – 2.0
12 months – 1.4
6 months – 1.2
3 months – 1.0

Deflection in Beams
409.6.2 One-Way Construction (Nonprestressed)
Table 409.2 – Maximum Permissible Computed
409.6.2.1 Minimum thickness stipulated in Table 409-1 shall Deflections
apply for one-way construction not supporting or attached to
Type of Member Deflection to be Deflection
partitions or other construction likely to be damaged by large Considered Limitation
deflections, unless computation of deflection indicates a lesser Flat roofs not supporting Immediate deflection due 𝑙1
thickness may be used without adverse effects. or attached to non- to live load, L 180
409.6.2.2 Where deflections are to be computed, deflections structural elements likely
to be damaged by large
that occur immediately on application of load shall be deflections
computed by usual methods or formulas for elastic deflections, Floors not supporting or Immediate deflection due 𝑙2
considering effects of cracking and reinforcement on member attached to non-structural to live load, L 360
stiffness. elements likely to be
damaged by large
409.6.2.3 Unless stiffness values are obtained by a more deflections
comprehensive analysis, immediate deflection shall be Roof or floor That part of the total 𝑙3
computed with the modulus of elasticity Ec for concrete as construction supporting deflection occurring after 480
specified in Section 408.6.1 (normal-weight or lightweight or attached to non- attachment of nonstructural
structural elements likely elements (sum of the long-
concrete) and with the effective moment of inertia as follows, to be damaged by large term deflection due to all
but not greater than Ig. deflections sustained loads and all
immediate deflection due
𝑀𝑐𝑟 3 𝑀𝑐𝑟 3 Floor or floor 𝑙4
to any additional live
𝐼𝑒 = ( ) 𝐼𝑔 + [1 − ( ) ] 𝐼𝑐𝑟 (409 − 8) construction supporting
load)2 240
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎 or attached to non-
structural elements not
where: likely to be damaged by
𝑓𝑟 𝐼𝑔 large deflections
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = (409 − 9)
𝑦𝑡
and for normal-weight concrete Video Courseware
𝑓𝑟 = 0.62𝜆√𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (409 − 10) Serviceability
409.6.2.5 Unless values are obtained by a more Example
comprehensive analysis, additional long time deflection A reinforced concrete beam is 300mm wide and 500mm deep.
resulting from creep and shrinkage of flexural members The beam is cantilever over a span of 3m and carries uniform
(normal-weight or lightweight concrete) shall be determined deadload of 10 kN/m including its own weight and a uniform
by multiplying the immediate deflection caused by the liveload of 5 kN/m. The beam is reinforced for tension only
sustained load considered, by the factor λΔ. with 3-28 mm diameter bars with an effective depth of
420mm, f’c=28 MPa, and fy=415 MPa.
a. Calculate the maximum instantaneous deflection due to 𝐸𝑠 200000
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜, 𝑛 = =
service loads. 𝐸𝑐 4700√28
b. Calculate the deflection for the same loads after 5 years 𝒏 = 𝟖. 𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟕𝟗𝟕𝟐𝟗𝟖
assuming 50% of the liveload is sustained 𝐴𝑐 = 𝑛𝐴𝑠
𝜋
𝐴𝑐 = 8.041797298(3) ( ) (28)2 ; 𝑨𝒄
4
= 𝟏𝟒𝟖𝟓𝟓. 𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟏𝟕 𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑀𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 = 𝑀𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝑐
𝐴𝑐 (𝑑 − 𝑐) = 𝑏𝑐 ( )
2
𝑐
14855.26217(420 − 𝑐) = 300𝑐 ( )
2
𝒄 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟔𝟔𝟏 𝒎𝒎
1. Compute the effective moment of inertia, Ie
𝑀𝑐𝑟 3 𝑀𝑐𝑟 3
𝐼𝑒 = ( ) 𝐼𝑔 + [1 − ( ) ] 𝐼𝑐𝑟 ≤ 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎
a. Gross moment of inertia, I g

