Mathematics:

Applications and Interpretation HL

WORKED ANSWER SUPPLEMENT

Ian Lucas
 MATHEMATICS: APPLICATIONS AND INTERPRETATION HL

This document is a supplement to Mathematics:

Applications and Interpretation HL Study and Revision
Guide for the IB Diploma published by Peak Study
Resources.

For other resources accompanying this book and for IB

Mathematics, visit www.peakib.com.

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 WORKED ANSWER SUPPLEMENT

Chapter 1:  Number and Algebra

Question on page 16

(a  + bi)2 = 21 + 20i
a 2 + 2abi +b 2i 2 = 21 + 20i
(a 2 – b 2) + 2abi = 21 + 20i
Equating real parts: a 2 – b 2 = 21
Equating imaginary parts: 2ab = 20 ⇒ ab = 10

 10   ​​
​  = ​___
Substitute a
b
100   ​ − ​b ​​  2​ = 21
​​ ____
​b ​​  2​
100 − ​b ​​  4​ = 21​b ​​  2​
​b ​​  4​ + 21​b ​​  2​ − 100 = 0
(​b ​​  2​ + 25)(​b ​​  2​ − 4) = 0​
Thus b = ±5i or b = ±2
b is real, so b = ±2 giving a = ±5.
Thus z = 5 + 2i or –5 – 2i

Long Answer Questions, pages 27–31

1. (a) 2 years = 24 months

Alan receives 55 × 24 = $1320
(b) AP with u 1 = 8, d = 4
(i) u 13 = 8 + 12  × 4 = $56

(ii) ​​S​ 24​​ = ​__
 242 ​​ (2 × 8 + (24 − 1)4)​  =  $1296​
(c) GP with u 1 = 10, r = 1.12
(i) ​​u​ 8​​ = 10 × 1.​12​​  7​ = $22.11​ = $22 to the nearest dollar
a(​r​​  n ​ − 1)
(ii) ​​S​ n ​​ = ​________
     ​​ 
r − 1
10(1.​12​​  24​ − 1)
​  ​​ = ​_____________
​​S24       ​ = $1181.55​
 
1.12 − 1
= $1182 to the nearest dollar
1320 + 1296 + 1181.55
(d) (i) ​​ ____________________
      
​ = $1265.85​
3
= $1266 to the nearest dollar
(ii) Use the GDC Finance App to get 7.04%

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 MATHEMATICS: APPLICATIONS AND INTERPRETATION HL

2. Part A
(a) Substitute the x and y coordinates into the function.
–6 = a + b – 3 ⇒ a + b = –3
15 = 8a + 2b – 3 ⇒ 8a + 2b = 18
(b) a = 4, b = –7 (GDC)
(c) We now know what the function is by substituting the values of a and b
​f (x) = 4 ​x ​​  3​ − 7x − 3​
Solve 4x 3 – 7x – 3 = 0 to get x = –1, –0.5, 1.5
∴  Graph intersects the x-axis at (–1, 0), (–0.5, 0), (1.5, 0)
Part B
(a) u 1 = 3, d = 5
(i) u 15 = 3 + 14 × 5 = 73

​(ii) ​S​ 15​​ = ​__
 152 ​​ (2 × 3 + (15 − 1) × 5)​ = 7.5(6 + 14 × 5)
= 570​
(b) Sum of the first three terms = 3 + 8 + 13 = 24
Formula gives _ ​​32 ​​(5 × 3 + 1)​ = ​__
 482 ​   =  24​
∴  The formula works for n = 3
This is a “show that” question – make sure you show enough working.
 ​​n ​  (5n + 1) = 1010​
(c) The formula gives __
2
n (5n + 1) = 2020
​
n ​​  2​  +  n − 2020 = 0​
5​
n = 20 or –20.2 (GDC)
But n must be greater than 0, ∴ n = 20
And also n must be an integer.
3. (a) ​60.8276 ​e​​  0.60589i ​​ (GDC)

(b)  ​​ 2π  ​  ≈  0.1047​

___
60
(c) Using the method in the book on page 19:

​  π ​ )​ = 60.8276 ​e​​  0.60589i ​  
​z  = 30cis0 + 40cis​(__ (GDC)​
3
|z| = 60.827
arg(z) = 0.60589
Thus V = 60.827(60t + 0.60589)
(d) V max = 60.827
since this is the amplitude of the wave

 2π ​​ 
(e) R = 2, T = ​​___
60
​  2π ​ 
  1   ​ ​​​ 
_
​  ​​ = ​______
​​Pav ∫0  60
​   ​​​(60.8276  cos  (60t + 0.60589))2 dt = 924.74...
2π
___
2 × ​   ​ 
60
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 WORKED ANSWER SUPPLEMENT

Average power is 925W

With a large calculation such as this it is best to split it up. I entered the voltage
function into my GDC first, then integrated the function squared. Finally I multiplied
the answer by the constants in front of the integral.

4. |
(a) ​​ 1.1 − 𝜆
​ ​  ​ 
0
0.12​ 
1.08 − 𝜆
​​ = 0​ |
​(1.1 − 𝜆)(1.08 − 𝜆) − 0 = 0​
∴ Eigenvalues are 1.1 and 1.08
Eigenvector corresponding to 1.1:

​​(1.1 − 1.1
1.08 − 1.1)(y ) (0)
​    ​  ​  0.12​ ​ ​​ x​  ​​  ​ = ​ 0​ ​​  ​​
0

Thus 0x + 0.12y = 0 ⇒ y = 0. An eigenvector is (

​​ 1​ ​​ )​​
0
Eigenvector corresponding to 1.08

​​(1.1 − 1.08
1.08 − 1.08)(y ) (0)
​   
​  ​  0.12​ ​ ​​ x​  ​​  ​ = ​ 0​ ​​  ​​
0

