Created by T.

Madas

POLAR COORDINATES
54 EXAM QUESTIONS

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 Created by T. Madas

8 BASIC QUESTIONS

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 1 (**)

r = aθ

O initial line

The figure above shows a spiral curve with polar equation

r = aθ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π ,

where a is a positive constant.

Find the area of the finite region bounded by the spiral and the initial line.

FP2-J , area = 4 a 2π 3
3

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 2 (**)
The polar curve C has equation

r = 2 ( cos θ − sin θ ) , 0 ≤ θ < 2π .

Find a Cartesian equation for C and show it represents a circle, indicating its radius
and the Cartesian coordinates of its centre.

FP2-J , ( x − 1)2 + ( y + 1)2 = 2 , r = 2 , (1, −1)

Question 3 (**)
The polar curve C has equation

r = 2 + cos θ , 0 ≤ θ < 2π .

a) Sketch the graph of C .

9
b) Show that the area enclosed by the curve is π.
2

proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 4 (**+)
The curve C has polar equation

π
r 2 = a 2 sin 3θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ .
3

a) Sketch the graph of C .

b) Find the exact value of area enclosed by the C .

area = 1 a 2
3

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 5 (**+)
The curve C has polar equation

r = 6cos3θ , −π < θ ≤ π .

a) Sketch the graph of C .

π π
b) Find the exact value of area enclosed by the C , for − <θ ≤ .
6 6

SYNF-A , area = 3π

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 6 (**+)

θ =π
2

initial line
O

The figure above shows a circle with polar equation

r = 4 ( cos θ + sin θ ) 0 ≤ θ < 2π .

a) Find the exact area of the shaded region bounded by the circle, the initial line
and the half line θ = π .
2

b) Determine the Cartesian coordinates of the centre of the circle and the length
of its radius.

SYNF-B , area = 4π + 8 , ( 2, 2 ) , radius = 8

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 7 (***)
Write the polar equation

r = cos θ + sin θ , 0 ≤ θ < 2π

in Cartesian form, and hence show that it represents a circle, further determining the
coordinates of its centre and the size of its radius.

2 2
FP2-W , ( x − 12 ) + ( y − 12 ) =1
2

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 8 (***)
A Cardioid has polar equation

π
r = 1 + 2cos θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ .
2

The point P lies on the Cardioid so that the tangent to the Cardioid at P is parallel to
the initial line.

Determine the exact length of OP , where O is the pole.

(
FP2-K , 1 3 + 33
4 )

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 Created by T. Madas

26 STANDARD
QUESTIONS

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 1 (***+)
A curve has polar equation

2π
r= , 0 ≤ θ < 2π .
θ +π

a) Sketch the curve.

b) Find the exact value of area enclosed by the curve, the initial line and the half
line with equation θ = π .

area = π

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 2 (***+)

O initial line

The figure above shows the polar curve C with equation

π π
r = 2sin 2θ cos θ , − ≤θ ≤ .
2 2

16
Show that the area enclosed by one of the two identical loops of the curve is .
15

SYNF-C , proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 3 (***+)

initial line
O

The figure above shows the polar curve with equation

π
r = sin 2θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ .
2

a) Find the exact value of the area enclosed by the curve.

The point P lies on the curve so that the tangent at P is parallel to the initial line.

b) Find the Cartesian coordinates of P .

FP2-Q , area = π , ( 92 6, 4 3 )
8 9

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 4 (***+)

r = a + 2sin θ

O initial line

The diagram above shows the curve with polar equation

r = a + 2sin θ , 0 ≤ θ < 2π ,

where a is a positive constant.

Determine the value of a given that the area bounded by the curve is 38π .

a=6

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 5 (***+)

r = 4 2 cos 2θ

θ =π
8
O
initial line

The figure above shows the curve with polar equation

r = 4 2 cos 2θ , 0 ≤ θ < 2π .

