Chapter 3

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

(AI)
 Objectives
After completing this chapter, students will be able to:
 Explain what artificial intelligence (AI) is.
 Explain the types and approaches of AI.
 Describe the applications of AI in health, agriculture, business
and education
 List the factors that influenced the advancement of AI in recent
years.
 Understand the relationship between the human’s way of
thinking and AI systems
 Identify AI research focus areas.
 Identify real-world AI applications, some platforms, and tools.
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Outline
✓What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)
✓Types of AI
✓Influence of AI
✓Application of AI
✓AI Tools and Platforms
✓Sample AI Applications

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What is Artificial Intelligence?
 Artificial Intelligence(AI) is composed of two words:
Artificial and Intelligence.
 Artificial defines "man-made," and intelligence
defines "thinking power", or “the ability to learn and
solve problems”
 Hence Artificial Intelligence means "a man-made
thinking power."
 AI is a branch of computer science by which we can create
intelligent machines which can behave like a human, think like
humans, and able to make decisions.
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 What is AI?
 Intelligence, as we know, is the ability to acquire and
apply knowledge.
 Knowledge is the information acquired through
experience.
 Experience is the knowledge gained through exposure
(training).
 Summing the terms up, we get artificial intelligence as
the “copy of something natural (i.e., human beings)
‘WHO’ is capable of acquiring and applying the
information it has gained through exposure.”
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 What is AI?
 Artificial Intelligence can be created with a
programmed algorithms that can work with own
intelligence.
 Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have
human-based skills such as
 Reasoning
 Learning
 Problem Solving
 Perception
 Linguistic Intelligence
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 What is AI?
 An AI system is composed of an agent and its
environment.
 An agent (e.g., robot) is anything that can perceive its
environment through sensors and acts upon that
environment through effectors.
 Machine perception is the ability to use input
from sensors (such as cameras, microphones, sensors,
etc.) to deduce aspects of the world. e.g., Computer
Vision.

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 What is AI?

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 What is AI?
High-profile examples of AI include:
 Autonomous vehicles (e.g. drones and self-driving cars)
 Medical diagnosis
 Creating art (such as poetry)
 Proving mathematical theorems
 Playing games (such as chess or go)
 Search engines (such as google search)
 Online assistants (such as siri)
 Image recognition in photographs
 Spam filtering
 Prediction of judicial decisions and
 Targeting online advertisements
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 What is AI?
 Enabling technologies for the advancement of AI
 The advent of Big Data
 The arrival of the internet
 smart mobile
 social media
 Machine Learning
 Deep Learning
 cheaper and more powerful hardware such as
Graphical Processing Units (GPUs)
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 Machin Learning
 Machine Learning is an advanced form of AI where the
machine can learn as it goes rather than having every
action programmed by humans.
 Machine learning is a fundamental concept of AI
research.
 Machine learning is the study of computer algorithms
that improve automatically through experience
 The term machine learning was introduced by Arthur
Samuel in 1959.

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 Relationships of AI, ML, and DL
 Neural networks are biologically inspired networks
that extract features from the data in a hierarchical
fashion. The field of neural networks with several
hidden layers is called deep learning.
Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL)

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 Need for Artificial Intelligence
Why we need AI at this time?
 To create expert systems that exhibit
intelligent behavior with the capability to
learn, demonstrate, explain and advice its
users.
 Helping machines find solutions to complex
problems like humans do and applying them as
algorithms in a computer-friendly manner.

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 Goals of Artificial Intelligence
The main goals of Artificial Intelligence are:
1. Replicate human intelligence
2. Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
3. An intelligent connection of perception and action
4. Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human
intelligence such as:
✓ Proving a theorem
✓ Playing chess
✓ Plan some surgical operation
✓ Driving a car in traffic
5. Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn
new things by itself, demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.
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 What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?
 Artificial Intelligence requires lots of other disciplines
that can contribute to it.
 To create the AI-first we should know that how
intelligence is composed, so Intelligence is an
intangible part of our brain which is a combination of:
 Reasoning
 Learning
 Problem-solving
 Perception
 Language understanding, etc.