Thus 0.02x + 0.12y = 0. An eigenvector is ( ​  ​​ )​​

​​ −6​
1
(b) The number of sheep on farm B increases by 1.2, but then 10% go to farm A.
Thus B to A will be 1.2 × 0.1 = 0.12. After 1 year, the number of sheep on farm A
will be 1.1a 0 + 0.12b 0. Farm B will have a 90% of a 20% increase, thus b 1 = 1.08b 0

(​b1​  ​​) 1.08 (​b0​  ​​)

​a 1​  ​​
In matrix form, ​​ ​  ​​  ​ = ​(1.1 0.12​ ​​ ​a ​  ​​
)
0
​ ​  ​  ​  ​​  ​​
0

(c) P = ​​(1​ ​ 
1) (0 1) (​ 0​  ​  1.08)
−6​ ​​ ​;​ P  –1 = ​​ 1​ ​  6​  ​;​ D = ​​ 1.1 0​ ​ ​​
0

​​(1.1
1.08) (0 1 )( 0 1.08)(0 1)
​ ​  ​  0.12​ ​​= PDP –1 = ​​ 1​ ​  −6​ ​​ ​​ 1.1
​ ​  ​  0​ ​ ​​ 1​ ​  6​  ​​
0

​Thus  ​​(1.1
1.08) (0 ) ( 1.​08​​  n )
​ (0 1)
n
​ ​  ​  0.12​ ​​​  ​ = ​ 1​ ​  −6​ ​​ ​​ 1.​
​ 1​  ​​  ​​ 
n
0​ ​ ​​ 1​ ​  6​  ​
0 1 0

 = ​(1.​
1.​08​​  ​ )(0 1)
​   1​  ​​  n ​​  −6  ×  1.​0 ​
8​​  n ​​ ​​ 1​ ​  6​  ​
0 n

( 0​  ​  )
1.​1​​  n ​ 6(1.​1​​  n ​  −  1.​08​​  n ​  )
 = ​ ​     ​ ​ ​​
1.​08​​  n ​

( ) ( )
​a n​  ​​
​ ​​(​  ​ ​)​
1.​1​​  n ​ 6(1.​1​​  n ​  −  1.​08​​  n ​) 50
​(d) (i) ​ ​  ​​  ​ = ​ ​   ​  ​   ​
b
​ ​  ​​ n 0 1.​08​​  n ​ 200

( )
50  ×  1.​1​​  n ​  −  1200(1.​1​​  n ​  −  1.​08​​  n ​)
= ​ ​     ​ ​ ​​
200  ×  1.​08​​  n ​
(ii)
Set the two functions up on a GDC, and
then use a table (or a graph) to find when
sheep on farm A exceed sheep on farm B.
After 7 years
(e) Use t he same t able
From GDC, a 12 = 901, a 13 = 1051. So he can use the policy for 12 years.

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 MATHEMATICS: APPLICATIONS AND INTERPRETATION HL

Chapter 2: Functions
Question on page 34

 2x + 4 ​ 
y  = ​______
​
x − 1
2y + 4
x = ​______
   ​ 
y − 1
xy − x = 2y + 4
xy − 2y = x + 4
y(x − 2) = x + 4

 x + 4  ​
y = ​_____
x − 2
 x + 4  ​​
f ​​  −1​  (x) = ​_____
​
x − 2

Quick Practice on page 53

1. ​25 = ​__
 161  ​ × 40​

​​ 161  ​ = ​​(_​  12 ​ )​​​  4​​

__

So 56 is four half-lives, giving a half-life as 14 days.

If the amount of activity is a then the formula is a ​  = ​a 0​  ​​ ​e​​  −kt ​​ where a 0 is the initial
  ln 0.5  ​  
activity, and k​  = ​________  ln 0.5
.​ Thus k​  = ​_____   
​ = 9.94951...​ and a ​  = 400 ​e​​  −0.0495t​​
half-life 14
2. One half-life multiplies the mass by 0.5. After 80% decay, the amount left is 0.2. So the
required number of half-lives, n, is given by 0.5n  = 0.2. This solves to give n = 2.3219…
and so the number of days required is 2.3219 × 19 = 44.1 days.
3. 0.25 ÷ 3.5 = 0.07142… The number of half-lives is given by 0.5n  = 0.07142 = 1.7133…
Therefore the age of the rock is (4.5 × 109) × 1.7133 = 1.71 × 1010 years.

Long Answer Questions, pages 64–69

1. (a) and (d) y

20
f (x)
g(x)
10 x

(b) x = 3.33 (GDC)

f (x)​is increasing from the origin to the local maximum. The gradient is positive
(c) ​
at the origin, but at the maximum it is zero, and therefore not increasing.
Thus f​ (x)​is increasing for ​0 ≤ f(x) < 3.33.​
(e) x = 1.197  (GDC)
f (20) = 0.992,  g(20) = 1​. Thus the graphs intersect again since g​ (20) > f(20).​
(f ) ​

