AUGUST 24, 2022

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MECHANICAL
SYSTEM
SUBMITTED BY; NELSCY MAE JOY L. AVANCEÑA
 Mechanical systems are the various major systems

MECHANICAL throughout a home, such as the plumbing, electrical, and

heating/cooling systems. Mechanical systems exist to provide
an environment that protects the building structure, creates
SYSTEM safe and healthy surroundings for the occupants, and allows
equipment that is housed within the facility to operate
properly.
A.INTRODUCTION
TO HVAC SYSTEMS:

HVAC – Heating, Ventilation, and

Air Conditioning. HVAC systems
are designed to allow air to
circulate between rooms or even
throughout large areas of a
building. This means that
architects will often place vents
strategically in their designs, both
to maximize the flow of air for
heating or cooling purposes and
so that cleaning units can do their
job properly.
 TWO OF THE MAJOR HVAC
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SYSTEMS:

Central HVAC - The most popular system in cold regions of Packaged Terminal Air Conditioning (PTAC) systems -
01 North America today, central heating has been very prominent 02 are self-contained heating and air conditioning systems
since the Second World War. Central HVAC systems generate that are commonly found in hotels and multi-unit
heating and cooling from a single location, and disperse it to residential buildings, as these systems can individually
multiple rooms through various mechanisms, such as radiators. monitor each tenant’s energy usage. Most commonly,
These systems generally maintain the most uniform PTAC units are designed to go through a wall, featuring
temperature conditions throughout an entire building and are vents on both the inside and outside of the building.
often favored for their efficiency and the fact that they are kept
out of sight.
 Air Conditioning
Is the simultaneous control of the temperature, humidity, motion, and purity of the air in a confined
space.

Functions or Elements:
1.Cooling and de-humidifying of air
2.Heating or humidifying of air
3.Cleaning of air or filtration
4.Circulation of air

VERY BROADLY, THE MECHANISMS OF

HEAT TRANSFER CAN BE DESCRIBED AS:
·Conduction – Is the diffusion of internal heat within a body as a result of a temperature
difference across it. This is particularly important in buildings where there may be a temperature
difference between the inside and outside of a building. Conduction is one of the main potential
heat transfer mechanisms by which the internal heating or cooling can be lost to the outside,
resulting in high operating costs, high carbon emissions, and occupant discomfort. Conduction
can be inhibited by insulating materials which have high thermal resistance and so help reduce
heat transfer between the inside and outside.

·Convection -This is a very important mechanism in the design of buildings, where air movement
is necessary to Moderate internal temperatures, reduce the accumulation of moisture, odors,
and odor gases that can build up during occupied periods, and improve the comfort of
occupants. Convection is also a heat transfer mechanism, resulting from the movement of air at
different temperatures. Air movement in buildings can be 'forced' (for example driven by fans),
or 'natural' resulting from pressure differences from one part of a building to another. Natural
air movement can be either wind or wind-driven or buoyancy-driven.

·Radiation - All bodies which are hotter than 0°K emit thermal radiation. They also absorb
thermal radiation emitted by their surroundings. The difference in the total amount of radiation
emitted and absorbed by a body at any given moment may result in a net heat transfer which
will produce a change in the temperature of that body.

·Phase change - When substances change phase, for example changing from liquid to gas, they
absorb or release heat energy. For example, when water evaporates, it absorbs heat, producing
a cooling effect, and when it condenses it releases heat. So when water evaporates from the
surface of a building, or when sweat evaporates from the skin, it has a cooling effect.
 Heat Transfer
Heat transfer is the process of thermal exchange between different systems. Generally, the net heat transfer
between two systems will be from the hotter system to the cooler system. Heat transfer is particularly
important in buildings for determining the design of the building fabric, and for designing the passive and
active systems necessary to deliver the required thermal conditions for the minimum consumption of
resources.

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STANDARDS OF AIR-
CONDITIONING:
1.COOLING AND DE-HUMIDIFYING – FOR SUMMER COOLING, TEMPERATURES OF
76° TO 80°F AND 50% RELATIVE HUMIDITY ARE A FREQUENT DESIGN AVERAGE.

2.HEATING AND HUMIDIFYING – FOR WINTER COOLING, TEMPERATURES OF 70°

TO 75°F AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY OF 30% TO 35% ARE FOUND MOST
SATISFACTORY.