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 What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?
To achieve the above factors for a machine or software,
Artificial Intelligence requires the following disciplines.
 Mathematics
 Biology
 Psychology
 Sociology
 Computer Science
 Neurons Study
 Statistics

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 Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
Some of the advantages of Artificial Intelligence are:
 High Accuracy with fewer errors: AI machines or
systems are prone to fewer errors and high accuracy as it
takes decisions as per pre-experience or information.
 High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and
fast-decision making, because of that AI systems can beat
a chess champion in the Chess game.
 High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and
can perform the same action multiple times with high
accuracy.

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 AI in Chess

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 Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
 Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations
such as defusing a bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where to
employ a human can be risky.
 Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant
to users such as AI technology is currently used by various E-
commerce websites to show the products as per customer
requirements.
 Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public
utilities such as a self-driving car which can make our journey
safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for security purposes,
Natural language processing (for search engines, for spelling
checker, for assistant like Siri, for translation like google translate),
20 etc.
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 Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

 Intelligence is the ability to understand, apply

knowledge and improve skills and this is the
characteristics of human being.
 But advancement in technology can create a
superintelligence that can threaten human existence.
 Following are the disadvantages of AI:
 High Cost: The hardware and software requirement
of AI is very costly as it requires lots of maintenance
to meet current world requirements.
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 Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

 Can't think out of the box: Even we are making

smarter machines with AI, but still they cannot work
out of the box, as the robot will only do that work for
which they are trained, or programmed.
 No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an
outstanding performer, but still it does not have the
feeling so it cannot make any kind of emotional
attachment with humans, and may sometime be
harmful for users if the proper care is not taken.

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 Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

 Increase dependence on machines: With the

increment of technology, people are getting more
dependent on devices and hence they are losing their
mental capabilities.
 No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative
and can imagine some new ideas but still AI machines
cannot beat this power of human intelligence and
cannot be creative and imaginative.

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 Types of AI
Based on Capabilities
 Weak AI or Narrow AI
 General AI
 Super AI

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 Types of AI- Based on Capabilities
1. Weak AI or Narrow AI:
 Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a
dedicated task with intelligence.
 The most common and currently available AI is
Narrow AI in the world of Artificial Intelligence.
 Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or
limitations, as it is only trained for one specific task.
 Hence it is also termed as weak AI. Narrow AI can
fail in unpredictable ways if it goes beyond its limits.
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 Types of AI- Based on Capabilities
1. Weak AI or Narrow AI:
 Apple Siri is a good example of Narrow AI, but it
operates with a limited pre-defined range of
functions.
 IBM's Watson supercomputer also comes under Narrow AI,
as it uses an Expert system approach combined with
Machine learning and natural language processing.
 Some Examples of Narrow AI are Google translate, playing
chess, purchasing suggestions on e-commerce sites, self-
driving cars, speech recognition, and image recognition.

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 Types of AI- Based on Capabilities
2. General AI:
 General AI is a type of intelligence that could
perform any intellectual task with efficiency like a
human.
 The idea behind the general AI is to make such a
system that could be smarter and think like a human
on its own.
 Currently, there is no such system exists which could
come under general AI and can perform any task as
perfect as a human.
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 Types of AI- Based on Capabilities
2. General AI:
 This AI may arrive within couple of years but it has
challenges relating to hardware, the energy
consumption required in today’s powerful machines,
and the need to solve for catastrophic memory loss
that affects even the most advanced deep learning
algorithms of today
 The worldwide researchers are now focused on
developing machines with General AI.
 General AI are still under research, and it will take lots of
effort and time to develop such systems.
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 Types of AI- Based on Capabilities
3. Super AI:
 Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which
machines could surpass human intelligence, and can perform
any task better than a human with cognitive properties.
 This refers to aspects like general wisdom, problem solving
and creativity. It is an outcome of general AI.
 Some key characteristics of strong AI include: the ability to
think, to reason, solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan,
learn, and communicate on its own.
 Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial
Intelligence. The development of such systems in real is still
a world-changing task.
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 How humans think?
 The goal of many researchers is to create strong
(Super AI) and general AI that learns like a human
and can solve general problems as the human brain
does.
 Achieving this goal might require many more years.