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 WORKED ANSWER SUPPLEMENT

2. (a) Turning point at (2, 1), so f(x) will be one-to-one if values of x taken from the turning
point onwards
​k  ≥ 2​
y  = ​(x  −  2)​​  2​  +  1​
(b) ​
​x  = ​(y  −  2)​​  2​ + 1
​(y  −  2)​​  2​  =  x − 1
_
y − 2 = ​√x − 1 
  ​ 
_
y = 2 + ​√x − 1 
  ​​ 
Only take the positive root in line 4 because of the domain of the original
function.
(c) Domain and range of f –1 are the same as range and domain of f
Domain is x​  ≥ 1,​range is f​​ ​​ −1​  (x) ≥ 2​
(d) (i) Reflection gives –(x – 2)2 – 1
Translation gives ​g (x) = − ​(x  −  2)​​  2​  +  3​
​(ii) ​(x  −  2)​​  2​ + 1 = 3 − ​(x  −  2)​​  2​
2 ​(x  −  2)​​  2​ = 2
​(x  −  2)​​  2​ = 1
x ​​  2​ − 4x + 4 = 1
​
x ​​  2​ − 4x + 3 = 0
​
(x − 3)(x − 1) = 0​
Since x​  ≥ 2,​x = 3.
Alternatively, line 4 could be x​  − 2 = ±1​leading to the same result.
(e) Long method:
f (ax + b) ≡ 25​x ​​  2​ + 20x + 5
​
​(ax + b  −  2)​​  2​ + 1 ≡ 25​x ​​  2​ + 20x + 5
a ​​  2​ ​x ​​  2​ + 2axb − 4ax + ​b ​​  2​ − 4b + 4 ≡ 25​x ​​  2​ + 20x + 5
​
a ​​  2​ ​x ​​  2​  +  x(2ab − 4a) + (​b ​​  2​ − 4b + 4) ≡ 25​x ​​  2​ + 20x + 5​
​
Equating coefficients of x 2: a = 5
Equating coefficients of x: 10b – 20 = 20 ⇒ b = 4
∴h
​ (x) = 5x + 4​
Short(er) method:
f (h(x)) = 25 ​x ​​  2​ + 20x + 5
​
h(x) = ​f ​​  −1​ (25 ​x ​​  2​ + 20x + 5)
_______________
= 2 + ​√25 ​
  x ​​  2​ + 20x + 5 − 1 ​
  
____________
= 2 + ​√25 ​
  x ​​  2​ + 20x + 4 ​
  
_
= 2 + ​√​(  5x  +  2)​​  2​ ​ 
= 5x + 4​

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 MATHEMATICS: APPLICATIONS AND INTERPRETATION HL

1
(a) Reflection gives y​  = − ​ __
3. x  ​+ 3​
  1   ​  + 3 − 1​
Translation gives ​y  = − ​_____
x − 2
  1   ​​ 
​y  = 2 − ​_____
x − 2
f (g(x)) = f(ln x )​
(b) ​
1   ​ + 3​
​= ​ ____
ln x
(c) Domain is x​  > 0, x ≠ 1;​Range is h
​ (x) ≠ 3.​  (GDC)

  1   ​ + 3​
y = ​____
(d) (i) ​
ln x
  1   ​ + 3
x  = ​____
​
ln y

  1   ​ 
x − 3 = ​____
ln y

  1   ​ 
y  = ​_____
ln 
x − 3
_
y = ​e​​  ​    ​ ​
1
x−3

∴ ​
_
h​​  −1​  (x)  = ​e​​  ​    ​ ​​
1
x−3

 ​​ 1   ​ + 3 − ​e​​  ​    ​ ​  =  0​

(ii) Solve ____
_ 1
x−3

ln x
x = 0.653  (GDC)

 ​​ 1   ​ + 3 = 0​
(iii) For the x-intercept, ____
ln x
x = 0.717 (GDC)
(iv) Referring to the graphs:
0.653 0.717
​Area  = ∫​ 0  ​   ​​​h​​  −1​  (x) dx + ​∫0.653
  ​  ​​  h(x) dx
0.653 0.717 1
  ​  ​____
1
____
 = ​∫0  ​   ​​​e​​  ​ x−3   ​​  dx + ​∫0.653 ​​     ​ + 3 dx​
ln x
(v) Area = 0.4485 +0.0221 (GDC)
= 0.4706

4.  20a + b
(a) ​35 = ​_______
     40a + b
​​ , 2​ 5 = ​_______
   ​​ 
20 40
​700 = 20a + b
1000 = 40a + b​
Solve using GDC function or algebraically
​a  = 15,   b = 400​
(b) Total cost is 1​ 5x + 400​, hence set up cost is £400.

 15x + 400
(c) ​20 = ​_________
x   ​​ 
x = 80
x   →  ∞​ C
(d) ​ ​   →  15​from above
Hence cost will always be greater than 15, so profit will always be less than
20 – 15 = 5

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 WORKED ANSWER SUPPLEMENT

5. Part A
(a) (i) Put y = 0.
2x – 6 = 0 ⇒ x = 3
P = (3, 0)
Make sure you answer the question. which asked for the coordinates of P. x = 3 is
not enough.
(ii) Put x = 0.
4y – 6 = 0 ⇒ y = 1.5
Q = (0, 1.5)
(iii) Use Pythagoras’ Theorem.
_ _
​PQ = ​√1. ​ = ​√11.25 
  5​​  2​  + ​3​​  2​  ​     ​  =  3.354​
(iv) Area = ​​_ 12 ​​× base ×height

​= ​ _12 ​ × 1.5 × 3 = 2.25​
(b) (i) Either rewrite the equation in the form y = mx +c or use the formula for the
gradient between two points
L is y​ = –​_ 12 ​x – 1​_ 21 ​​so gradient is −​​_ 12 ​​ .
or
 ​​0 – 1.5   
Gradient is _ ​= –​_ 12 ​​
3 – 0
 ​​ 11   ​ = 2​
(ii) Line perpendicular to L has gradient ___
–​ __2 ​ 

(iii) y – 0 = 2(x – 3)
y = 2x – 6
Part B
(a) t = 0, E = 0 + 0 + 25
∴ Energy just before it was used = 25
(b) Solve 13.7 = 0.003 × 202 + 20k + 25
k = –0.625 (GDC)
(c) (i) Solve 0 = 0.003t 2 – 0.625t + 25
t = 54 or 154, so t = 54
(ii) ​0  ≤  t ≤ 54​since the function is negative after t = 54.
6. (a) Amplitude = 2 but because y initially decreases the sine wave is “upside down”.
a = –2
(b) Period = 4 seconds

 360   ​  =  90​

​b  = ​____
4
(c) When t = 0, y = 0 so 0 = 0 + 0 + e Þ e = 0

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 MATHEMATICS: APPLICATIONS AND INTERPRETATION HL

(d) Substituting (1, –2) and (2, 0) gives:

