2019-FEB-BIT-B224739-WKD

COURSE WORK FOR DATA BASE PROGRAMMING

NAME:KISALA MICHEAL

COURSE WORK: DATABASE PROGRAMMING

INDEX NO. 2019-FEB-BIT-B224739-WKD

LECTURER:MR.BOSA IBRAHIM

QUESTIONS

QTN1 Database have proven to be the anchor of most

computing systems in the modern era. Discuss
database, also called electronic database, any collection of data, or information,
that is specially organized for rapid search and retrieval by a computer.

Importance of database in computing system

i. Databases are structured to facilitate the storage, database is stored as file
or set of files this may be broken down into records
 ii. retrieval, data in databases, data retrieval is the process of identifying
and extracting data from a database, based on a query provided by the
user or application. It enables the fetching of data from a database in
order to display it on a monitor and/or use within an application
iii. modification, in computing, a database is an organized collection of data
stored and accessed electronically from a computer system.

iv.deletion of data in conjunction with various data-processing operations

What are the disadvantages of database systems

i. Database users require a high-speed processor and huge memory size to

use the database on the DBMS.
ii. users require costly machines for maintaining databases.
iii. Organizations need a trained and highly paid technical database
administrator for using and maintaining the large database systems

In the conclusion according to my observation its true that database

have proven to be the anchor of most computing systems in the modern
era

QTN.2 Give a detailed report of the different types of databases that

are used in the computing world and strictly highlight the advantages
and disadvantages of using each type in any company or institution of
your choice
What are the types of databases?

1. Relational databases

Relational databases have been around since the 1970s. The name comes from the
way that data is stored in multiple, related tables. Within the tables, data is stored
in rows and columns. The relational database management system (RDBMS) is the
program that allows you to create, update, and administer a relational database.
Structured Query Language (SQL) is the most common language for reading,
creating, updating and deleting data. Relational databases are very reliable. They
are compliant with ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability), which is
a standard set of properties for reliable database transactions. Relational databases
work well with structured data. Organizations that have a lot of unstructured or
semi-structured data should not be considering a relational database.

Examples: Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle Database, MySQL, PostgreSQL and

IBM Db2

2. NoSQL databases

NoSQL is a broad category that includes any database that doesn’t use SQL as its
primary data access language. These types of databases are also sometimes
referred to as non-relational databases. Unlike in relational databases, data in a
NoSQL database doesn’t have to conform to a pre-defined schema, so these types
of databases are great for organizations seeking to store unstructured or semi-
structured data. One advantage of NoSQL databases is that developers can make
changes to the database on the fly, without affecting applications that are using the
database.

Examples: Apache Cassandra, MongoDB, Couch DB, and Couch Base

3. Cloud databases

A cloud database refers to any database that’s designed to run in the cloud. Like
other cloud-based applications, cloud databases offer flexibility and scalability,
along with high availability. Cloud databases are also often low-maintenance, since
many are offered via a SaaS model.
 

Examples: Microsoft Azure SQL Database, Amazon Relational Database Service,

Oracle Autonomous Database.

4. Columnar databases

Also referred to as column data stores, columnar databases store data in columns
rather than rows. These types of databases are often used in data warehouses
because they’re great at handling analytical queries. When you’re querying a
columnar database, it essentially ignores all of the data that doesn’t apply to the
query, because you can retrieve the information from only the columns you want.

Examples: Google Big Query, Cassandra, HBase, Maria DB, Azure SQL Data
Warehouse

5. Wide column databases

Wide column databases, also known as wide column stores, are schema-agnostic.
Data is stored in column families, rather than in rows and columns. Highly
scalable, wide column databases can handle petabytes of data, making them ideal
for supporting real-time big data applications.

Examples: BigTable, Apache Cassandra and Scylla

6. Object-oriented databases

 
An object-oriented database is based on object-oriented programming, so data and
all of its attributes, are tied together as an object. Object-oriented databases are
managed by object-oriented database management systems (OODBMS). These
databases work well with object-oriented programming languages, such as C++
and Java. Like relational databases, object-oriented databases conform to ACID
standards.

Examples: Wakanda, Object Store

7. Key-value databases

One of the simplest types of NoSQL databases, key-value databases save data as a
group of key-value pairs made up of two data items each. They’re also sometimes
referred to as a key-value store. Key-value databases are highly scalable and can
handle high volumes of traffic, making them ideal for processes such as session
management for web applications, user sessions for massive multi-player online
games, and online shopping carts.

