10

10 (ten) is an even natural number following 9 and preceding 11. Ten is the base of the decimal numeral system, by far the
most common system of denoting numbers in both spoken and written language. It is the first double-digit number. The ←9 10 11 →
reason for the choice of ten is assumed to be that humans have ten fingers (digits). ← 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
→
List of numbers — Integers
Contents ← 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 →
Cardinal ten
Anthropology
Usage and terms Ordinal 10th
Other (tenth)

In mathematics Numeral system decimal

In numeral systems Factorization 2×5
Decimal system Divisors 1, 2, 5, 10
Roman numerals
Greek numeral Ι´
Positional numeral systems other than decimal
Roman numeral X
List of basic calculations
Roman numeral X, x
In science (unicode)
Astronomy
Greek prefix deca-/deka-
In religion and philosophy
Latin prefix deci-
In money
Binary 10102
In music
Ternary 1013
In sports and games Senary 146
In technology
Octal 128
Age 10
Duodecimal A12
In other fields Hexadecimal A16
See also
Chinese numeral 十，拾
References
Hebrew ‫( י‬Yod)
External links
Khmer ១០
Tamil ௰
Anthropology Thai ๑๐
Devanāgarī १०

Usage and terms Bengali ১০

Arabic & Kurdish ١٠
A collection of ten items (most often ten years) is called a decade.
The ordinal adjective is decimal; the distributive adjective is denary. Malayalam ൰

Increasing a quantity by one order of magnitude is most widely understood to mean multiplying the
quantity by ten.
To reduce something by one tenth is to decimate. (In ancient Rome, the killing of one in ten soldiers in a cohort was the punishment for
cowardice or mutiny; or, one-tenth of the able-bodied men in a village as a form of retribution, thus causing a labor shortage and threat of
starvation in agrarian societies.)
Ten is used as a theoretical highest number in topics that require a rating ("a mark out of ten"), by contrast having 0 or 1 as the lowest number,
and 5 being average.

Other
The number of kingdoms in Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.
The house number of 10 Downing Street.
The number of Provinces in Canada.
Number of dots in a tetractys.
The number of the French department Aube.
The number in tarot decks that corresponds to either Chance, Fortune, or the Wheel of Fortune, depending on the deck variant.

In mathematics
Ten is a composite number with 4 divisors, its proper divisors being 1, 2 and 5. Ten is the smallest noncototient, a number that cannot be
expressed as the difference between any integer and the total number of coprimes below it.[1]
Ten is the second discrete semiprime (2 × 5) and the second member of the (2 × q) discrete semiprime family. Ten has an aliquot sum σ(n) of 8
and is accordingly the first discrete semiprime to be in deficit. All subsequent discrete semiprimes are in deficit. The aliquot sequence for 10
comprises five members (10,8,7,1,0) with this number being the second composite member of the 7-aliquot tree.
Ten is the smallest semiprime that is the sum of all the distinct prime numbers from its lower factor through its higher factor (10 = 2 + 3 + 5 = 2 .
5) Only three other small semiprimes (39, 155, and 371) share this attribute.
 Ten is a semi-meandric number.

Ten is the sum of the first three prime numbers, of the four first positive integers (1 + 2 + 3 + 4), of the square of the two first odd numbers and
also of the first four factorials (0! + 1! + 2! + 3!). Ten is the eighth Perrin number, preceded in the sequence by 5, 5, 7.

A polygon with ten sides is a decagon, and 10 is a decagonal number.[2] Because 10 is the product of a power of 2 (namely 21) with nothing
but distinct Fermat primes (specifically 5), a regular decagon is a constructible polygon.

Ten is also a triangular number, a centered triangular number,[3] and a tetrahedral number.[4]

Ten is the number of n queens problem solutions for n = 5.

Ten is the smallest number whose status as a possible friendly number is unknown.
Ten factorial seconds is exactly equal to 6 weeks.
According to a conjecture, ten is the average sum of the proper divisors of the natural numbers if the size of the numbers approaches infinity
(sequence A297575 in the OEIS).

Ten is the smallest number whose fourth power can be written as a sum of two squares in two different ways. (802 + 602 and 962 + 282)

There are ten small Pisot numbers that do not exceed the golden ratio.[5]

In numeral systems

Decimal system

As is the case for any base in its system, ten is the first two-digit number in decimal and thus the lowest number where the position of a numeral affects its value.
Any integer written in the decimal system can be multiplied by ten by adding a zero to the end (e.g. 855 × 10 = 8550).

Roman numerals

The Roman numeral for ten is X (which looks like two Vs [the Roman numeral for 5] put together); it is thought that the V for five is derived from an open hand
(five digits displayed), and X for ten from both hands. Incidentally, the Chinese word numeral for ten, is also a cross: . 十
Positional numeral systems other than decimal

The digit '1' followed by '0' is how the value of p is written in base p. (E.g. 16 in hexadecimal is 10.)