3.AIR MOTION – AIR VELOCITY SHOULD AVERAGE 15FT TO 25 FT PER MAIN

MEASURED 36° ABOVE THE FLOOR.

4.AIR SUPPLY – A.) 5 CUFT TO 7-1/2 CUFT OF AIR PER MINUTE PER PERSON (5-71/2
CUFT/MIN/PERS). IN ROOMS WHERE SMOKING IS NOT ALLOWED.
B.) 25 CUFT TO 40 CUFT OF AIR PER MINUTE PER PERSON ALLOWED IN
ROOMS WHERE SMOKING IS PERMITTED.

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DEFINITION OF TERMS
(PROVISIONS IN THE NBC CONCERNING HVAC)

ACCIDENTAL CONTACT- Any inadvertent physical contact with power transmission equipment, prime movers, machines, or
machine parts that could result from slipping, falling, sliding, tripping, or any other unplanned action or movement.
AIR CONDITIONING - The process of treating air so as to control simultaneously its temperature, humidity, cleanliness, and
distribution to meet the requirements of the conditioned space.
BOILER - A closed vessel for heating water or for the application of heat to generate steam or other vapor to be used
externally or to itself.
CAPACITY OF WORKS, PROJECT, OR PLANT- The total horsepower of all engines, motors, turbines, or other prime movers
installed, whether in operation or not.
COMPRESSOR - A mechanical device for the purpose of increasing the pressure upon the refrigerant.
CONDENSER - A vessel or arrangement of pipes or tubing in which vaporized refrigerant is liquefied by the removal of heat.
CONDEMNED BOILER OR UNFIRED PRESSURE VESSEL - A boiler or unfired pressure vessel that has been inspected by the
Building Official and declared unsafe or disqualified and power stamped or marked designating its rejection.
CRANE- This means a machine for lifting or lowering a load and moving it horizontally, the hoisting mechanism being an
integral part of the machine.
DUCT- A passageway made of sheet metal or other suitable material does not necessarily leak tight, for conveying air or
other gases at low pressure.
ENCLOSED - This means that the moving parts of a machine are so guarded that physical contact by any part of the human
body is precluded or prevented. This does not however prohibit the use of hinged, sliding, or otherwise removable doors or
sections to permit inspection, lubrication, or proper maintenance.
EVAPORATION- That part of the AC/refrigeration system in which liquid refrigerant is vaporized to produce refrigeration.
EXTERNAL INSPECTION - An inspection made on the boiler during operation.
GUARDED - Shielded, fenced, or otherwise protected by means of suitable enclosure guards, covers, or standard railings, so
as to preclude the possibility of accidental contact or dangerous approach to persons or objects.
INTERNAL INSPECTION - An inspection made when a boiler is shut down, with hand holes, manholes, or other openings
opened or removed to permit inspection of the interior.
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
(PROVISIONS IN THE NBC CONCERNING HVAC)

LIQUID RECEIVER - A vessel permanently connected to a system by inlet and outlet pipes for storage of a liquid refrigerant.
LOCOMOTIVE BOILER - A boiler mounted on a self-propelled track locomotive is used to furnish motivating power for
traveling on rails.
LOW-PRESSURE HEATING BOILER - A boiler operated at pressures not exceeding 1.05 kgs/sqm with steam or water
temperature not exceeding 250°F.
MACHINE - The driven unit of equipment.
MACHINE HOUSE - An enclosure for housing the hoisting mechanism and power plant. MACHINE PARTS. Any or all moving
parts of a machine.
MECHANICAL WORKS, PLANT - Includes steam plants, internal combustion engine plants, hydraulic power plants, pumping
plants, refrigerating plants, air conditioning plants, mill shops, factories, foundries, shipyards, etc. containing any mechanical
equipment, machinery, or process, driven by steam, internal or external combustion fuel, electricity, gas, air, water, heat,
chemicals or other prime movers.
POINT OF OPERATION - That part of a machine that performs an operation on the stock or material and/or that place or
location where stock or material is fed to the machine. A machine may have more than one point of operation.
PORTABLE BOILER - An internally fired boiler that is self-contained, primarily intended for a temporary location.
PRIME MOVER - An engine or motor operated by steam, gas, air, electricity, liquid or gaseous fuels, liquids in motion, or other
forms of energy whose main function is to drive or operate, either directly or indirectly, other mechanical equipment.
PROCESS MACHINE - An equipment designed and operated for a specific purpose. REFRIGERANT- A substance that produces
a refrigerating effect by its absorption of heat while expanding or evaporating.
TON OF REFRIGERATION - The useful refrigerating effect is equal to 12,000 BTU/hour; 200 BTU/min.
UNFIRED PRESSURE VESSEL - A vessel in which pressure is obtained from an external source or from an indirect application
of heat.
VENTILATION - Process of supplying or removing air by natural or mechanical means to or from any space.