Examples: Amazon Dynamo DB, Redis

8. Hierarchical databases

Hierarchical databases use a parent-child model to store data. If you were to draw a
picture of a hierarchical database, it would look like a family tree, with one object
on top branching down to multiple objects beneath it. The one-to-many format is
rigid, so child records can’t have more than one parent record. Originally
developed by IBM in the early 1960s, hierarchical databases are commonly used to
support high-performance and high availability applications.
 

Examples: IBM Information Management System (IMS), Windows Registry

9. Document databases

Document databases, also known as document stores, use JSON-like documents to

model data instead of rows and columns. Sometimes referred to as document-
oriented databases, document databases are designed to store and manage
document-oriented information, also referred to as semi-structured data. Document
databases are simple and scalable, making them useful for mobile apps that need
fast iterations.

Examples: MongoDB, Amazon Document DB, Apache Couch DB

10. Graph databases

Graph databases are a type of NoSQL database that are based on graph theory.
Graph-Oriented Database Management Systems (DBMS) software is designed to
identify and work with the connections between data points. Therefore, graph
databases are often used to analyze the relationships between heterogeneous data
points, such as in fraud prevention or for mining data about customers from social
media.

Examples: Datastax Enterprise Graph, Neo4J

11. Time series databases

 
A time series database is a database optimized for time-stamped, or time series,
data. Examples of this type of data include network data, sensor data, and
application performance monitoring data. All of those Internet of Things sensors
that are getting attached to everything put out a constant stream of time series data.

QTN 3 Discuss the different programming skills and techniques

that are used in database programming
1. Data modeling. Logical, Technical and physical. Usually
understanding of object modeling and Object-Relational mapping as
well.
2. SQL of course, DDL, DML and procedural, or API for NoSQL
databases.
3. Understanding the database optimizer and being able to model for
performance, easy mapping to a programming language or
readability.
4. Software architecture. Which layers can be implemented and what
are their responsibilities. How software modules reflected in the
database.
5. Configuration management. Understand how to release and deploy
to the production environment in sync with other software
components.
6. Knowledge of any tools and middleware that are used in the specific
environment.

QTN 4 Assess the impact of a professional database programmer on

the smooth running of database management systems using any
company of your choice as a case study
. Introduction:
Checking the business's current performance will not yield meaningful results
without combining full visualization with a bigger screen and rich enhancement.
With the incredible reports provided by our exceptional database management
system, we can find a way to make the business more profitable and maximize the
benefits [1-3]
.
2.Types of Database management: A. Related database management system One
of the most popular database management systems available in the market is called
a sub-database management system because it is simple and easy to use. These
systems are continuously standardized using the data set in the table. The computer
table can be seen as equal or different from the data in any table [4-7]. Although
the associated models are currently less efficient than the different systems, it is
not a big problem as most existing computers have more power and memory,
which can ignore the minimal impact without much benefit from the connection. In
the configuration, the data is stored in predefined game programs and is usually
validated using SQL query language or bulk query language. Oracle, IBM, and Ms.
are part of different systems that use associated database management [4-7].

B. Flat database management systems Likewise, we are talking about flat models,
and a flat log-based database management system is one of the more backward-
facing systems. The application is adapted to the industry programming system and
often relies on quick requests. Typical database comma or CSV type properties and
is part of a flat database management system.

C. Database management systems at different levels By working in a company that

relies on the parent-with tree model, a database management system at another
level can be very useful in preventing representations of accomplishments,
interests, and sundry things. These systems are reasonable for dropping data
systems and certain parts of the piece, e.g., rhythms, structures, and comparative
approaches. Do not be surprised to find real functionality; one of the basic types of
the system is XML report [5-8]. Engineering Reports Research Article Open
Access Full Text Article 12(2020)1-5
Raj Kumar (2020) Eleyon Publishers Page 2-5

D. Network database management systems as a powerful database management

system, the system is exceptional in many social models. The SQL network model
system uses data control, improving learning, and essential learning. Although it
was unimaginable from the start, network database management systems were not
used in today's business world, especially in the 1960s and 1970s. The search for a
specific topic depends on whether the whole database should be guided in a more
challenging way by a computer. It drives the transformation of the social database
system to manage network databases and has become extraordinary popularity
among brands and large companies [7-10]
.
E. Target database management systems It has completely different structures. The
model is based on the ability to visualize the data and associated areas as a single
wave. These data can be retrieved through the program's optimal use or materials
classified in the dialects associated with the above programming. The system takes
over the data and realizes that it is a unit with the model. Applications can encrypt
the data and do some work. Choosing the right database management system is a
significant obstacle for brands to achieve progressive goals in the short and long
term [8]. By systematically integrating databases and understanding different data
sources, brands can benefit from outside assistance in choosing the appropriate
database management strategy for their brands