Find in exact form the area of the finite region bounded by the curve and the line with
π
polar equation θ = , which is shown shaded in the above figure.
8

area = π − 2

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 6 (***+)
A curve C1 has polar equation

r = 2sin θ , 0 ≤ θ < 2π .

a) Find a Cartesian equation for C1 , and describe it geometrically.

A different curve C2 has Cartesian equation

x4
y2 = , x ≠ ±1 .
1 − x2

b) Find a polar equation for C2 , in the form r = f (θ ) .

2
x 2 + ( y − 1) = 1 , r = tan θ

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 7 (***+)

x
O

The figure above shows the curve C with Cartesian equation

2
( x2 + y2 ) = 2 x2 y .

a) Show that a polar equation for C can be written as

r = sin 2θ cos θ .

b) Determine in exact surd form the maximum value of r .

rmax = 4 3
9

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 8 (***+)

π
θ=
2
r = 3 cos θ + sin θ

initial line
O

The diagram above shows the curve with polar equation

π 2π
r = 3 cos θ + sin θ , − ≤θ < .
3 3

By using a method involving integration in polar coordinates, show that the area of the
shaded region is

1
12
(4π − 3 3 . )
FP2-O , proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 9 (****)

θ =π
2

r = 1 + sin 2θ

r = 1.5
O initial line

The diagram above shows the curves with polar equations

r = 1 + sin 2θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ 1 π ,
2
r = 1.5 , 0 ≤ θ ≤ 1 π .
2

a) Find the polar coordinates of the points of intersection between the two curves.

The finite region R , is bounded by the two curves and is shown shaded in the figure.

b) Show that the area of R is

(
1 9 3 − 2π .
16 )

FP2-M , ( 23 , 12π ) , ( 23 , 512π )

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 10 (****)

π
θ=
Q 2 P L
tangent

r = 4 (1 − sin θ )

θ =π initial line
O

The figure above shows the graph of the curve with polar equation

r = 4 (1 − sin θ ) , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π .

The straight line L is a tangent to the curve parallel to the initial line, touching the
curve at the points P and Q .

a) Find the polar coordinates of P and the polar coordinates of Q .

b) Show that the area of the shaded region is exactly

15 3 − 8π .

( ) (
FP2-N , P 2, 1 π , Q 2, 5 π
6 6 )

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 11 (****)
π
θ=
2
P R

r = 1 + cos θ

initial line
O Q

The diagram above shows the curve with polar equation

r = 1 + cos θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π .

The curve meets the initial line at the origin O and at the point Q . The point P lies on
the curve so that the tangent to the curve at P is parallel to the initial line.

a) Determine the polar coordinates of P .

The tangent to the curve at Q is perpendicular to the initial line and meets the tangent
to the curve at P , at the point R .

b) Show that the area of the finite region bounded by the line segments PR , QR
and the arc PQ is

(
1 21 3 − 8π .
32 )
3 π 
P , 
2 3

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 12 (****)

π
θ=
2

C1 : r = eθ

A
•
C2 : r = 4e−θ
initial line
O

The diagram below shows the curves with polar equations

π
C1 : r = eθ , 0 ≤ θ ≤
2
π
C2 : r = 4e−θ , 0 ≤θ ≤ .
2

The curves intersect at the point A .

a) Find the exact polar coordinates of A .

b) Show that area of the shaded region is 9 .

4

A ( 2,ln 2 )

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 13 (****)

π
θ= r = 3secθ
2
P
r = 4 + 4cos θ

O
initial line

The figure above shows a curve and a straight line with respective polar equations

π π
r = 4 + 4cos θ , −π < θ ≤ π and r = 3secθ , − <θ ≤ .
2 2

The straight line meets the curve at two points, P and Q .

a) Determine the polar coordinates of P and Q .

The finite region, shown shaded in the figure, is bounded by the curve and the straight
line.

b) Show that the area of this finite region is

8π + 9 3 .

