CHAPTER III

METHOD OF THE RESEARCH

A. Design of the Research

The research design use in this research will quantitative method with

experimental design chosen to test hypothesis served. Quantitative method will

used in this study because there were some statistical computations in analyzing

the data gained. Then the research experimental defined as research method used

to look for the influence of certain treatment to other in a condition controlled

(Sugiyono, 2014:107).

Specially, this research used the quasi experimental design where the

researcher used nonequivalent control group design. Quasi experimental design

had a group control, but could not function completely to control the external

variable influencing the implementation of experiment. Quasi experimental design

will used because it will practically difficult to get control group used for the

research (Sugiyono,2016:114). Therefore, the researcher took in time in getting

data for one period of research (cross section). The design of quasi experimental

using nonequivalent control group design will depicted in figure 3.1 as follow:

29
 X3

X4

Figure 3.1 Nonequivalent control group design

Notes: E : Experimental class

C : Control class

O1 : Pre-test for experimental class

O2 : Post-test for experimental class

O3 : Pre-test for control class

O4 : Post-test for control class

Based on the figure 3.1 above, in this research, the research took two

classes. The first will served as experimental group and the second will served as

control group. In the experimental group, the researcher gave treatment by using

Picture Word Inductive Inquiry (PWI2) model, while in the control group, the

researcher did not give the treatment. The researcher gave pre-test and post-test

for both of the group. The result of pre-test and post-test from both group were

compared and then computed statistically.

B. Population and Sample

A population will the generalizing region consist of object/subject which

have certain characteristic and quality specified by the researcher to be learned

and concluded (Sugiyono, 2016: 117). The population of this research will

30
students of eight grade in SMA Negeri 19 Bone. The students of eight grade

consist of X1, X2, X3, X4 and X5. The population of this research shown in the

table 3.1 below:

Table 3.1 The population of the research

Students Total of
No Class
Male Female students
1 X1 8 22 30
2 X2 8 22 30
3 X3 9 21 30
4 X4 10 20 30
5 X5 16 14 30
Sum 51 99 150
(Source: The Temporary Data of SMA Negeri 19 Bone in Academic Year 2016-
2017)

A group chosen from a larger population with the aim of yielding

information about this population as a whole will termed as sample (Salaria,

2012:2). In selecting the sample, the researcher chose the non-probality sampling

by using purposive sampling. The sampling of this research will eight grade

students, especially in experimental class (VIII B) and the control class (VIII A).

The sample of this research point out in table 3.2 below:

Table 3.2 Recapitulation of the sample of the research

Number of Students
Class
students Male Female
X3 Experiment 30 9 21
X4 Control 30 10 20
Total 60 20 49
(Source: The Temporary Data of SMA Negeri 19 Bone in Academic Year 2016-

2017)

31
 C. Variable of the Research

Research variable will everything which will in form of any kind gotten by

the research to be learner, so it will obtained the information about the effect to be

concluded (Sugiyono, 2016:60). There were two variable in this research. The

variable were independent and dependent variable.

The independent variable will the treatment or the intervention (Leroy,

2011:29). Independent variable in this research will the Picture Word Inductive

Inquiry (PWIM) model.

While the dependent variable will the outcome or the result that will

important to the users, developers or researchers (Leroy, 2011:29). Dependent

variable in this research will the students vocabulary mastery.

D. Operational Definition of Variable

In this research there were two variable. Those were, independent and

dependent variable. Independent variable will the variable which becoming the

causes or change/influencing other variable (dependent variable). While

dependent variable will the variable which will influenced, or become the effect,

because of other variable (independent variable) (Siregar, 2013:18-19).

Independent variable in this research will Picture Word Inductive and

Inquiry (PWI2) model. Picture Word Inductive and Inquiry (PWI2) model will the

modification of learning model from Picture Word Inductive Model (PWIM) and

32
Inquiry. Picture Word Inductive and Inquiry (PWI2) learning model more

emphasized on student cognitive prosses in which student were given a picture,

formulated words related to the image, found the right words, created the

sentences and paragraph with attention to sentences structure, punctuation, and

grammar and usage, than checked the students work from the other group.