.
3. Database system in medicine: The linked database is the most used in the health
sector. Specific databases with silent resistance can be used to determine the
primary symptoms of these drugs and the patient's current condition, such as blood
flow, pulse, and blood sugar. Likewise, large units' databases can be used to
communicate with different information systems through the health department.
For example, the database associated with the cardiac unit can be linked directly to
the recruitment media. Once saved, the latest tolerance lock information received
will be sent to the cardio database. It needs to be changed so that cardiologists can
enter free information into the database and highlight the best patient care. Instead
of populating existing databases in the Description System, we can filter paper
records, send information, and send health-related inquiries. For example, these
components may help control how different drugs (such as diabetes) help people
with diabetes with types associated with healthy openings (e.g., allowable weight
gain, the elevation of HPA1C, and fasting glucose). Corresponding databases can
isolate patients at risk from official and anticipated conditions, for example, those
with anorexia nervosa. During the division, patients with a specific disease can be
examined to maintain a strategic distance from pollution's side effects

.4. The database used in the workplace Various companies rely on rigorous
recruitment, updating, and tracking of information. Recent Circumstances Use the
information to confirm accounting comments and to report estimates and receipts.
The workers obtain information through the tool's database. One of the most
obvious ways to monitor transfers between different parts of the database is to use
a database associated with the management system [9]. The useful long-distance
database allows the board to enter new information, update existing records, and
delete old information. For example, when a provider sells 1,000 units, that person
enters the transfer information into the system's database management system. The
data includes seller name, customer information, contracts, and agreements. The
social database management system enters another record in the client’s table,
updates the trader's record, and takes over 1,000 units of the stock register.
Raj Kumar (2020) Eleyon Publishers Page 3-5

5.Impact of the database on the workplace A wide variety of database types are
available today. It affects the way companies work together. Costs will be
determined if the company or organization does not have a database. Without a
system, companies that use a database system are confusing and difficult to
separate. Databases are created to help keep the business clean and configurable.
MySQL is one of the most used databases [10]. It is a database used by many
individuals because it is free. By providing its database, we can reap other benefits.
Each company has shifted the critical focus that has been proven by its own needs.
There are countless drivers we can find in its database. It allows us to change
specific areas of the data handler. The system allows us to process much data
efficiently and has an easy to use interface. It is commonly used by various buyers
and is rated with consistent quality. Most companies today use business databases.
The database is used to explore the frequency of benefits of W-4 and I-9, finance,
finance, decisions, and structures. It is essential to ensure that screen characters are
obtained on an appropriate basis. No one needs to do anything. It is why its
database aims to help all business owners. The operator data system helps the
personal computer when there is a personal bonus on the screen. Likewise, its link
database system helps to follow government and state rules. Databases can have a
positive or negative impact on a business. The impact of a robust database will
focus on advanced business process management, extensive operational
knowledge, extended risk management, comprehensive financial business checks,
and efforts to tackle the operations. The main reason why companies create
databases is to reduce the idle time in the middle to make the job better by
handling their time wonderfully profitably

.6.The business benefits of information Inquiries are questions we ask in a database

that helps us find information on the Internet. It allows us to sort things from a
database with different tables. There are many contact points in the database where
companies use day-to-day inquiries in their product. It contains various data that
we can find to improve learning and understanding using better dialects. Using the
right business database can bring many fantastic results in the work environment.
Requests help us make fewer mistakes in the daily routine and reduce the risk of
complex fatal errors if the information is correct [6]. If the questions create
information that is not yet correct, we can now address it. Reducing the time spent
using explicit queries in the database saves time. Database queries help companies
reduce data gaps, improve data access, increase end-user profitability, improve
data security, improve data sharing, and format data. We are managing
compatibility databases and data mixing systems. Requests are two different ways
to determine working hours and money
.
7.Forms and Reports The real way to work with annoying things is
communication. Reports can use images, charts, and other visual guides. These
statements help change personal hobbies, competition, boundaries, and more. They
are used to record the organization's activities. There are two types of activity
reports formal reports, probability reports, progress reports, and meeting reports.
Media reports are used to show areas of progress or growth in the association. It is
an essential tool in finding out why the business is down in the stock market. It is a
Bush ad, which includes data transfer, money-related options, and robust
procedures to separate the case. An investigation report is a report used to test
whether the work experience is reasonable regardless of the number of cases. The
report collects data and enters specific workflows. A progress report is a report
submitted to a client or business owner. Its report explains how it works. It helps
the business to measure the time it takes to complete the work at hand. The Global
Report is a multi-operational report that is released every day or seven days after
the weekend [11-14]. Likewise, bright ideas should include some essential facts
that the business needs to maintain credibility in its operations. Forms are created
to store reports. The structure is designed by defining all the information, such as
name, address, phone number, date, and other information. Without the forms, we
will not be able to report.
Raj Kumar (2020) Eleyon Publishers Page 4-5