P 6, π , Q 6, − π
( ) ( )
3 3

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 14 (****)

r = 4sin 2θ

O initial line
r = 4 cos θ

The figure above shows the curves with polar equations

r = 4 cos θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π ,

r = 4sin 2θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π .

Show that the area of the shaded region which consists of all the points which are
bounded by both curves is

4π − 3 3 .

proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 15 (****)

π
θ=
2
P
r = 3 + 2cos θ

initial line
O Q

The figure above shows the cardioid with polar equation

π
r = 3 + 2cos θ , 0 < θ ≤ .
2

The point P lies on the cardioid and its distance from the pole O is 4 units.

a) Determine the polar coordinates of P .

The point Q lies on the initial line so that the line segment PQ is perpendicular to the
initial line. The finite region R , shown shaded in the figure, is bounded by the curve,
the initial line and the line segment PQ .

b) Show that the area of R is

(
1 22π + 15 3 .
12 )

P 4, π
( ) 3

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 16 (****)

r = 2 + 2sin θ

Q P
2r sin θ = 3
O
initial line

The figure above shows the curve with polar equation

r = 2 + 2sin θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π ,

intersected by the straight line with polar equation

2r sin θ = 3 , 0 < θ < π .

a) Find the coordinates of the points P and Q , where the line meets the curve.

b) Show that the area of the triangle OPQ is 9 3 .

4

c) Hence find the exact area of the shaded region bounded by the curve and the
straight line.

( ) ( )
P 3, 5π , Q 3, π , area = 2π + 9 3
6 6 4

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 17 (****)
The curves C1 and C2 have respective polar equations

C1 : r = 2sin θ , 0 ≤ θ < 2π

C2 : r = tan θ , 0 ≤ θ < π .
2

a) Find a Cartesian equation for C1 and a Cartesian equation for C2 .

C2
C1
P

initial line
O

The figure above shows the two curves intersecting at the pole and at the point P .

The finite region, shown shaded in the figure, is bounded by the two curves.

b) Determine the exact polar coordinates of P .

(
c) Show that the area of the shaded region is 1 2π − 3 3 .
2 )

( 3, π )
2 2
C1 : x 2 + ( y − 1) = 1 , C1 : x 2 + ( y − 1) = 1 , P
3

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 18 (****)

O initial line

The figure above shows two overlapping closed curves C1 and C2 , with respective
polar equations

C1 : r = 3 + cos θ , 0 ≤ θ < 2π

C2 : r = 5 − 3cos θ , 0 ≤ θ < 2π .

The curves meet at two points, P and Q .

a) Determine the polar coordinates of P and Q .

The finite region R , shown shaded in the figure, consists of all the points which lie
inside both C1 and C2 .

b) Show that the area of R is

(
1 97π − 102 3 .
6 )

P 7 , π , Q 7 , 5π
( ) ( ),
2 3 2 3

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 19 (****)
The curve C with polar equation

π
r = 6 cos 2θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ .
4

The straight line l is parallel to the initial line and is a tangent to C .

Find an equation of l , giving the answer in the form r = f (θ ) .

r = 2 cosecθ
3

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 20 (****)

π
θ=
2

C1 : r = θ 2

A
• C2 : r = 2 − θ

initial line
O

The diagram above shows the curves with polar equations

π
C1 : r = θ 2 , 0 ≤ θ ≤
2

C2 : r = 2 − θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2 .

The curves intersect at the point A .

a) Find the polar coordinates of A .

b) Show that the area of the shaded region is 16 .

15

FP2-R , A (1,1)

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 21 (****)
π
θ=
2

r = 1 − cos θ

initial line
O Q

The figure above shows the curve C with polar equation

π
r = 1 − cos θ , 0 ≤ θ < .
2

The point P lies on C so that tangent to C is perpendicular to the initial line.

a) Determine the polar coordinates of P .

