ELE3300: ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING FOR MECHANICAL

CHAPTER TWO: DIGITAL SYSTEMS

 LOGIC GATES
• A Logic gate is an electronic circuit that perform logical operation.
Logic gates are circuit made of Transistor, Diode and Resistor. A logic
gate can have more than one input but only one output.

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 LOGIC GATES
• The two possible output of a logic gate are 1 (one) and zero(0).

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 LOGIC GATES
• 1 NOT Gate • Logic Symbol of NOT Gate
• NOT gate is a logic gate that
changes a 0 input to 1 and a 1
input to 0. NOT gate also called
an Inverter performs the
operation called Inversion or
Complement or Negation.

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 LOGIC GATES
• Transistor NOT Gate. The NOT Gate can be formed using Transistor
circuit.

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 LOGIC GATES
• 2 OR Gate • Logic Symbol of OR Gate
• OR gate is a logic gate which
performs logical addition. The
output is HIGH (1) if any one of
its inputs is HIGH (1). The
output will be low only if both
the inputs are low.

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 LOGIC GATES
• Equivalent Transistor OR gate

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 LOGIC GATES
• 3. AND Gate • Logic Symbol of AND Gate
AND gate is a logic gate which
performs logical multiplication.
The output is HIGH (1) only if
both inputs are HIGH (1).
Otherwise, output is LOW (0).

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LOGIC GATES
• Transistor AND Gate

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 LOGIC GATES
4. NOR Gate
• The NOR function is just the
revers of OR function
• It can be formed by connecting
an inverter (NOT) to an OR gate

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 LOGIC GATES

• Transistor NOR Gate The NOR Gate is a

Universal Gate it can
be used to make other
Gates like NOT Gate,
OR Gate and AND
Gate

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 LOGIC GATES

5. NAND Gate

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 LOGIC GATES
6. XOR Gate (Exclusive OR)

The exclusive OR gate is a

modified OR gate. The XOR
gate produces a high output
when both its inputs are
different. If the inputs are the
same, the output is a low

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 LOGIC GATES
7. XNOR Gate (Exclusive NOR)

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LOGIC GATES
8. Bubble Gate

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 BOOLEAN ALGEBRA

• The Boolean Algebra is an

Algebra of logic used in the
operation of computer
devices.

• The Boolean Algebra is

quite different from the
numerical algebra we know.
It is a logic Algebra.

• The variables of Boolean

Algebra can only be 1 or 0.

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 BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
• Laws of Boolean Algebra

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BOOLEAN ALGEBRA

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BOOLEAN ALGEBRA

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 BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
• De Morgan’s Theorem
• The De Morgan’s Theorem are 2 rules in Boolean algebra that helps
greatly in simplifying the algebra.

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 BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
• Example 2.1

• Solution

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 BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
• Example 2.2

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 BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
• Example 2.3

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 BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
Example 2.4

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BOOLEAN ALGEBRA

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 BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
• Example 2.5

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 BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
• Example 2.6

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 BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
• Example 2.7

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BOOLEAN ALGEBRA

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 BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
• Table of the Variables:

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 BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
• Example 2.8

• Solution:
• This problem need to be converted to Standard SOP (sum of products).
Therefore

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BOOLEAN ALGEBRA

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 BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
Example 2.9

Solution:

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 BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
• Example 2.10:

• Solution: This problem also need to be converted to Standard SOP.

• Therefore:

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BOOLEAN ALGEBRA

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 BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
• Example 2.11

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Don’t Care Condition in Karnough Map

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Don’t Care Condition in Karnough Map
• Example 2.12

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Don’t Care Condition in Karnough Map

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Don’t Care Condition in Karnough Map
• Solution:

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 FLIP-FLOP

• A Flip-Flop is sequential circuit made up of logic gates that allow

information to be stored in it.

• The Flip-flop is characterized by having two outputs Q and .

• On the other hands the input to the flip-flop can be one or more but for
having two possible output it is some times referred to as Bistable
multivibrator or sometimes latch.

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 FLIP-FLOP
• The Latch
• A latch (the most basic type of flip-flop) has the ability to retain its
output results until another signal resets it. It can be formed using
NAND Gate or NOR Gate.

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 FLIP-FLOP

• The Truth Table and Symbol of Latch

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 FLIP-FLOP
• For a Latch to be converted to the real flip-flop, a clock terminal is
introduced to the Latch.
• The circuit will change the output only when the clock is applied.

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 FLIP-FLOP
• Main Types of Flip-Flop
• The Flip-Flops have four most common types

(1). SR flip-flop: which is similar to an SR latch. ...

(2). D flip-flop: Having just one input and a CLOCK input.

(3). JK flip-flop: A common variation of the SR flip-flop. ...

(4). T flip-flop: This is simply a JK flip-flop whose output alternates

between HIGH and LOW with each clock pulse.
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 FLIP-FLOP
(1). SR-Flip-Flop: As previously stated it response only with the clock
pulse.

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FLIP-FLOP

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 FLIP-FLOP
(2) JK Flip-Flop

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FLIP-FLOP

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 FLIP-FLOP
(3) D Flip-flop

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 FLIP-FLOP
• The D Flip-flop can be implemented Using JK FF.

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 FLIP-FLOP
• A D Flip-flop is very much useful in parallel Data Transfer/Storage

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 FLIP-FLOP
• (4) T Flip-flop
• The T flip-flop also known as “Toggle” flip-flop changes its output on
each clock pulse, giving an output which is half the frequency of the
signal to the T input.
• It finds applications in binary counters, frequency dividers, and
general binary addition devices
• It can be formed using D Flip-flop.

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 FLIP-FLOP
• Truth Table of T Flip-flop

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FLIP-FLOP

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 THE MICROPROCESSOR
• A microprocessor is a computer in an IC form which incorporates
core functions of a computer’s central processing unit (CPU).

• It is a programmable multipurpose silicon chip, clock pulse driven,

register based, that accepts binary data inputs and provides outputs
after processing it as according to the instructions stored in the
memory.

• The processor is the brain of a computer which basically consists of

Arithmetical and Logical Unit (ALU), Control Unit and Register
Array

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THE MICROPROCESSOR

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 THE MICROPROCESSOR
• ALU: The Arithmetic and Logical Unit is used perform arithmetic and
logic operations in the micro controller.

• CU: The Control Unit decodes the instructions, and controls all the
other internal components of the microprocessor to make it work.

• REGISTER ARRAY: Register array consists of registers identified

by letters like B, C, D, E, H, L and accumulator.

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 THE MICROPROCESSOR
Features of a Microprocessor
Here is a list of some of the most prominent features of any
microprocessor −
• Cost-effective − The microprocessor chips are available at low prices
and results its low cost.
• Size − The microprocessor is of small size chip, hence is portable.
• Low Power Consumption − Microprocessors are manufactured by
using metal oxide semiconductor technology, which has low power
consumption.
• Versatility − The microprocessors are versatile as we can use the same
chip in a number of applications by configuring the software program.
• Reliability − The failure rate of an IC in microprocessors is very low,
hence it is reliable. 59
THE MICROPROCESSOR

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•EXERCISE II
EXERCISE II
EXERCISE II
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