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 How humans think?
 Intelligence or the cognitive process is composed of
three main stages:
I. Observe and input the information/data in the brain.
II. Interpret and evaluate the input that is received from
the surrounding environment.
III. Make decisions as a reaction towards what you received
as input and interpreted and evaluated.
 AI researchers are simulating the same stages in
building AI systems or models. This process represents
the main three layers or components of AI systems.
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 Mapping human thinking to AI
components
 Mapping the human thinking stages to the layers of AI systems.
 In the first stage
 Humans beings acquire information from their
surrounding environments through sense organs, for
example, the hands.
 In AI models perceive information from the
surrounding environment by the sensing layer. For
example, voice recognition for sensing voice and
visual imaging recognition for sensing images.
Thus, these agents or sensors take the role of the
hearing and sight senses in humans.
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 Mapping human thinking to AI
components
 The second stage is related to interpreting and
evaluating the input data. In AI, this stage is
represented by the interpretation layer, that is,
reasoning and thinking about the gathered input that
is acquired by the sensing layer.
 The third stage is related to taking action or making
decisions. After evaluating the input data, the
interacting layer performs the necessary tasks.
Robotic movement control and speech generation
are examples of functions that are implemented in
the interacting layer.
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 Influencers of Artificial Intelligence
AI is taking off now because of the following influencers:
I. Big data: Structured data versus unstructured
data
II. Advancements in computer processing speed
and new chip architectures
III. Cloud computing and API (application
programming interfaces)
IV. The emergence of data science

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 Influencers of Artificial Intelligence
I. Big Data
 Big data refers to huge amounts of data.
 Big data requires innovative forms of information
processing to”
odraw insights,
oautomate processes, and
ohelp decision making.
 The exponential growth of unstructured data drives
the need for a new kind of computer system (AI).
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 Influencers of Artificial Intelligence
The figure depicts the current rapid change of the data
landscape.

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 Influencers of Artificial Intelligence
II. Advancements in computer processing speed,
new chip architectures, and big data file systems.
 Significant advancements in computer
processing and memory speeds enable us to
make sense of the information that is generated
by big data more quickly.
 In the past, statisticians and early data scientists
were limited to working with sample data sets.

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 Influencers of Artificial Intelligence
Advancements in computer processing speed,
new chip architectures, and big data file systems.
 In recent years, big data and the ability to
process a large amount of data at high speeds
have enabled researchers and developers to
access and work with massive sets of data.
 Processing speeds and new computer chip
architectures contribute to the rapid evolution
of AI applications.

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 Influencers of Artificial Intelligence
III. Cloud computing and application
programming interfaces (API)
 Cloud computing is a general term that describes the
delivery of on-demand services, usually through the
internet, on a pay-per-use basis.
 Companies worldwide offer their services to
customers over cloud platforms.
 These services might be data analysis, social media,
video storage, e-commerce, and AI capabilities that
are available through the internet and supported by
cloud computing.
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 Influencers of Artificial Intelligence
III. Cloud computing and application
programming interfaces (API)
 APIs enable software components to communicate
with each other easily.
 API is a software intermediary that allows two
applications to talk to each other
 The API makes the task easier to connect and interface
one application with other applications or services.

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 Influencers of Artificial Intelligence
III. Cloud computing and application programming
interfaces (API)
 Example Services available using APIs and Cloud infrastructure
 IBM delivers Watson AI services over IBM Cloud.
 Amazon AI services are delivered over Amazon Web Services
 Microsoft AI tools are available over the MS Azure cloud.
 Google AI services are available in the Google Cloud Platform.
 These services benefit from cloud platform capabilities, such as
availability, scalability, accessibility, rapid deployment, flexible billing
options, simpler operations, and management.