A. TYPES OF AIR-
CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
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A. TYPES OF AIR-
CONDITIONING SYSTEMS:
01
Central Air Conditioning System - Central air conditioner are preferred in case you
have a large space or you wish to cool multiple rooms at a time then these type of air

conditioning systems can surely be best suited for you. These AC units work by using a

split system which regulates air through the ducts that are installed in your home. This
system is also termed as ducted system.
The split aspect provides the system with a combination of two main units, first is the
outdoor unit packs in the condenser and compressor while the other one is the indoor
unit which comprises of the evaporator coils & air handler. The central air conditioning
system also uses refrigerant in removing heat from the indoor air. This heat is thrown
outside & the cool air is pushed in through the ducts of the units.

Advantages of Central A
It cools the whole are which is connected to the ducts at once and thus creates a cool
& regulated environment around in comparatively less time.
As the cool air is circulated the effect of humidity decreases which makes the overall
environment more comfortable.
Disadvantages of Central AC
Consumes plenty of energy which results in higher bills.
The efficiency can be effected in case any technical issue arises in the ducts of the AC
system.
The outdoor units are found to be unattractive which can be hidden at the backyard.
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A. TYPES OF AIR-
CONDITIONING SYSTEMS:
02
Ductless Mini-Split Air Conditioner - If you prefer staying out from the ducting and
still want a better cooling efficiency, then opting for the ductless mini-split air

conditioners could be the best choice. Ductless systems are the perfect choice for

especially contemporary homes or buildings. This type of air conditioner is found

comprising of a compressor & a condenser which are accompanied by one or more
indoor units.
The indoor units of such systems are mostly mounted on a wall and are
equipped with air blowers. The connection between the indoor & outdoor units is done
through tubing wherein the refrigerant circulates through them in variation depending
on the type of usage. As the indoor units are quite small and compact, the space where
it usually gets the unit installed can either be used for heating or cooling purposes. It
comes with a remote control which is coupled with a smart AC controller which means
that you can operate them using your phone as well.

Advantages of Ductless Mini-Split AC

Can be installed everywhere without the ductwork.
The temperature can be monitored individually.
Disadvantages of Ductless Mini-Split AC
Only one ductless mini-split unit is not sufficient for cooling large spaces.
The Indoor unit of a ductless mini-split is mostly wall-mounted, therefore, it can be
viewed from the naked eye.
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A. TYPES OF AIR-
CONDITIONING SYSTEMS:
03
Window Air Conditioner - Window air conditioners are found available in various sizes which
can be selected depending upon the requirement and the size of the room. Larger window air

conditioners can be preferred which can even cool an adjoined smaller space. The reason why
window air conditioners are preferred is due to their extraordinary cooling capacity & is thus

regarded as the most common type of air conditioner.

A window air conditioner comprises a single unit with all of its components enclosed
inside it itself. It removes the heat from its outdoor side and blows cool air into the room from
its fan installed at the front on the indoor side. The name clearly recommends that these are
to be installed in a window or also by making a hole in the wall. These types of air conditioners
include a filter that slides out and can be cleaned on regular basis for increasing the efficiency
of the AC. These types of air conditioners are found to have remote controls on the unit.

Advantages of Window AC
Cost-effective and cheaper to operate
Easy to install
Easy to maintain
Does not consume floor space
Disadvantages of Window AC
Are not noise-free during operation & are clearly visible from outside.
Obstruct the view from the window and need to be located near a suitable electrical outlet.
The windows need to be of a regular shape in order to accommodate windows air
conditioners. Irregularly shaped windows will not be able to accommodate these AC units.
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A. TYPES OF AIR-
CONDITIONING SYSTEMS:
04

Portable Air Conditioner - Portable air conditioners can be considered similar to the other
ac units like window air conditioners as these are also single unit system with all of its
components enclosed inside it. The difference is that it is a free-standing unit and thus can
be movable according to the convenience. Nothing other than a power outlet is needed in

order to power it up & access it to a window where the exhaust air can be exhausted from.
These types of portable air conditioners can be used in the temporary space for
cooling or at the places wherever it is not possible to install a window or a split air
conditioner. These portable ACs can be single- hose which takes in the air from inside the
room and expels it outdoors. As the portable unit sits inside only, the evaporator fan runs
consistently in order to evaporate the condensed moisture which is collected inside the
unit.