The finite region R consists of all the points which are bounded by C , the straight line
π
segment PQ , the initial line and the line with equation θ = .
2

b) Show that the area of R , shown shaded in the figure above, is exactly

(
1 4π + 15 3 − 32 .
32 )

P 1 ,π
( )
2 3

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 22 (****)

C1
P Q
initial line
O

C2

The figure above shows two closed curves with polar equations

C1 : r = a (1 + sin θ ) , 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π and C2 : r = 3a (1 − sin θ ) , 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π ,

intersecting each other at the pole O and at the points P and Q .

a) Find the polar coordinates of the points P and Q .

b) Show that the distance PQ is 3 3 a .

2

The finite region shown shaded in the above figure consists of all the points inside C1
but outside C2 .

c) Given that the distance PQ is 3 , show that the area of the shaded region is
2

3 3 − 4π .
3

( )
P 3 a, 5π , Q 3 a, π
2 6 2 6 ( )

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 23 (****)
The points A and B have respective coordinates ( −1,0 ) and (1,0 ) .

The locus of the point P ( x, y ) traces a curve in such a way so that AP BP = 1 .

a) By forming a Cartesian equation of the locus of P , show that the polar

equation of the curve is

r 2 = 2cos 2θ , 0 ≤ θ < 2π .

b) Sketch the curve.

FP2-P , proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 24 (****)

π
θ=
2

P
L
R
C
O initial line

The figure above shows a curve C with polar equation

π
r 2 = 2cos 2θ , 0 ≤ θ < .
4

The straight line L is parallel to the initial line and is a tangent to C at the point P .

 π
a) Show that the polar coordinates of P are 1,  .
 6

The finite region R , shown shaded in the figure above, is bounded by C , L and the
π
half line with equation θ = .
2

b) Show that the area of R is

(
1 3 3−4 .
8 )
FP2-L , proof

[solution overleaf]

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 25 (****)

The figure above shows the curve C , with Cartesian equation

( 2 x − 1)2 + ( 2 y − 1)2 = 2 , x≥0, y≥0

a) Find a polar equation for C , in the form r = f (θ ) .

b) Show that the area bounded by C and the coordinate axes is 1 ( π + 2 ) .

4

c) Determine, in exact simplified form, the polar coordinates of the point on C ,

where the tangent to C is parallel to the x axis.

s = 1 5 + ln  1 1 + 5 
( )
4 4 

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 26 (****)
A curve has polar equation

cos θ + sin θ
r= , 0 ≤ θ < 2π .
cos 2 θ + sin 2θ + 1

Find a Cartesian equation of the curve giving the answer in the form f ( x, y ) = 0 .

V , SYNF-D , 2 x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 − x − y = 0

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 Created by T. Madas

10 HARD QUESTIONS

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 1 (****+)
Show that the polar equation of the top half of the parabola with Cartesian equation

y = 2x +1 , x ≥ − 1 ,
2

is given by the polar equation

1
r= , r ≥0.
1 − cos θ

proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 2 (****+)

π
θ=
2
r = sin 2 θ

Q P
R
O initial line

The figure above shows the curve with polar equation

π
r = sin 2 θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ .
2

The point P lies on the curve so that the tangent to the curve at P is perpendicular to
the initial line.

a) Find, in exact form, the polar coordinates of P

π
The point Q lies on the half line θ = , so that PQ is parallel to the initial line.
2

The finite region R , shown shaded in the above figure, is bounded by the curve and
the straight line segments PQ and OQ , where O is the pole.

b) Determine the area of R , in exact simplified form.