The dependent variable in this research will the students vocabulary

mastery. Vocabulary will a core component of language proficiency and provided

the basis for effective communication (Aktekin and Guven, 2013:340).

Vocabulary will essential aspect in learning English as a foreign language

Mastery English vocabularies helped the students to learn the four of English skill

well (speaking, listening, reading, and writing).

E. Instrument of the Research

Instrument of the research will a tool which could be used to obtain,

process, and interpret the information obtained from all respondent to conduct by

using the same measuring pattern (Siregar, 2013:75).

The instrument used in this research were observation, interview, and test.

1. Observation

Observation will the monitoring technique and systematic

recording of the phenomena under investigation. Observation carried out

to find the data and information of the symptoms or phenomena (events or

33
 phenomenon) systematically and based on the purpose of the inquiry that

had been formulated (Mahmud, 2011:168). In this research, the research

did the observation all the time in the school by looking at and listening to

another people (student) (unstructured observation). The research inferred

meaning, characteristics, motivations, feelings, and intentions.

2. Interview

Interview will techniques of data collection by asking the

respondent to take notes or recorded the respondents answers (Mahmud

2011:1730. Interview conducted if the researcher wanted to do a

preliminary study to find a problem that must be studied, to know the

things of the respondents which were more in-depth, and the number of

respondent were small (Sugiyono, 2016:194). Interviews could be

struvtured or unstructured. The type of interview used in this research will

unstructured interview which will conducted in the open situation, having

greater flexibility and freedom. The researcher conducted the interview to

ask teacher and students thought about how well learning activity in class.

3. Test

Test will a procedure, which might be in the forms a series of

questions, problems, tasks, intended to measure or to elicit a specific sample

of learner’s behavior, ability, knowledge, or performance (Jabu, 2008:56). In

34
this research, the researcher gave two instrument tests to students in form of

matching test. The first test will picture form and the other will the blank

sentences. The students were given a picture that consist if objects in which

students must match the picture-labeled with words in the box. Then, to more

know the students vocabulary mastery the researcher gave the students a blank

sentences to match or complete those sentences by using the words provided

on the roght side. Both of test were matching test as. Sudijono (2011:111) said

that matching test provided two groups of materials where the testee should

seek appropriate pairs between the first group to those of the second group, in

accordance with the instructions given in the test.

4. Documentation

The document will a record of past events. Documents can be in the

form of writing, drawing, or monumental works of someone (Sugiyono,

2014:329).In this research the documentation will used to know the list of

student names, the initial value of the students' English learning outcomes

prior to the research and the evaluation of the results. From the preliminary

data can be known the initial ability of students in order that it can be used as

a comparison after the research done. Documents in the form of photos and

videos were also used to provide an overview concretely about student activity

during the learning process.

35
 F. Procedure of the Research

The procedures of this research includes pre-test, conducting treatment,

and post-test.

1. Pre-test

Pre-test will the first procedure in this research. The pre-test will

given to both experimental and control group to find out the students

initial ability of mastery of vocabulary. The researcher gave pre-test to the

students before including the treatment. The pre-test items consisted of

several steps as follow:

a. The researcher explained about the test to the students.

b. The researcher gave the test to the students.

c. The researcher asked the students to collect the answer after

finishing work the test.

2. Treatment

The second procedure in this research will conducting treatment.

The treatment will given to the experimental group. While control group

will gave treatment nothing. In giving treatment in the experimental group,

the researcher used Picture Word Inductive Inquiry (PWI2) model to know

the students vocabulary mastery. The step in conducting treatment will as

follow:

36
 a. The researcher explained about the material (definition, generic

structure, and grammatical features of descriptive text).

b. The researcher used picture as media in learning

c. The researcher applied Picture Word Inductive Inquiry (PWI2)

model.

3. Post-test

The last procedure in this research will conducting post-test of both

groups to find out how well the students vocabulary mastery after

conducting treatment. The post-test that the researcher gave to the students

will the same with the pre-test, that will, asking the students to match the

picture-labeled with the word in the box, then the researcher gave the

students the blank sentences to match the words in the right side provided

by the researcher. The purpose of those were to compare between the

students post-test scores and the students pre-test scores of both groups

whether the treatment will successful in increasing the students vocabulary

mastery or not.

