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Integrative Methods in Teaching Social Science in Basic Education

DIFFERENT APPROACHES, TECHNIQUES, STRATEGIES, AND METHODS

“A thousand teachers, a thousand methods.”

Chinese Proverbs

 Teaching Approach.
- It is a set of principles, beliefs, or ideas about the nature of learning
which is translated into the classroom.

 Teaching Strategy.
- It is a long term plan of action designed to achieve a particular goal.

 Teaching Method.
- It is a systematic way of doing something. It implies an orderly logical
arrangement of steps. It is more procedural.

 Teaching Technique.
- It is a well-defined procedure used to accomplish a specific activity or task.

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Approaches:
The teacher is perceived to be the only
Teacher-Centered reliable source of information in the
contrast to learner-centered approach.
Subject matter gains primacy over that of
Subject-Matter Centered the learner.
Premised on the belief that the learner
Learner-Centered is also an important resource because
he/she too knows something and is
therefore capable of sharing something.
Teacher Dominated Only teacher’s choice is heard. He is
the sole dispenser of information.
An interactive classroom will have more
student talk and less teacher talk.
Interactive Students are given the opportunity to
interact with teacher and with other
students.
Baking Approach The teacher deposit knowledge into the

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 ‘empty’ minds of students for students
to commit to memory.
The students are expected to construct
Constructivist knowledge and meaning out for what they
are taught by connecting them to prior
experience.
It limits the teacher to discussing his
Disciplinal lessons within the boundary of his
subject.
It makes the teacher connects what he
teaches to other lessons of the same
Integrated subject (interdisciplinary) or connects
his lessons with other subjects thus
making his approach interdisciplinary and
multidisciplinary.
Individualistic It wants the individual students to work
by themselves.
Collaborative It will welcome group work, teamwork,
partnerships, and group discussion.
Indirect, Guided The teacher guides the learner to
discover things for himself. The teacher
facilitates the learning process by
allowing the learner to be engaged in the
learning process with his guidance.
Direct The Teacher directly tells or shows or
demonstrates what is to be taught.
Research-based As the name implies, teaching and
learning are anchored on research
findings.
The learning process itself takes into
account not only the academic needs of
Whole-Child the learners, but also their emotional,
creative, psychological, spiritual, and
developmental needs.

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 The teaching learning process is focused
Problem-Based on problems. Time is spent on analyzing
and solving problems.
Metacognitive Brings the learners to the process of
thinking about thinking. The learner
reflects on what he learned and on their
way of learning.

METHODS
Direct Instruction/ Aimed at helping students acquire procedural knowledge
Lecture Method exercised in the performance of some task.
Procedural knowledge refers to skills needed in the
performance of a task.
To employ the methodology in teaching skill/s, follow
these steps:
1. Provide the rationale,
2. Demonstrate the skill,
3. Provide guided practice until mastery,
4. Check for understanding and provide feedback,
5. Provide extended practice and transfer, and
6. Assess learning the end. (Summative Assessment)
Demonstration The teacher or an assigned student or group shows how a
process is done while the students become observers.
Inquiry Provide opportunities to explore, inquire, and discover
new learning. The core of inquiry is a spontaneous and a
self-directed exploration.
Problem Solving Employs the scientific method in searching for
information
Reference: https://www.slideshare.net/justindoliente/principles-of-
teaching-33070911

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 METHODS/STRATEGIES/TECHNIQUES/TIPS FOR THE 21ST CENTURY TEACHER

“To improve is to change, so to be perfect is to have changed often.”

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 -Winston Churchill

1. Maintain good communication skills.

A successful  teacher is one that is able to build a rapport with
his /her students, one that can easily connect with his learners and feel
their needs as individuals. Open and clear communication is the key to develop
a healthy friendly learning atmosphere inside your class.

2. Getting students engagement

There is nothing as challenging as getting students engaged. Today's
students are multitasked and can hardly maintain a long concentration. They
can easily get bored and therefore disconnected. There are many ways you can
fight off this problem : Use interesting educational games and activities, use
technology and multimedia resources and finally make your teaching student-
centred and try your maximum to relate what you teach to students immediate
environment.

3. Use Humour 

Relevant doses of humour to spice up your teaching are highly

recommended. Forget about the authoritative and coercive style of teaching ,
for experience proved that it only disheartens learners and
kills their motivation.  Use humour at appropriate times; this can lead to
students engagement and build up their confidence.

4. Act don't react.

Students are very smart and it is part of their juvenile nature to try
to get you.  Sometimes ignoring a disruptive behaviour is way better than
reacting to it and in case it becomes repetitive or serious then make sure to
talk it out with the student involved alone and not in front of the whole
class.

5. Be clear and precise in your instructions.

Remember you are teaching digitally focused students with short
attention span. Several of the problems some teachers face are due
to ambiguous and unclear instructions. Cut off on the clutter and be to the
point. Show them the red lines and explain to them classroom ethics and what
you can tolerate.