Advantages of Portable AC
Easy to set up
Movable around the space
These AC’s do not need any permanent installation
One of the most effective option for spot cooling
Can be safely kept when not needed
Disadvantages of Portable AC
The units are quite noisy during operation
Not capable for cooling larger rooms
The portable units which come with a hose have to necessarily be placed near a window
resulting which the hose obstructs the lower part of the window
 AR 3A A. TYPES OF AIR-
CONDITIONING SYSTEMS:
05
Floor Mounted Air Conditioner - are the ones which are designed for the convenience if

you are looking to have something similar to a mini-split, but it lacks the required space

for a wall mounted unit. The indoor unit of these types of AC is kept on the floor resulting
which the outer unit can be installed without preparing any ductwork.
This type of AC units can be suitable for spaces which are found having tilted walls
like building constructed using fragile materials like glass. The height at which the unit
can be installed is up to 6 inches higher than the floor by making a small hole in the wall
from where it is connected to the outdoor unit. The benefit of placing such AC units is
that it allows you in easily checking the air filters, which means that it gives an easy
access to the air filters which is found ideal for individuals with respiratory issues or
people who are keen on keeping their indoor air quality as clean as possible. Floor
mounted systems are used to cool or heat the room quickly as compared to any other
mounting system as the fan blows the air directly at your level.

Advantages of Floor Mounted AC

Appropriate for elderly people
Easy installation
Perfect choice for small areas as it does not take much space
Disadvantages of Floor Mounted AC
The flow of air can decrease due to the obstacles like furniture present in the room
Not at all suitable for large rooms due to the uneven and localized distribution of
airflow
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A. TYPES OF AIR-
CONDITIONING SYSTEMS:
06
Geothermal Air Conditioning System - Geothermal AC units are those which

offer both heating & cooling facility and is considered as a new method. It works by
the utilization of the insulating properties of the earth. As the temperatures

beneath 4 to 6 feet of ground remains constant for the whole year regardless to
the weather conditions, the geothermal technology takes its advantage in order to
heat & cool the required space with higher efficiency.
This system is found having pipes which consists of a loop that circulates the
amount of water within the room, heat pump & the ground. It requires an intensive
work in order to set up underground.

Advantages of Geothermal AC
Highly efficient
Saves energy
Longer lifespan in both heating & cooling facility

Disadvantages of Geothermal AC
Installation can sometimes be tedious as loops are installed in the ground
Initial cost is very high
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A. TYPES OF AIR-
CONDITIONING SYSTEMS:
01
Cassette Air Conditioners - are a type of split aircon system, which means they

consist of two units. It’s easy to recognize a ceiling cassette aircon because its indoor
unit is installed on the ceiling. The conduit that connects the indoor and outdoor

units are hidden within the ceiling. Because it is a split-type air conditioning system, a
ceiling cassette is easy to install and does not require ductwork.
Cassette air conditioners, however, are more suitable for larger areas. That’s
because you have to provide a good amount of ceiling space to accommodate the
unit. Cassettes are generally found in offices and retail stores, which show that they
effectively cool larger spaces. Although similar, they are often more powerful than
wall-mounted systems. That’s why cassette air conditioners are regarded as space-
efficient.

Advantages:
Low profile and unobtrusive;
Ability to distribute air throughout the room;
Great cooling options.
Disadvantages:
Limited installation options;
Installation may become more expensive;
They are not suitable for smaller spaces.
 B. TYPES OF
EVAPORATORS

 Direct expansion coils (coils

01
containing the refrigerant itself)

This may either be installed in the spray

chamber so that the water sprayed into the
air comes in contact with the cooling coils or
the air itself comes into direct contact with the
cooling coils, as the window type unit.

02 Shell and tube heat exchanger

Similar in operation to the shell and
tube condenser. The refrigerant is
expanded into a shell enclosing the
tube through which the water
flows.
 C.TYPES OF
CONDENSERS
01 Air-cooled condensers
used in the unit and packaged type air
conditioners.
Condensing medium used - air
Do not require sophisticated piping
arrangement for carrying the air
Simple construction. Initial cost as well as
the maintenance cost is very low
No corrosion due to air.
It requires more power for circulation of
air and high power fans are noisy.