3 ( )
P 2 , arctan 2 , area = 1 arctan 2 − 7 2 ≈ 0.1562
2 432

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 3 (****+)
A curve C has polar equation

2
r= , 0 ≤ θ < 2π .
1 + cos θ

a) Find a Cartesian equation for C .

b) Sketch the graph of C .

c) Show that on any point on C with coordinates ( r ,θ )

dy
= − cot θ .
dx 2

y 2 = 4 (1 − x )

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 4 (****+)
y

R Q
x
O

The figure above shows a hyperbola and a circle with respective Cartesian equations

6
y= , x>0 and x2 + y2 = 8 , x > 0 , y > 0 .
x

The points P and Q are the points of intersection between the hyperbola and the circle,
and the point R lies on the hyperbola so that the distance OR is least.

a) Determine the polar coordinates of P , Q and R .

b) Calculate in radians the angle PRQ , correct to 3 decimal places.

 5π   π   π
P  24,  , Q  24,  , R  12,  ,
ABC ≈ 2.526c
 12   12   4

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 5 (****+)
The curve C has Cartesian equation

( x2 + y2 ) ( x − 1)2 = x2 .
a) Find a polar equation of C in the form r = f (θ ) .

b) Sketch the curve in the Cartesian plane.

c) State the equation of the asymptote of the curve.

r = 1 + secθ , x = 1

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 6 (****+)
The following polar equations are given.

r1 = cos θ , 0 ≤θ ≤π .

1
r2 = , − 1π ≤θ ≤ 5π .
cos θ − sin θ 4 4

Find, in exact simplified form, the area of the smaller of the two finite regions,
bounded by r1 and r2 .

3π + 2
V , FP2-V , area =
16

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 7 (****+)

A B

initial line
O

D C

The figure above shows the rectangle ABCD enclosing the curve with polar equation

r 2 = cos 2θ , θ ∈ 0, 1 π  ∪  3 π , 5 π  ∪  7 π , 2π .
)
 4  4 4  4

Each of the straight line segments AB and CD is a tangent to the curve parallel to the
initial line, while each of the straight line segments AD and BC is a tangent to the
curve perpendicular to the initial line.

Show with detailed calculations that the total area enclosed between the curve and the
rectangle ABCD is 2 − 1 .

SPX-A , proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 8 (****+)
The curves C1 and C2 have polar equations

π
C1 : r = 2cos θ − sin θ , 0 < θ ≤
3

C2 : r = 2 + sin θ , 0 ≤ θ < 2π .

The point P lies on C1 so that the tangent at P is parallel to the initial line.

a) Show clearly that at P

tan 2θ = 2

b) Hence show further that the exact distance of P from the origin O is

5− 5
.
2

The point Q is the point of intersection between C1 and C2 .

c) Find the value of θ at Q .

π
θ=
12

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 9 (****+)
The curve C has polar equation

π
r = tan θ , 0 ≤ θ < .
2

Find a Cartesian equation of C in the form y = f ( x ) .

x2
y=
1 − x2

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 10 (****+)
The curve C has polar equation

4
r= , 0 ≤ θ < 2π .
4 − 3cos θ

a) Find a Cartesian equation of C in the form y 2 = f ( x ) .

b) Sketch the graph of C .

(
y 2 = 1 16 + 24 x − 7 x 2
16 )

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 Created by T. Madas

10 ENRICHMENT
QUESTIONS

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 1 (*****)
Two curves, C1 and C2 , have polar equations

π π
C1 : r = 12cos θ , − <θ ≤
2 2

C2 : r = 4 + 4cos θ , −π < θ ≤ π .

One of the points of intersection between the graphs of C1 and C2 is denoted by A .

The area of the smallest of the two regions bounded by C1 and the straight line
segment OA is

6π − 9 3 .

The finite region R represents points which lie inside C1 but outside C2 .

Show that the area of R is 16π .

SPX-H , proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 2 (*****)
A curve has polar equation

r = 1 + tan θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ 1 π .
2

The point P lies on the curve where θ = 1 π .

3

The point Q lies on the initial line so that the straight line L , which passes through P
and Q meets the initial line at right angles.

Determine, in exact simplified form, the area of the finite region bounded by the curve
and L .