6. Give room to individualized learning.

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 Not all students are equal in their comprehensive power. Students learn
in different ways, some students  are slow learners and others are quick,
some kinaesthetic ( learn by experience or doing ) others are auditory or
visual. Keep these considerations in your mind and do your best to tend to
every kind of learner you might have in your class.

7. Positive feedback.
" good job, excellent,..ect" are simple words that might not mean
anything to you but they mean the whole world to students. Think back to the
days when you were a student and how a positive feedback from your teacher
would make both your and your parents whole day. Publicly praise
positive behaviour and show your students that you are celebrating their
achievements as well.

8. Involve students in decision making

Students tend to do great when they feel they are trusted and that they
are real parts in the learning / teaching operation. Use voting and polling to
investigate about a certain topic or classroom assignment. Try from time to
time to give them the wheel and let them lead.

9. Use peer learning

Peer learning is a form of 'cooperative learning that enhances the value
of student-student interaction and results in various advantageous learning
outcomes'.  Here are some of the strategies to help you facilitate successful
peer learning:

 "Buzz groups : This is a large group of students subdivided into

smaller groups of 4-5 students to consider issues surrounding a problem.
 Affinity groups : Groups of 4-5 students are each assigned particular
tasks to work on outside of formal contact time
 Solution and critic groups ; One sub-group is assigned a discussion
topic for a tutorial and the other groups constitute critics who
observe, offer comments and evaluate the sub-group presentation
 Teach-Write-Discuss : At the end of a unit of instruction, students
have to answer short question and justify their answers. After working
on them individually they can then compare their answers with each
others."

10. Love your subject/ job

The best way to get students interested in your subject is to

love it so much that your passion for the field shows in your attitude.

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 Students positively respond to authenticity. And as Abraham Lincoln once
said " Love the job you do and you will never have to work a day ".

*****
These teaching styles highlight the five main strategies teachers use in the
classroom, as well as the benefits and potential pitfalls of each.

 The Authority, or lecture style.

The authority model is teacher-centered and frequently entails lengthy
lecture sessions or one-way presentations. Students are expected to take notes
or absorb information.
 Pros: This style is acceptable for certain higher-education
disciplines and auditorium settings with large groups of students.
The pure lecture style is most suitable for subjects like history,
which necessitate memorization of key facts, dates, names, etc.

 Cons: It’s a questionable model for teaching children because there

is little or no interaction with the teacher. Plus it can get a
little snooze-y. That’s why it’s a better approach for older, more
mature students.

 The Demonstrator, or coach style

The demonstrator retains the formal authority role by showing students
what they need to know. The demonstrator is a lot like the lecturer, but their
lessons include multimedia presentations, activities, and demonstrations.
(Think: Math. Science. Music.)

 Pros: This style gives teachers opportunities to incorporate a

variety of formats including lectures and multimedia presentations.

 Cons: Although it’s well-suited for teaching mathematics, music,

physical education, arts and crafts, it is difficult to accommodate
students’ individual needs in larger classrooms.

 The Facilitator, or activity style

Facilitators promote self-learning and help students develop critical
thinking skills and retain knowledge that leads to self-actualization.

 Pros: This style trains students to ask questions and helps develop
skills to find answers and solutions through exploration; it is
ideal for teaching science and similar subjects.

 Cons: Challenges teacher to interact with students and prompt them

toward discovery rather than lecturing facts and testing knowledge
through memorization. So it’s a bit harder to measure success in
tangible terms.

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  The Delegator, or group style
The delegator style is best suited for curriculum that requires lab
activities, such as chemistry and biology, or subjects that warrant peer
feedback, like debate and creative writing.

 Pros: Guided discovery and inquiry-based learning places the teacher

in an observer role that inspires students by working in tandem
toward common goals.

 Cons: Considered a modern style of teaching, it is sometimes

criticized as eroding teacher authority. As a delegator, the teacher
acts more as a consultant rather than the traditional authority
figure.

 The Hybrid, or blended style

Hybrid, or blended style, follows an integrated approach to teaching
that blends the teacher’s personality and interests with students’ needs and
curriculum-appropriate methods.

Blended learning focuses on the combination between offline and online

learning, whereas hybrid learning is about finding the right mix for you out
of all the possibilities in learning, no matter if they are offline or online.

 Pros: Inclusive! And enables teachers to tailor their styles to

student needs and appropriate subject matter.

 Cons: Hybrid style runs the risk of trying to be too many things to
all students, prompting teachers to spread themselves too thin and
dilute learning.
References:

 file:///C:/Users/ASUS/Desktop/June%204%20(Seminar)/001%20White%20Paper.pdf
 Principles of teaching 1 by Brenda B. Corpuz, Ph.D. and Gloria G. Salandanan,
Ph.D.
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nA1Aqp0sPQo
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QrEEVZa3f98
 https://www.slideshare.net/justindoliente/principles-of-teaching-33070911
 https://www.educatorstechnology.com/2012/06/10-teaching-practices-every-
21st.html
 http://blog.edmentum.com/21-tips-tricks-and-ideas-every-21st-century-teacher-
should-try

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 https://education.cu-portland.edu/blog/classroom-resources/5-types-of-
classroom-teaching-styles/

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