–2 = c + d
0 = 4c + 2d
So c = 2, d = –4 (GDC)
(e) Model 1: t = 3, y = –2sin 270 = 2
Model 2: t = 3, y = 2 × 32 – 4 × 3 = 6
(f ) The motion is periodic so model 1 is more appropriate.
With model 2, y will always increase with t for t > 1.
7. (a) 22 since the c will represent the value to which the temperature is heading
(b) (i)
t (min) 2 4 6 8 10

ln​(T − 22)​​ 3.69 3.09 2.64 2.08 0.693

​

ln (T – 22)
5
4 A
B
3 C
D
2
1 E
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 t

T − 22 = a ​b ​​  t​​

(ii) ​
​ln  (T − 22) = ln (a ​b ​​  t ​  )
ln (T − 22) = ln a  + ln ​b ​​  t​
ln (T − 22) = t ln b  + ln a​
Thus the graph of ln(T – 22) against t is of the form y = mx + c and should
therefore be a straight line.
The points lie approximately on a straight line.
(iii) r = –0.971 hence a strong negative correlation.
(c) (i) ln(T – 22) = 4.54 – 0.350t (GDC)
(ii) From the GDC b = –0.350
ln a = 4.54 hence a = 93.7
Note that in the context of chapter 4, this question could be answered using exponential
regression on your GDC.

Chapter 3:  Geometry and Trigonometry

Question on page 93

y  = ​(1 − 2t)​​  2​ + ​(  −  6)​​  2​ + ​( − 1 + t)​​  2​

​
= 1 − 4t + 4 ​t ​​  2​ + 36 + 1 − 2t + ​t ​​  2​

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 WORKED ANSWER SUPPLEMENT

= 5 ​t ​​  2​ − 6t + 38

_ dy
   ​ = 10t − 6​
​  
dt
∴  Minimum when 10t – 6 = 0 ⇒ t = 0.6

Exam-style question on page 105

(a)
Arc CI CD EF IF IH CB FG BA
Weight 19 23 28 31 39 39 43 48

(b) Initial table:

A B C D E F G H I
A 48 53
B 48 39 42
C 39 23 19
D 23 38 26
E 38 28 34
F 28 43 31
G 43 46 45
H 46 39
I 53 42 19 26 34 31 45 39

Arc AB BC CD CI IF FE IH FG
Weight 48 39 23 19 31 28 39 43

(c) (i) D
B 39 23
C
48 19 E
I 31 28
A
39 F
43
H
G

(c) (ii) Cost = 270

(d) No redundancy. If one link is faulty, all the locations beyond will lose access.
(e) Use Kruskal because you can start with compulsory edges, and then apply the
algorithm to the rest. In this case, start with edges DI and HG, then begin the
algorithm with the edge with smallest remaining cost.

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 MATHEMATICS: APPLICATIONS AND INTERPRETATION HL

Long answer questions on pages 112–118

1. (a) x = 50
(b) Midpoint = (75, 35)
Gradient of AC = –1, so gradient of perpendicular bisector = 1
Equation of perpendicular bisector is y – 35 = 1(x – 75)
So y = x – 40
(c) y 60

A
50

40

30

20
B C

10 (50,10)
x
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

(d) (i) Area of triangle = ​​_ 12 ​ × 80 × 50 = 2000​ km2

(ii) Area of trapezium = ​​_ 21 ​ × 50 × ​(10 + 60)​  =  1750​  km2

(iii) Area = ​100 × 60 − 2000 − 1750 = 2250​ km2
(e) (i) (50, 10)
_
(ii) Distance = ​​√​4  0​​  2​  + ​10​​  2​  ​  
= 41.2 km​

2. (a) Using Pythagoras’ Theorem, AD2 = 52 + 162 ⇒ AD = 16.8 cm

(b) ​Vol = ​_ 13 ​π ​r​​  2​h = ​_ 13 ​π  × ​5​​  2​  ×  16​
 = 418.9 cm3
(c) Small cone has height 8 cm and radius 2.5 cm.
Volume of small cone = ​​_ 13 ​π × 2.​5​​  2​ × 8​ = 52.360 cm3
Volume of frustum = 418.879 – 52.360 = 366.5 cm3
(d) Volume of cylinder = ​π ​r​​  2​h​
So 3​ 66.5 = π​r​​  2​ × 8​
 366.5
​​r​​  2​ = ​_____
  ​ 
8π
= 14.583​
r = 3.82 cm
(e) Volume of hemisphere = half volume of sphere = ​​ _12 ​   × ​ _43 ​ π ​r​​  3​​

If r = 1.5, volume = ​​_ 23 ​π  × 1.​5​​  3​ = 7.07 ​cm​​  3​​

(f ) 366.5  ​  
(i) ​​ _______ =  51.849​
7.0686
So 51 complete hemispheres can be emptied into the cylinder.

12
 WORKED ANSWER SUPPLEMENT

(ii) Volume of 51 hemispheres is 360.5 cm3

Volume remaining in cylinder = 366.5 – 360.5 = 6 cm.
This space is also a cylinder …
So π
​   ×  3.​82​​  2​h = 6​
  6  2 ​  
​h = ​_________ = 0.131 cm​
π  ×  3.​82​​  ​

3. Full answers are in the text. The answers to part (d) are found by raising the transition
matrix to a high power, such as 50, to see the long-term stable values.