G. Analysis of Data

In this research, the data gathered will analysed by using normality test,

homogeneity test, independent t-test and gain test.

37
1. Normality Test

The normality test will used by the researcher in this research to test

whether the data have the nominal distribution or not. To analyze the normality of

the score, the research used Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test. The KS test will

appropriate in a situation where the parameters of the hypothesized distribution

were completely known (Razali and Wah, 2011:23).

Some steps to employ the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) TEST (Siregar,

2013:153).

a. Make the hypothesis of normal distribution

Ho = The distribution of data is distributed normal probability

H1 = The distribution of data is not distributed normal probability

b. Determine the level of significance (α =¿ 0.05)

c. The rule of testing

H0rejected :amaks ˃ atable

H0accepted : amaks <atable

(Siregar, 2013:153)

d. The formula of Kolmogorov Smirnov is as follow:

S=
√ ∑ ( X− X)2
n

Notes: S = Standard Deviation

X= The Totally

38
 X = Mean

n = Total of Samples

∅ = Z Table

(Razali & Wah, 2011:23)

2. Homogeneity Test

The homogeneity test will used to know whether the sample that is taken

from population will homogeneous or not.

Homogeneity test stages were as follows:

1) Make a hypothesis analysis.

Ho : There will no difference in variance of several groups of data

Hi : There will a difference in variance of several groups of data

2) Make a hypothesis statistical models.

Ho : S12 ≠ S22 ≠ Sn2

Hi : S12 = S22 = Sn2

3) Determine the significant level (risk of error)

At this stage we determined how big the opportunity to make the risk

of error in the decision to reject the hypothesis will correct. Usually,

symbolized with will often referred as with the term ol significant

level.

4) Calculate the Fcount and Ftable

Stages calculate Fcount and Ftable

1) Create table helper;

2) Calculating the average value of the sample group;

39
 ẋi :∑Xi

Where: ẋi= The average value of samples i

Xi = The data on the sample i

n = Number of data

3) Calculating the value of the sample group variance;

Si2 : ∑ (Xi - ẋ)2

n-1

4) Determining the value of F count;

Fcount :S2B

S2K

Where: S2B = Largest variant

S2K = Smallest variant

5) Determining the value of Ftable;

To calculate the value of Ftable can be seen in Table F under the

following conditions:

Ftable (α, V1n-1, V2n-1)

Where: V1 = Numerator

V2 = Denominator

n = Number of data

α= Significant level

6) Determine the assessment criteria.

40
 If: Fcount< Ftable, so Ho will accepted

(Siregar, 2013:167-169)

3. Independent t-Test

In this research, t-Test will calculated to find out the comparison of two

means between pre-test and post-test of experimental and control group. In

analyzing the data, the researcher used the following formula:

X 1−X 2
t=

√
2 2
S1 S2
+
n1 n2
(Sugiyono, 2014:273)
Notes: X 1 = Mean of first set of values
X 2 = Mean of second set of values
S1= Standard deviation of first set of values
S2= Standard deviation of second set of values
n1= Total number of values in first set
n2= Total number of values in second set

The formula for standard deviation will given by:

S=
√
Notes:
∑ ( X −X )2
n−1
X= Values gave
X = Mean
n = Total number of values
4. Gain Test

41
 Gain test will employed to determine the extent of increase the studeny

learning outcomes between before and after learning. In this research, gain test

used to see the effectiveness of teaching by using PWI2 model.

Procedure of Gain Test as follow:

1. Calculating normalized gain for each lesson by using formula:

value of post test −value of pretest

Ʃ Tf
g%=Ʃ x 100
Ʃ Ti

g%
g=
max %

Where:

g = Normalized gain

g% = Percentage of normalized gain

gi = Individual normalized gain

max% =100%

ƩTf = Sum score of pretest

ƩTi = Sum score of posttest

2. Established the mean score of normalized gain

g
g=
n

Where:

g: mean score of normalized gain

42
 g: normalized gain

n: number of students

3. Established the criteria of lesson effectiveness

Table 3.3 The Criteria of lesson effectiveness

Gain normalization Criteria

43