𝐼𝑐𝑟 = 14855.26217(420 − 160.3555661)2

1
+ (300)(160.3555661)3
1 1 12
𝐼𝑔 = 𝑏ℎ3 = (300)(500)3 160.3555661 2
12 12 + 300(160.3555661) ( )
𝑰𝒈 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟒 2
𝑰𝒄𝒓 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟎𝟕𝟕𝟔𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟒
b. Distance of the centroid of section from extreme tension
fiber, yt 𝑀𝑐𝑟 3 𝑀𝑐𝑟 3
𝐼𝑒 = ( ) 𝐼𝑔 + [1 − ( ) ] 𝐼𝑐𝑟
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎
41.00914532 3
𝐼𝑒 = ( ) (3.125 × 109 )
67.5
41.00914532 3
+ [1 − ( ) ] (1.413807767
67.5
1 1
𝑦𝑡 = ℎ = (500); 𝒚𝒕 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎 × 109 )
2 2
c. Modulus of rupture, fr 𝑰𝒆 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟗𝟕𝟓𝟒𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 < 𝐼𝑔 = 3.125 × 109 𝑚𝑚4 ∴ 𝑜𝑘!

𝑓𝑟 = 0.62𝜆√𝑓 ′ 𝑐; 𝜆 = 1.0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 2. Calculation of the instantaneous deflection

𝑓𝑟 = 0.62(1.0)√28; 𝒇𝒓 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟕𝟑𝟏𝟔𝟐𝟔 𝑴𝑷𝒂