4. (a) (i) Area = ​​_ 12 ​​ × base × height = 2 × 4 = 8

 ​​ 1_   ​  ,​the area scale factor is _ ​​12 ​ .​ Thus:

(ii) Since the scale factor is ___
√
​  ​ 
2 
​​A1​  ​​ = 8,  ​A2​  ​​ = 8 × ​(_​  12 ​ )​,  ​A3​  ​​ = 8 × ​​(_​  12 ​ )​​​  3​​

​​ n​  ​​ = 8 × ​​(_​  12 ​ )​​​  −1​​

So A
​u ​  ​​(1  − ​r​​  8​)
(iii) ​​S​ 8​​ = ​_________
  1     ​ 
1 − r
8(1  − ​​ _12 ​​​  8​  )
​= ​ ________      
​ = 15.9375​
1 − ​ _21 ​ 
(b) See page 82 for more on transformation matrices
⎛_ ​  1_   ​  0 ⎞ ⎛ ​ _ ​  1_   ​⎞ 
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
1_   ​  _
  (0.707
0.707)
  (​   
0.707)
​√ 
 ​ 
2
E = ​​ ​  ​  ​  ​ ​ ​ = ​ ​ ​  ​  0​ ​ ​​ R = ​​ ​   ​√ 2 ​  ​  ​  ​√ 2 ​  ​ ​ = ​ 0.707​  ​  0.707​ ​​
⎝ 2  ⎠ ⎝− ​  ​√ 2 ​     ​  ​  ​√ 2 ​     ​ ⎠
0 _
​  1
_    ​
  0 _ 1 _ _1_ −0.707
​√ ​
 
⎛_ ​  1_   ​  0 ⎞⎛ _ ​  1_   ​⎞ 
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
​  1_   ​  _
​  1 ​ 
_ ​  12 ​ 
_

​  1_   ​ ⎠ (− ​ _12 ​  ​  12 ​ )

​√ ​
2 
  ​√ ​
2 
  √
​  ​
2 
 
M  = ​ ​  ​  ​ 
(c) (i) ​ ​ ​ ​​  ​   ​  ​  ​ ​ = ​
  ​  2 ​  ​  ​  ​​
⎝ 0 ​  ​√ ​ 2     ​ ⎠⎝− ​  √​  ​ 2     ​ 
1
_
_ _ 1_ _ _
√
​  ​
2 
 

​  ​​ )​ = ​(−0.25
−0.25)
(ii) Image of A in T 8 = ​​M ​​  7​​(−4​ ​ ​ ​​
0
Note the “hence” in the question. You cannot simply use the diagram to write
down the image point.

5. Part A
Order of edge selection: AD, DB, BF, FE, BC (or DE at stage 2)
Total distance: 200 + 600 + 100 + 100 + 250 = 1250
Part B
(a) (i) Two shortest edges = 7 + 8 = 15 D C
Remove edges from A, leaves as minimum 4 5
spanning network: E
6
Thus lower bound = 15 + 15 = 30
B
D 8 C
(ii) Two shortest edges = 4 + 5 = 9
Remove edges from E, leaves as 9
minimum spanning network:
Thus lower bound = 9 + 25 = 34 A 8 B

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 MATHEMATICS: APPLICATIONS AND INTERPRETATION HL

(b) All vertices are connected to each other except AC and BD.
Minimum length for AC = 12 (AE + EC)
Minimum length for BD = 10 (BE + ED)
12
D 8 C
4 10
5
9 9
E
7 6
A 8 B

(c) eg: A – E – D – C – B – A = 36

(d) eg: A – D – E – C – B – A =35
By trial and error

6. (a) (i) Zeroes in leading diagonals showing vertices don’t connect to themselves.
All 0s and 1s showing no pairs of vertices have more than one connection.
(ii) Symmetrical around leading diagonal showing that if X is connected to Y
then Y is connected to X.
(b) Find the sum of each row or each column.

⎜ ⎟
(c) (i) ​ A B C D E F G
A ⎛3 0 1 0 0 1 2⎞
B 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
C 1 0 2 0 0 2 1
​ D​   ​​ 0​   
​  1​  0​  1​  0​  0​  0​ ​​ 
E 0 0 0 0 2 0 0
F 1 0 2 0 0 2 1
G⎝2 0 1 0 0 1 3⎠
(ii) D
(d) (i) There are 7 cities, so if connected the most connections would be 6.
M + ​M​​  2​ + ... + ​M​​  6​​to cover all possible
We therefore need to calculate ​
connections. This gives:

⎜ ⎟
A B C D E F G
A ⎛145 0 111 0 0 111 146⎞
B 0 7 0 7 8 0 0
C 111 0 90 0 0 90 111
  ​   ​​ ​    
​​D    
0   
   
​  ​  7​  0​  ​  ​  7​  8​  ​  0​  ​  ​  0​ ​ ​​ 
E 0 8 0 8 14 0 0
F 111 0 90 0 0 90 111
G⎝146 0 111 0 0 111 145⎠
Hence the graph is not connected as, for example, there is no route from
A to B.
(ii) A, C, F, G and B, D, E
(e) From M + M 2, the following pairs have no connections:
AB, AD, BC, BG, CD, CE, DG.

14
 WORKED ANSWER SUPPLEMENT

(a) M = ​​(________
2 )
(−3) + 2 __ ​​4  +  4​​ ​2 + 0​
7. ​   , ​   ​   , ​ __
 ​    ​   ​  =  (−0.5,  4,  1)​
2 2

(0) ( 1 ) ( 1 )
0 −0.5 −0.5
(b) r = ​​ 0​ ​​  ​  +  t​ ​ 4 ​
​  ​  ​  =  t​ ​ 4 ​
​  ​  ​​

(2)
−1​
Direction vector can be any multiple such as r = ​t ​ ​ 8 ​
​  ​  ​​

( 2 ) (−2​) ( 2 )
−1​ 5 a
(c) (i) ​ ​  ​  ​ = ​ ​  0​  ​ ​  +  s​ ​4​  ​​  ​​
t ​ ​ 8 ​

−t = 5 + as
{2t = −2 + 2s
Thus: ​​ ​8t = 4s​  ​ ​​​

Solve the second and third equations to get t = 1 and s = 2
So –1 = 5 +2a Þ a = –3
(ii) If t = 1, N = (–1, 8, 2)

(2)
⟶ −3​
​(d) ​ OA​ = ​
  ​ 4 ​​  ​  ​

(0) (−2​) ( 2 )
⟶ 2 5 −3​
​    ​4​ ​ ​ − ​ ​  0​  ​ ​ = ​ ​ 4 ​
CB​ = ​ ​  ​  ​​

Thus opposite sides are parallel and equal, and OABC is a rhombus.