8.Safety and moderate issues Businesses face many security issues and concerns.
One of those problems is the serious benefit. Artisans intend to communicate after
the extent of their work. These features allow us to make changes to the accounts
or trading accounts. In its case, it can be a problem if the individual is a foreigner.
Registration information may or may not be intentionally changed. The artisan can
obtain personal information for the general public, such as by budget number, date
of birth, card information, and legislative oversight of bank photos. There are still
criminals everywhere today. Another security issue would be the human factor.
People generally create robots. In the windy community, we are in the woods. 30%
of all data disappointments are the result of human negligence. It is due to the
opposition to power. Today we live separately in a quiet neighborhood. Our
managers have to do it now, not tomorrow [8]. It will gradually confuse people and
make them more efficient. We are quickly looking for ways to start building bots.
The first approach to solving these problems is to prepare the self before ignoring
anyone for liability. Another way is to put a security device on the computer that
alerts a person without checking everyone's behavior. There are many different
strategies for doing it, and here are two different ways to prepare [14-20].

Conclusion In general, the databases were meant to make our operations a little
easier. Databases help us retain the information we need throughout the day.
Another source of inspiration leads to the creation of database structures, intending
to ensure integration into measures of big data in a particular region. Surveys
quickly differentiate these data by creating stable joints. It broadens the
implementation in terms of work. The forms are meant to store reports, so we have
the information to pass on to others. There was no threat to laugh at him. Without
adequate control of these problems, if not adequately acquired, connections can
become complicated cases

QTN 5 Discuss the different database structural models used in database

management systems and explain their possible strength and weaknesses
involved.
There are many kinds of data models. Some of the most common ones include:

 Hierarchical database model

 Relational model
 Network model
 Object-oriented database model
 Entity-relationship model
 Document model
 Entity-attribute-value model
 Star schema
 The object-relational model, which combines the two that make up its name

You may choose to describe a database with any one of these depending on several
factors. The biggest factor is whether the database management system you are
using supports a particular model. Most database management systems are built
with a particular data model in mind and require their users to adopt that model,
although some do support multiple models.

In addition, different models apply to different stages of the database design

process. High-level conceptual data models are best for mapping out relationships
between data in ways that people perceive that data. Record-based logical models,
on the other hand, more closely reflect ways that the data is stored on the server.
Selecting a data model is also a matter of aligning your priorities for the database
with the strengths of a particular model, whether those priorities include speed,
cost reduction, usability, or something else.

Let’s take a closer look at some of the most common database models.

Relational model

The most common model, the relational model sorts data into tables, also known as
relations, each of which consists of columns and rows. Each column lists an
attribute of the entity in question, such as price, zip code, or birth date. Together,
the attributes in a relation are called a domain. A particular attribute or
combination of attributes is chosen as a primary key that can be referred to in other
tables, when it’s called a foreign key.

Each row, also called a tuple, includes data about a specific instance of the entity in
question, such as a particular employee.

The model also accounts for the types of relationships between those tables,
including one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many relationships. Here’s an
example:

Within the database, tables can be normalized, or brought to comply with

normalization rules that make the database flexible, adaptable, and scalable. When
normalized, each piece of data is atomic, or broken into the smallest useful pieces.

Relational databases are typically written in Structured Query Language (SQL).

The model was introduced by E.F. Codd in 1970.

Hierarchical model

The hierarchical model organizes data into a tree-like structure, where each record
has a single parent or root. Sibling records are sorted in a particular order. That
order is used as the physical order for storing the database. This model is good for
describing many real-world relationships.
This model was primarily used by IBM’s Information Management Systems in the
60s and 70s, but they are rarely seen today due to certain operational inefficiencies.

Network model

The network model builds on the hierarchical model by allowing many-to-many

relationships between linked records, implying multiple parent records. Based on
mathematical set theory, the model is constructed with sets of related records. Each
set consists of one owner or parent record and one or more member or child
records. A record can be a member or child in multiple sets, allowing this model to
convey complex relationships.