d. Cracking moment, Mcr
𝑓𝑟 𝐼𝑔 3.280731626(3.125 × 109 )
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = =
𝑦𝑡 250 15(3000)4
𝑴𝒄𝒓 = 𝟒𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟑𝟐 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
8(4700√28)(1.797541198 × 109 )
e. Actual moment, Ma
𝜹𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟗𝟕𝟐𝟕𝟑𝟗𝟏𝟔 𝒎𝒎
𝑤𝐿2 15(3)2
𝑀𝑎 = = ; 𝑴𝒂 = 𝟔𝟕. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 3. Long term deflection, δ5 years
2 2
𝑤 = 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒/𝑢𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝛿5 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 𝛿𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝜆∆
𝑀𝑎 > 𝑀𝑐𝑟 ∴ 𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝐿4 [10 + 0.5(5)](3000)4
𝛿𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 = =
f. Cracked moment of inertia, Icr 8𝐸𝐼 8(4700√28)(1.797541198 × 109 )
𝛿𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 = 2.831061596 𝑚𝑚
𝜉
𝜆∆ = ; 𝜉 = 2.0 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 5 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
1 + 50𝜌′
𝐴′ 𝑠 0
𝜌1 = = =0
𝑏𝑑 300(420)
 2 𝜋
𝜆∆ = ; 𝝀 = 𝟐. 𝟎 𝐴′ 𝑐 = (9.28586767 − 1)(2) ( ) (20)2
1 + 50(0) ∆ 4
𝛿5 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 2.831061596(2); 𝜹𝟓 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒔 = 𝟓. 𝟔𝟔𝟐𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟏𝟗𝟐 𝒎𝒎 𝑨′𝒄 = 𝟓𝟐𝟎𝟔. 𝟏𝟔𝟒𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝟐
Calculate the Ac.
Formative Assessment 𝐴𝑐 = 𝑛𝐴𝑠
𝜋
A reinforcement concrete beam is 300 mm wide and 550 mm 𝐴𝑐 = (9.28586767)(3) ( ) (32)2
4
deep. The beam is simply supported over a span of 7.0 m and
𝑨𝒄 = 𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟒. 𝟒𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟐
carries a uniform deadload of 10 kN/m including its own
weight and a uniform liveload of 10 kN/m. The beam has the Calculate the depth of the neutral axis.
following properties: top reinforcement = 2 – 20 mm diameter 20
𝑑 ′ = 40 + 12 + = 62
bars, bottom reinforcement = 3 – 32 mm diameter bars, f’c = 2
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
21 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, diameter of stirrups = 12 mm, and 𝑀𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 = 𝑀𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤
concrete cover = 40 mm. 𝑐
300(𝑐) ( ) + 5206.1642(𝑐 − 62)
2
= 22404.41369(482 − 𝑐)
𝒄 = 𝟏𝟗𝟓. 𝟑𝟗𝟑𝟑𝟕𝟒𝟐 𝒎𝒎
Calculate the actual moment
𝑤𝐿2 20(7)2
𝑀𝑎 = = ; 𝑴𝒂 = 𝟏𝟐𝟐. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
8 8
Calculate the cracked moment of inertia.
1 𝑐 2
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = 𝑏𝑐 3 + 𝑏(𝑐) ( ) + 𝐴′ 𝑐(𝑐 − 𝑑 ′ )2 + 𝐴𝑐(𝑑 − 𝑐)2
12 2
1
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = (300)(195.3933742)3
12
195.3933742 2
+ 300(195.3933742) ( )
2
2
+ 5206.1642(195.3933742 − 62)
+ 22404.41369(482 − 195.3933742)2
Calculate the effective depth of the beam. 𝑰𝒄𝒓 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟕𝟖𝟗𝟗𝟓𝟏𝟓𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟒
32 Compute the effective moment of inertia.
𝑑 = 550 − 40 − 12 − = 482
2 𝑀𝑐𝑟 3 𝑀𝑐𝑟 3
Calculate the gross moment of inertia. 𝐼𝑒 = ( ) 𝐼𝑔 + [1 − ( ) ] 𝐼𝑐𝑟 ≤ 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎
1 1
𝐼𝑔 = 𝑏ℎ3 = (300)(550)3 42.97310358 3
12 12 𝐼𝑒 = ( ) (4.159375 × 109 )
122.5
𝑰𝒈 = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟓𝟗𝟑𝟕𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟒
42.97310358 3
Calculate the distance of the centroid of section from extreme + [1 − ( ) ] (2.678995153
122.5
tension fiber.
× 109 )
1 1
𝑦𝑡 = ℎ = (550); 𝒚𝒕 = 𝟐𝟕𝟓 𝒎𝒎 𝑰𝒆 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟒𝟐𝟗𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 < 𝐼𝑔 = 4.159375 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
2 2
∴ 𝑜𝑘!
Calculate the modulus of rupture
Calculate the instantaneous deflection of the beam due to
𝑓𝑟 = 0.62𝜆√𝑓 ′ 𝑐; 𝜆 = 1.0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 service loads.
𝑓𝑟 = 0.62(1.0)√21; 𝒇𝒓 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟒𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟗𝟑𝟏 𝑴𝑷𝒂 5𝑤𝐿4 5(20)(7000)4
Calculate the cracking moment 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = =
384𝐸𝐼 384(4700√21)(2.742903128 × 109 )
𝑓𝑟 𝐼𝑔 2.841196931(4.159375 × 109 ) 𝜹𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟑𝟖𝟑𝟐𝟓𝟔 𝒎𝒎
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = =
𝑦𝑡 275 Calculate the allowable deflection.
𝑴𝒄𝒓 = 𝟒𝟐. 𝟗𝟕𝟑𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟓𝟖 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 𝐿 7000
Calculate the modular ratio. 𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = =
120 120
𝐸𝑠 200000 𝜹𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟓𝟖𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜, 𝑛 = =
𝐸𝑐 4700√21 What is the value of 𝜆∆ after 5 years assuming that 60% of the
𝒏 = 𝟗. 𝟐𝟖𝟓𝟖𝟔𝟕𝟔𝟕 liveload is sustained?
Calculate the A’c. 𝜋 2
𝐴′ 𝑠 2 (4 ) (20)
𝐴′𝑐 = 𝐴′ 𝑠 (𝑛 − 1) 𝜌1 = = = 0.004345218055
𝑏𝑑 300(482)
 𝜉 2
𝜆∆ = =
1 + 50𝜌′ 1 + 50(0.004345218055)
𝝀∆ = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟒𝟑𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟏𝟑𝟕
Calculate the deflection of the beam after 5 years assuming
that 60% of the liveload is sustained.
5𝑤𝐿4 5(10 + 6)(7000)4
𝛿𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 = =
384𝐸𝐼 384(4700√21)(2.742903128 × 109 )
𝛿𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 = 8.46706605 𝑚𝑚
𝛿5 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 8.46706605(1.643033137)
𝜹𝟓 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒔 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟗𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟗 𝒎𝒎