( 2 ) (−2​)
⟶⟶ −3​ 5
​​  . AB​ = ​
OA​  ​   ​ 4 ​
​  ​  .​ ​ ​  0​  ​ ​ = −19​so OAB is not a right angle. OABC is not a square.

( 2 ) ( −1 ) (10)
⟶ ⟶ −3​ 2.5 −4​
(e) (i) ​​ OA​ × ​
  AM​ = ​
    ​ 4 ​ ​  ​  ​ × ​ ​ 0​   ​​  ​ = ​ ​ 2​   ​​  ​​

⟶ ⟶| _1 _ _
  |OA​ 
(ii) Area = ​​_12​ × ​ ​   × ​ AM​ ​ = ​2​ ​ √120 
  ​  = ​√30 
  ​​ 

( 2 ) (−2​) (−20)| || |
⟶ ⟶| −3​ 5 −8​ _
(f ) Area of rhombus = ​​|OA​  ​  ​  ​ × ​ ​  0​  ​ ​​ = ​​ ​  4​ ​  ​ ​​ = ​√480 
​   × ​ OC​ ​ = ​​ ​ 4 ​   ​​ 

_ _ _
√   ​  = ​√16 × 30 
​​ 480    = 4 ​√30 
​     ​​ 
Other cross products could have been used as long as they involved adjacent sides.
GDC could be used for the last line.

Chapter 4:  Statistics and Probability

Example on page 120

Total height of men = 68 × 1.75 = 119

Total height of women = 32 × 1.64 = 52.48
Overall total = 171.48
 171.48
Overall mean = ​​_______
   
​​  = 1.71 to 3SF
100

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 MATHEMATICS: APPLICATIONS AND INTERPRETATION HL

Long answer questions on pages 173–178

1. (a) (i) 90 study one or both. Biology + History = 132, so 132 – 90 = 42 study both.
From this point on a Venn diagram is useful.

(a) (ii) 18 study only Biology

(b) (i) Number studying just one subject = 18 + 30 = 48
48  ​​  =  0.48
So P(studying one subject only) = ​​___
 100

P(A ∩ B)
(b) (ii) ​P(A|B) = ​________
     ​​ 
P(B)
P(History and only one subject)
​P(History |​Only one subject) =  ​_____________________________
          ​​
P(Only one subject)
The top line is effectively P(just history)
30 ​​ 
​= ​ ___
48
A ∩ B ≠ ∅​or “Some students study both subjects”
(c) (i) ​
(c) (ii) P(A) × P(B) = 0.6 × 0.72 = 0.432.
P(A and B) = 0.42.
0.432 ≠​ 0.42
(d) (i) Because there is no system to a quota sample, it would not produce a
random sample. It produces unreliable results, not representative of the
population.
(d) (ii) 800 pupils in the school. Proportion of girls and boys in the sample must
be the same as the overall proportion in the school.

 380  ​ × 40 = 19​
Girls = ​​____
800
 420  ​ × 40 = 21​
Boys = ​​____
800

2. X ~ B(5, 0.25)
(a) (i) E(X) = 5 × 0.25 = 1.25
Var(X) = 5 × 0.25 × 0.75 = 0.9375
(a) (ii) P(X ≥​ 3) = 1 – P(X ≤​ 2)
= 1 – 0.8965 (GDC)
= 0.104 (3SF)
(b) (i) 0.34 + 0.49 + (p – 2q) + (p – 2q) + (p – 3q) + 0.01 = 1
0.84 + 3p – 7q = 1
3p – 7q = 0.16

16
 WORKED ANSWER SUPPLEMENT

(b) (ii) E(Y) = 1 × 0.49 + 2(p – 2q) + 3(p – 2q) + 4(p – 3q) + 5 × 0.01

= 0.54 + 9p – 22q
So 0.54 + 9p – 22q = 1 ⇒
​ ​ 9p – 22q = 0.46
Solving simultaneously p = 0.1, q = 0.02 (GDC)
(b) (iii) For Martha, P(Y ​≥​3) = 0.06 + 0.04 + 0.01 = 0.11
∴ Martha is more likely to win

3. Fully answered in the book

4. X ~ P0(2.4)
(a) (i) P(X = 0) = 0.0907 (GDC)
(ii) P(X ≥ 2) = 1 – P(X ≤ 1)
= 1 – 0.3084...
= 0.692
(b) The number of goals scored in each match is independent of other matches.
(c) (i) If the mean number of goals scored in one match is 2.4, then multiply by 12 for
the mean in 12 matches.
2.4 × 12 = 28.8
So X ~ P0(28.8)
(ii) P(X ≥ 24) = 1 – P(X ≤ 23)
= 1 – 0.1615...
= 0.838
(iii) At least 2 out of 12 indicates we have a binomial distribution. When using a new
distribution in a question, always write down its parameters. The probability of
success comes from part (a)(ii).
Y ~ B(12, 0.692)
P(Y = 12) = 0.012057...
= 0.0121
(iv) In (ii) the 24 or more goals can be scored in any of the matches, giving
more possibilities than in (iii).

5. (a) Use the z-test with μ < μ0

H0: 𝜇  = 4.1
H1: 𝜇  < 4.1
p-value = 0.047 < 0.05
Accept H1. Mean waiting time has decreased.
(b) Use the 2 sample t-test with μ1 > μ2
H0: 𝜇 diff  = 0
H1: 𝜇 diff  < 0

17
 MATHEMATICS: APPLICATIONS AND INTERPRETATION HL

p-value = 0.0837
Accept H0. The mean wait time has not reduced.
(c) (i)
First day
Peter Peter not
on bus on bus
Peter on bus 0.5 0.2
Second day
Peter not on bus 0.5 0.8

(ii) M 4 = ​​(0.292
0.717)
​ ​  0.709​ 
​​
0.283
If he gets the bus on the first day, P(gets bus on 5th day) = 0.292
(iii) Take a large power of M such as 50. The entries should be the same for each
individual column. If not, take a larger power.