SPX-K , 1 [ ln 3 − 1]
2

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 3 (*****)
A set of cartesian axes is superimposed over a set of polar axes, so that both set of axes
have a common origin O , and the positive x axis coincides with the initial line.

A parabola P has Cartesian equation

y2 = 8( 2 − x) , x ≤ 2 .

A straight line L has polar equation

tan θ = 3 , −π < θ ⇔ π .

a) Use polar coordinates to determine, in exact simplified form, the area of the
finite region bounded by P and L .

b) Verify the answer of part (a) by using calculus in cartesian coordinates

256
SPX-M , 3
27

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 4 (*****)
A curve has polar equation

r = 1 + tan θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ 1 π ,
2

meets the initial line at the point P .

Another curve has polar equation

r = 4 cos 2 θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ 1 π .
2

The two curves meet at the point Q .

Determine, in exact simplified form, the area of the finite region bounded by the
straight line through P and Q , and the curve with equation r = 1 + tan θ .

1
Give the answer in the form 1 − k + ln k  , where k is a positive integer.
k

SPX-O , 1 1 − 2 + ln 2 
2

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 5 (*****)
A cardioid has polar equation

r = 4 (1 + cos θ ) , 0 ≤θ ≤ 1π .
2

A tangent to the curve at some point P has gradient −1 .

Find, in the form r = f (θ ) , the polar equation of this tangent.

5+3 3
V , SPX-Q , r =
cos θ + sin θ

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 6 (*****)

π
θ=
2
( )
r = tan 1 θ
2
θ =α
P

O
initial line

The figure above shows the curve C with polar equation

π
( )
r = tan 1 θ , 0 ≤ θ < .
2 2

The point P lies on C so that tangent to C is perpendicular to the initial line.

The half line with equation θ = α passes through P .

Find, in exact simplified form, the area of the finite region bounded by C and the
above mentioned half line.

FP2-S , area = −2 + 5 − arctan −2 + 5

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 7 (*****)

C2

A
C1
initial line
O
Q P

The figure above shows the curves C1 and C2 with respective polar equations

(
r1 = secθ 1 − tan 2 θ ) and r2 = 1 sec3 θ ,
2
0 ≤θ < 1π .
4

The points P and Q are the respective points where C1 and C2 meet the initial line,
and the point A is the intersection of C1 and C2 .

a) Find the exact area of the curvilinear triangle OAQ , where O is the pole.

The angle OAP is denoted by ψ .

b) Show that tanψ = −3 3 .

You may assume without proof

 (
sec6 x dx = 1 8 + 4sec2 x + 3sec4 x tan x + C
15 )

SPX-E ,
(
2 18 − 5 3 )
135

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 8 (*****)

C1

P C2
initial line
O

The figure above shows the curves C1 and C2 with respective polar equations

r1 = 3 + 2 cos θ , 0 ≤ θ < 2π and r2 = 2 .

The two curves intersect at the points P and Q .

A straight line passing through P and the pole O intersects C1 again at the point R .

Show that RQ is a tangent of C1 at Q .

SPX-C , proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 9 (*****)
The curves C1 and C2 have respective polar equations

r = 1 + sin θ , 0 < θ < 1 π and r = 1 + cos 2θ , 0 < θ < 1 π .

2 2

The point P is the point of intersection of C1 and C2 .

A straight line, which is parallel to the initial line, passes through P and intersects C2
at the point Q .

Show that

1  3

PQ =
32 
(
24 3 − 2 + 2 13 ) 2
.


FP2-T , proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 10 (*****)
A straight line L , whose gradient is − 3 , is a tangent to the curve with polar equation
11

r = 25cos 2θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ 1 π
2

Show that the area of the finite region bounded by the curve, the straight line L and
the initial line is

25 
46 − 75arctan 1  .
12  3

SPX-G , proof

Created by T. Madas