It was most popular in the 70s after it was formally defined by the Conference on
Data Systems Languages (CODASYL).

Object-oriented database model

This model defines a database as a collection of objects, or reusable software

elements, with associated features and methods. There are several kinds of object-
oriented databases:

A multimedia database incorporates media, such as images, that could not be

stored in a relational database.

A hypertext database allows any object to link to any other object. It’s useful for
organizing lots of disparate data, but it’s not ideal for numerical analysis.

The object-oriented database model is the best known post-relational database

model, since it incorporates tables, but isn’t limited to tables. Such models are also
known as hybrid database models.

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Object-relational model
This hybrid database model combines the simplicity of the relational model with
some of the advanced functionality of the object-oriented database model. In
essence, it allows designers to incorporate objects into the familiar table structure.

Languages and call interfaces include SQL3, vendor languages, ODBC, JDBC, and
proprietary call interfaces that are extensions of the languages and interfaces used
by the relational model.

Entity-relationship model

This model captures the relationships between real-world entities much like the
network model, but it isn’t as directly tied to the physical structure of the database.
Instead, it’s often used for designing a database conceptually.

Here, the people, places, and things about which data points are stored are referred
to as entities, each of which has certain attributes that together make up their
domain. The cardinality, or relationships between entities, are mapped as well.

A common form of the ER diagram is the star schema, in which a central fact table
connects to multiple dimensional tables.

Other database models

A variety of other database models have been or are still used today.

Inverted file model

A database built with the inverted file structure is designed to facilitate fast full
text searches. In this model, data content is indexed as a series of keys in a lookup
table, with the values pointing to the location of the associated files. This structure
can provide nearly instantaneous reporting in big data and analytics, for instance.

This model has been used by the ADABAS database management system of
Software AG since 1970, and it is still supported today.

Flat model

The flat model is the earliest, simplest data model. It simply lists all the data in a
single table, consisting of columns and rows. In order to access or manipulate the
data, the computer has to read the entire flat file into memory, which makes this
model inefficient for all but the smallest data sets.

Multidimensional model

This is a variation of the relational model designed to facilitate improved analytical

processing. While the relational model is optimized for online transaction
processing (OLTP), this model is designed for online analytical processing
(OLAP).

Each cell in a dimensional database contains data about the dimensions tracked by
the database. Visually, it’s like a collection of cubes, rather than two-dimensional
tables.

Semi structured model

In this model, the structural data usually contained in the database schema is
embedded with the data itself. Here the distinction between data and schema is
vague at best. This model is useful for describing systems, such as certain Web-
based data sources, which we treat as databases but cannot constrain with a
schema. It’s also useful for describing interactions between databases that don’t
adhere to the same schema.

Context model

This model can incorporate elements from other database models as needed. It
cobbles together elements from object-oriented, semi structured, and network
models.

Associative model

This model divides all the data points based on whether they describe an entity or
an association. In this model, an entity is anything that exists independently,
whereas an association is something that only exists in relation to something else.

The associative model structures the data into two sets:

 A set of items, each with a unique identifier, a name, and a type

 A set of links, each with a unique identifier and the unique identifiers of a
source, verb, and target. The stored fact has to do with the source, and each
of the three identifiers may refer either to a link or an item.
Other, less common database models include:

 Semantic model, which includes information about how the stored data
relates to the real world
 XML database, which allows data to be specified and even stored in XML
format
 Named graph
 Triple store

NoSQL database models

In addition to the object database model, other non-SQL models have emerged in
contrast to the relational model:

The graph database model, which is even more flexible than a network model,
allowing any node to connect with any other.

The multivalued model, which breaks from the relational model by allowing
attributes to contain a list of data rather than a single data point.

The document model, which is designed for storing and managing documents or
semi-structured data, rather than atomic data.

STRENGTH AND WEAKNESSES O INVOLVED

 Current hypertext systems have been widely and effectively used on

relatively small data volumes.
 The potential of database technology is
explored for aiding the implementation of hypertext systems holding
very large amounts of complex data.
 Databases meet many requirements
of the hypermedia: persistent data management, large volumes, data
modelling, multi-level architecture with abstractions and views,
meta-data integrated with operational data, short-term transaction
processing and high-level end-user languages for searching and
updating data.
 To illustrate the potential for the use of data bases, a
system implementing the storage, retrieval and recall of trails
through hypertext comprising textual complex objects is described.
Weaknesses in current database systems for handling the complex