(_​  7 ​  _​  7 ​ )

_​  2 ​  _​  5 ​ 
M50 = ​​ ​72 ​  75 ​  ​​

Long-term probability Alan gets the bus is _ ​​27 ​​

6. 110  ​  × 50 = 5​
(a) (i) ​​ _
1100
58  ​  × 5 = 2.64​
(ii) ​​ _
110
So 3 of the sample should be boys
(b) (i) r = 0.970 (GDC)
Strong evidence that the test is reliable
(ii) Test-retest
(c) Paired sample t-test
(d) If X is the number improved, X ~ B(20, 0.5)
The probability is 0.5 because the assumption is that there has been no improvement.
Therefore, in any category, improvement or deterioration is equally likely.
P(X ≥ 12) = 1 – P(X ≤ 11)
= 1 – 0.7482....
= 0.252
0.252 > 0.05 so no strong evidence of improvement
(e) Let Y be the number with a significant result by chance
​Y~B​(20, 0.05)​​
​P​(Y ≥ 2)​  =  0.264​
This is not strong evidence that there has been an improvement in these
categories.

18
 WORKED ANSWER SUPPLEMENT

Chapter 5:  Calculus

Question on page 191

dV ​ = 200​
We are told that ​​ ___
dt

 ​​dh ​ ​, so…
We want ___
dt

 ​​dh ​ = ​___
…using the chain rule, ___  dh ​× ​___
 dV ​ ​
dt dV dt
We therefore need a formula connecting V to h
For a cone, ​V = ​_ 13 ​π ​r​​  2​  h​and, since r = h, ​V = ​_ 13 ​π ​h​​  3​​

 ​​dV  ​= π​h​​  2​  ⇒ ​___

So, ___  dh ​= ​____
  1   ​​ 
dh dV π​h​​  2​

​​dh ​ = ​____
Finally, then,  ___   200 2 ​  
  1   ​  × 200 = ​_______ =  0.63661...​
dt π​h​​  2​ π  × ​10​​  ​
The rate of increase in height is 0.637 cm min–1

Question on page 193

To integrate​​∫​ ​  4x ​( ​x ​​  2​  +  3)​​  3​  dx​​ by substitution:

• If you’re not given the substitution, it’s usually fairly obvious. In this case, let u = (x 2 + 3)
 ​​du  ​= 2x​and this needs to be rewritten to make dx the subject: ​dx = ​___
• We also need ___  du ​ ​
dx 2x
• Now we substitute, but not for the 4x yet because it would be too messy:

 du ​ ​
​​∫​ ​  4x​(x​ ​​  2​  +  3)​​  3​  dx​ = ​∫​ ​  4x​(u)​​  3​​ ​___
2x
• Now we see that we can simplify this to ∫​ ​ ​​ 2 ​(u)​​  3​​ du​and all traces of x have disappeared!

​​∫​ ​  2​(u)​​  3​​ du = ​_ 12 ​ ​u ​​  4​  +  c = ​_ 12 ​​(​x ​​  2​  +  3)​​  4​  +  c​
So at the end we had to resubstitute the function of x – and also remember the +c.

Long answer questions on pages 207–211

1. dr ​is the rate of increase of radius.

(a) (i) ​​ ___
dt
k is the constant of proportionality

 k  ​​ represents inverse square proportionality

​​ dr ​= ​__
___
dt r​ ​​  2​
dr ​= 0.8 when r = 45 ∴
(a) (ii) ​​ ___   k  2 ​   ⇒  k = 1620​
​   0.8 = ​____
dt ​45​​  ​
dr ​= ​_____
(a) (iii) ​​ ___  1620    ​​ 
dt ​r​​  2​
​​∫​ ​  ​r​​  2​  dr = ​∫​ ​  1620dt​​

​ ​r​​   ​ = 1620t + c
​ 
3
__
3
When t = 0,  r = 45

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 MATHEMATICS: APPLICATIONS AND INTERPRETATION HL

​ ​45​​   ​ ​ = 0 + c  ⇒  c = 30375

3
____
3
​r​​   ​ = 1620t + 30375
3
​ __ ​ 
3
3 _____________
r = ​√  4860t + 91125 
  
  ​​
(a) (iv) t is in minutes, so at 1 hour t = 60

​​ ​r​​   ​ = 1620 × 60 + 30375
​ 
3
__
3
r​ ​​  3​ = 382725
r = 72.6 m​

  m    ​​ 
dr ​= ​________
(b) (i) ​​ ___
dt ​r​​  2​  (2  +  t)
  2 m    ​​ 
(b) (ii) ​0.8 = ​_________
​45​​  ​ (2 + 0)
m = 3240
dr ​= ​________
(b) (iii) ​​ ___   3240  ​​ 
dt ​r​​  2​  (2  +  t)

​  3240 ​ ​  dt
​​∫​ ​  ​r​​  2​  dr =​ ​∫​ ​  _____
2 + t

​ ​r​​   ​ = 3240 ln 
​ 
3
__ (2 + t) + c​
3
When t = 0, r = 45

​​ ​45​​   ​ ​ = 3240 ln (2) + c  ⇒  c = 30375 − 3240 ln 2​

3
____
3

 ​​​r​​   ​ = 3240 ln 
​ 
3
When t = 60, __ 62 + 30375 − 3240 ln 2​
3
r 3 = 124503.5…
r = 49.9 m

2. (a) When x = 0, y = –4 R = (0, –4)