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 Influencers of Artificial Intelligence
IV. The Emergence of Data Science
 Data science has emerged in the last few years as a new
profession that combines several disciplines, such as
statistics, data analysis, machine learning, and others.
 The goal of data science is to extract knowledge or
insights from data in various forms, either structured or
unstructured, which is like data mining.
 After you collect a large enough volume of data, patterns
emerge. Then, data scientists use learning algorithms on
these patterns.
 Data science uses machine learning and AI to process big
data.
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 Applications of AI
 Artificial Intelligence has various applications in
today's society.
 It is becoming essential for today's time because
it can solve complex problems in an efficient
way in multiple industries, such as Healthcare,
entertainment, finance, education, etc.
 AI is making our daily life more comfortable and
faster.
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 Applications of AI
1. AI in agriculture
 Now a day's agriculture is becoming digital, and
AI is emerging in this field.
 Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture robotics,
soil and crop monitoring, predictive analysis.
 AI in agriculture can be very helpful for farmers.

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 Applications of AI
2. AI in Healthcare
 Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a
better and faster diagnosis than humans.
 AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform
when patients are worsening so that medical help can
reach the patient before hospitalization.

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 Applications of AI
3. AI in education:
 AI chatbot can communicate with students as a
teaching assistant.
 AI in the future can be work as a personal
virtual tutor for students, which will be
accessible easily at any time and any place.

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 Applications of AI
4. AI in Finance and E-commerce
 The finance industry is implementing automation,
chatbot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading, and
machine learning into financial processes.
 AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-
commerce industry, and it is becoming more
demanding in the e-commerce business.
 AI is helping shoppers to discover associated
products with recommended size, color, or even
brand.
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 Applications of AI
5. AI in Gaming
 AI can be used for gaming purposes.
 The AI machines can play strategic games like chess, where
the machine needs to think of a large number of possible
places.
6. AI in Data Security
 The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-
attacks are growing very rapidly in the digital world.
 AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure.
Some examples such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform,

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 Applications of AI
7. AI in Social Media
 Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain
billions of user profiles, which need to be stored and managed in a very
efficient way. AI can organize and manage massive amounts of data. AI
can analyze lots of data to identify the latest trends, hashtags, and
requirements of different users.
8. AI in Travel &Transport
 AI is capable of doing various travel related works such as from making
travel arrangements to suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes to
the customers.
 Travel industries are using AI-powered chatbots which can make
human-like interaction with customers for a better and fast response.
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 Applications of AI
9. AI in the Automotive Industry
 Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistants to
their use for better performance. Such as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot,
an intelligent virtual assistant.
 Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven
cars which can make your journey more safe and secure.
10. AI in Robotics:
 with the help of AI, we can create intelligent robots which can perform
tasks with their own experiences without pre-programmed.
 Humanoid Robots are the best examples for AI in robotics, recently
the intelligent Humanoid robot named Erica and Sophia has been
developed which can talk and behave like humans.
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 Applications of AI
11. AI in Entertainment
 We are currently using some AI-based applications in
our daily life with some entertainment services such
as Netflix or Amazon.
 With the help of ML/AI algorithms, these services
show the recommendations for programs or shows.

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 Sample AI application
I. Commuting
 Google’s AI-Powered Predictions
 Ridesharing Apps Like Uber and Lyft
 Commercial Flights Use an AI Autopilot
II. Email
 Spam Filters
 Smart Email Categorization

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 Sample AI application
III. Social Networking
 Automatically highlighting faces and suggests friends
tag Add animated effects or digital masks

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 Sample AI application
IV. Online Shopping
 Recommendations -You see recommendations for
products you’re interested in as “customers who viewed this
item also viewed” and “customers who bought this item also
bought”.

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 Sample AI application
V. Mobile Use
 Voice-to-Text –
“Ok Google”,

 Smart Personal Assistants - perform internet

searches, set reminders, and calendar using
Bots

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