02 Water-cooled condensers
- Condensing medium used - water, it has Complicated
construction and Initial cost and maintenance cost is
high. High thermal conductivity of water favours high
heat transfer capacity. Higher chance of fouling effect.
Water cause corrosion of condenser tubes. But It
requires less power to the circulation on water
double-pied condensers
shell and tube condensers,
evaporative condensers.
 D.TYPES OF
COMPRESSORS
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1. Piston type or reciprocating 2. Centrifugal compressors 3. Screw-type compressors

compressors

For tonnages up to 100 tons. These are quieter, have fewer Uses two “screws” to compress
vibration problems, require less refrigerant.
maintenance, and with better
operating control.
 E. AIR CONDITIONING
EQUIPMENT AND CONTROLS
AIR CONTROLS:
CONDITIONING 1.Sensing devices
EQUIPMENT Humidistat – or hygrostat is a controller, sensitive to
Humidistat Pressure Regulators the amount of humidity in the air.
Thermostat – a controller that responds to changes
Compressors in temperature.
Pressure regulators – are instruments sensitive to
changes in pressure. They may control a single
pressure or a differential between two pressures.
Thermostat
Condensers
2. Actuating or Operating
devices
Evaporators
Dampers – these control the flow of air and are in the
form of louvers.
Dampers Control valves – these are the valves with variable orifices
which are moved by motors to present smaller or larger
openings as directed by a thermostat.
expansion valves
Relays – these are devices that use electrical energy to
amplify or convert the power of a thermostat or other
controllers so that the resultant force will be sufficient
and adaptable to operate a valve or damper.
Control valves Relays
F. AIR CLEANING

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FILTER
are designed to filter pollutants or contaminants out
of the air that passes thru them. Air cleaning and
filtration can help reduce airborne contaminants,
including particles containing viruses.

Dry filters – consist of wire frames enclosing felt, Dry Filters Water Sprays
cotton, or sponge through which the air is screened.

Vicious filters – consist of metal deflecting plates or

screens coated with viscous oil.

Water sprays - Spraying water on your air

conditioner can help it run more efficiently if you
remove enough dust, dirt and debris to help
improve airflow and prevent it from overheating.

Eliminator plates – consist of corrugated

galvanized iron sheets placed 1-1/8” apart which
deflect the air flow about 30° catching the wet dust
on the surfaces.
Vicious Filter
Eliminator Plates
 G. Air-conditioning
Systems Fundamental
Design

 All air-conditioning systems utilize a

specific material to undergo the phase
conversion process. This material is called a
refrigerant, and is contained within tubing
which runs throughout the air-conditioning
system. The refrigerant is pulled into the
system’s compressor (item 1 in the diagram
below) in the form of a warm vapor after
leaving the evaporator coil

The compressor increases the density of

the incoming refrigerant vapor, causing it to
increase in pressure and temperature. This
hot, high-pressure vapor then travels to the
air conditioner’s condenser (item 2) where it
moves through a series of coils with thin
The liquid refrigerant is then forced through an expansion valve (item 3) which is metal fins attached. A fan blows air over the
basically a pinhole that causes the liquid to form a mist. A sudden pressure drop and fins, and heat moves from the refrigerant to
material expansion when the liquid turns into a mist results in a rapid cooling of the the fins and into the air stream. The air that is
fluid as it throws off heat energy. This cold mist travels through the evaporator coil run over the condenser coils is vented to the
(item 4) which is located directly in the air stream of a circulation fan which pulls air building exterior and is released to the
from within the building. The fan pushes the air across the cold coils, which pulls heat atmosphere. This trip through the condenser
from the air, causing the air to cool. The transfer of heat to the refrigerant causes it to causes the vapor to lose a significant amount
change back into a warm vapor and it enters the compressor to begin the cycle again. of heat and it subsequently changes phase
from a gas to a high temperature liquid.
Most Important Factors Different commercial properties and

to Consider in Air businesses all have different requirements that

need to be met by an air conditioning system,

Conditioning System
and no single HVAC system is ever going to be
the same once it’s designed to be fully
optimised. Different systems include a variety
Design of components, but as standard, a basic HVAC
system incorporates boilers, air-con units,
energy sources and vents into the design.
The type of air conditioning system
The size of the system and the available space
Ducts and ventilation
Cooling loads
Energy efficiency
Cost-effectiveness
Health and safety requirements

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