(b) 18 = 2 × 23 + a × 22 – 12 – 4
18 = 0 + 4a
a = 4.5
(c) Solve 2x 3 + 4.5x 2 – 6x – 4 = 0
Solution nearest to x = 0 is x = –0.514
∴ S = (–0.514, 0)
f​ ′  ​(x) = 6​x ​​  2​ + 9x − 6​
(d) (i) ​
(ii) Solve 6x 2 + 9x – 6 = 0 for a turning point
x = –2 or 0.5 (GDC)
From the graph, x = –2
P = (–2, 10)
(e) Tangent is horizontal so equation is y = 10

20
 WORKED ANSWER SUPPLEMENT

(f ) (i) Solve f​ (x) = 10​

x = 1.75   (GDC)
T = (1.75, 10)
(ii) Make PT the base. PT = 1.75 – (–2) = 3.75
Height of triangle is perpendicular distance from R to PT = 10 – (–4) = 14
Area of triangle = ​​_ 12 ​ × 3.75 × 14 = 26.25​

3. In questions such as these, the “initial value” is always found by putting t = 0

  2   ​  = 6 ​ms​​  −1​​
​​ ̇ ​ = 4 + ​_____
(a) When t = 0, x 
0 + 1
(b) This involves a chain rule differentiation

  2   ​  
​​x ̇ ​ = 4 + ​_______ = 4 + 2​(0.8t  +  1)​​  −1​
0.8t + 1
x ̈ ​ = 0.8 × (−2)​(0.8t  +  1)​​  −2​
​

  −1.6  2 ​​ 
= ​_________
​(0.8t  +  1)​​  ​
(c) Since the top line of the acceleration expression is negative and the bottom
line positive for all values of t, acceleration is always negative. Thus velocity is
always decreasing.
(d) The integral is of the form f(ax + b) – see page <nn> in the book

​ 2   ​​  
x = ​∫​ ​  4 + ​ _______ dt
0.8t + 1
  2   ​  (  ln  0.8t + 1) + c
= 4t + ​___
0.8
= 4t + 1.5 ln (0.8t + 1) + c​
When t = 0, x = 0 thus 0 = 0 + 1.5ln(0+1) Þ c = 0
∴ x = 4t + 1.5ln(0.8t + 1)
Note that since there is no turning point, the distance travelled is the same as the
displacement.
(e) We need to find the value of t at the top of the hill, then substitute that into the velocity
formula
200 = 4t+1.5ln(0.8t + 1)
t = 48.62 s   (GDC)

  2   ​ 
​​x ̇ ​ = 4 + ​_______
0.8t + 1
= 4.05 ​ms​​  −1​​
For parts (f) and (g), enter the distance and velocity formulae into your GDC.
Use GDC functionality to find the maximum velocity in part (f).
Enter x = 200 into the distance formula to find the time in part (g).
(f ) Maximum velocity is 6.29 ms–1
(g) It takes 60.7s to reach the foot of the hill

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 MATHEMATICS: APPLICATIONS AND INTERPRETATION HL

4. dP ​ = 2​
(a) ​​ ___
dt
 dP ​ = P − 2t
​Also  ​___
dt
= (2t + 2 − 2t)
= 2​
(b)

(c) Minimum value of a = 2 since all slope curves below P = 2t + 2 tend to 0.

 ​​dP ​ < 2t + 2 − 2t = 2​
(d) For all points such that P < 2t + 2, ___
dt
Hence the gradient is always less than 2 but to approach the line the gradient
has to be greater than 2.
(e)

(f )
tn Pn ​​  dP ​ ​
___ dP ​ ​
0.2  × ​​ ___
dt dt

0 1.5 1.5 0.3

0.2 1.8 1.4 0.28

0.4 2.08 1.28 0.256

0.6 2.336 1.136 0.2272

0.8 2.5632 0.9632 0.19264

1.0 2.75584

Patient will experience symptoms after about 1 day.

5. ​|
(a) ​​ 0.4 − 𝜆
​  ​  −0.1​ 
−0.6 0.5 − 𝜆 |
​​ = 0​

Characteristic equation is (0.4 – 𝜆)(0.5 – 𝜆) – 0.06 = 0

𝜆 2 – 0.9𝜆 + 0.14 = 0
𝜆 = 0.2 and 0.7

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 WORKED ANSWER SUPPLEMENT

(b) Eigenvector of 𝜆 = 0.2 found from (

0.5 − 0.2)(y ) (0)
​​ 0.4 − 0.2
​    ​  ​  −0.1​ ​ ​​ x​  ​​  ​ = ​ 0​ ​​  ​​ which gives
−0.6
y = 2x. An eigenvector is (
​​ 1​ ​​ )​.​
2
Eigenvector of 𝜆 = 0.7 found from (
0.5 − 0.7)(y ) (0)
​​ 0.4 − 0.7
​    ​  ​  −0.1​ ​ ​​ x​  ​​  ​ = ​ 0​ ​​  ​​
−0.6

which gives y = –3x. An eigenvector is (

​​ ​  1​  ​)​.​
−3​

​​ ​y  ​​ )​  =  A​e​​  0.2t ​​(1​ ​​ )​  +  B​e​​  0.7t ​​(​  1​  ​)​​
General solution is (
x
2 −3​
(c)

(d) Points above y = 2x will lead to x = 0, so y > 200

(e) (i) ​​(100

​ ​ )​  =  A ​e​​  0.2t ​​(1​ ​​ )​  +  B ​e​​  0.7t ​​(​  1​  ​)​​
300 2 −3​
t = 0 so:
100 = A + B
300 = 2A – 3B
A = 120, B = –20
The top line of the vector equation now gives:
When x = 0, 0​  = 120 ​e​​ 0.2t ​  − ​20e​​  0.7t ​  ⇒  t = 3.58 years​
(ii) Now substitute these values into the bottom line
y   =  240 ​e​​  0.2×3.58​  +  60 ​e​​  0.7×3.58​
​
= 1226​

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