Representation of 10 in other bases

Base Numeral system Number
1 unary **********
2 binary 1010
3 ternary 101
4 quaternary 22
5 quinary 20
6 senary 14
7 septenary 13
8 octal 12
9 novenary 11
10 decimal 10
12 duodecimal X
16 hexadecimal A

List of basic calculations

Multiplication 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
10 × x 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 2

Division 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
10 ÷ x 10 5 3.3 2.5 2 1.6 1.428571 1.25 1.1 0.90 0.83 0.769230 0.714285 0.6
1
x ÷ 10 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Exponentiation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

10x 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000 100000000 1000000000

10000000000
x10 1 1024 59049 1048576 9765625 60466176 282475249 1073741824 3486784401

In science
The SI prefix for 10 is "deca-".
The meaning "10" is part of the following terms:

decapoda, an order of crustaceans with ten feet.

decane, a hydrocarbon with 10 carbon atoms.

Also, the number 10 plays a role in the following:

The atomic number of neon.

The number of hydrogen atoms in butane, a hydrocarbon.
The number of spacetime dimensions in some superstring theories.

The metric system is based on the number 10, so converting units is done by adding or removing zeros (e.g. 1 centimeter = 10 millimeters, 1 decimeter = 10
centimeters, 1 meter = 100 centimeters, 1 dekameter = 10 meters, 1 kilometer = 1,000 meters).

Astronomy
The New General Catalogue object NGC 10, a magnitude 12.5 spiral galaxy in the constellation Sculptor.
Messier object M10, a magnitude 6.4 globular cluster in the constellation Ophiuchus.

In religion and philosophy

References in the Bible, Judaism and Christianity:

The Ten Commandments of Exodus[6] and Deuteronomy[7] are considered a cornerstone of Judaism and
Christianity.
People traditionally tithed one-tenth of their produce. The practice of tithing is still common in Christian
churches today, though it is disputed in some circles as to whether or not it is required of Christians.
In Deuteronomy 26:12, the Torah commands Jews to give one-tenth of their produce to the poor (Maaser
Ani). From this verse and from an earlier verse (Deut. 14:22) there derives a practice for Jews to give one-
tenth of all earnings to the poor.[8]
Ten Plagues were inflicted on Egypt in Exodus 7–12 (https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0207.htm#1). The tetractys
Jews observe the annual Ten Days of Repentance beginning on Rosh Hashanah and ending on Yom
Kippur.
In Jewish liturgy, Ten Martyrs are singled out as a group.
There are said to be Ten Lost Tribes of Israel (those other than Judah and Benjamin).
There are Ten Sephirot in the Kabbalistic Tree of Life.
In Judaism, ten men are the required quorum, called a minyan, for prayer services.
In Genesis 28:23-32, Abraham pleads on behalf of Sodom and Gomorrah, asking to save the cities if there are enough righteous people
there. He starts at 10 per city, and ends with 10 total in all cities.
Interpretations of Genesis in Talmudic and Midrashic teachings suggest that on the first day, God drew forth ten primal elements from the
abyss in order to construct all of Creation: Heaven (or Fire), Earth, Chaos, Void, Light, Darkness, Wind (or Spirit), Water, Day, and Night.
See also Bereshit (parsha).
Jesus tells the Parable of the Ten Virgins in Matthew 25:1–13 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Matthew%2025:1–13).
In Pythagoreanism, the number 10 played an important role and was symbolized by the tetractys.
In Hinduism, Lord Vishnu appeared on the earth in 10 incarnations, popularly known as Dashaavathar.
In Sikhism, there are ten human Gurus.

In money
Most countries issue coins and bills with a denomination of 10 (See e.g. 10 dollar note). Of these, the U.S. dime, with the value of ten cents, or one tenth of a
dollar, derives its name from the meaning "one-tenth" − see Dime (United States coin)#Denomination history and etymology.

In music
The interval of a major tenth is an octave plus a major third.
The interval of a minor tenth is an octave plus a minor third.
"Ten lords a-leaping" is the gift on the tenth day of Christmas in the carol "The Twelve Days of Christmas".

In sports and games

Decathlon is a combined event in athletics consisting of ten track and field events.
In association football, the number 10 is traditionally worn by the team's advanced playmaker. This use has led to "Number 10" becoming a
synonym for the player in that particular role, even if he or she does not wear that number.[9]
In gridiron football, a team has a limited number of downs to advance the ball ten yards or more from where it was on its last first down; doing
this is referred to as gaining another first down.
In auto racing, driving a car at ten-tenths is driving as fast as possible, on the limit.
In a regular basketball game, two teams playing against each other have 5 members each, for a total of 10 players on court. Under FIBA,
WNBA, and NCAA women's rules, each quarter runs for 10 minutes.
In blackjack, the Ten, Jack, Queen and King are all worth 10 points.
In boxing, if the referee counts to 10 whether the boxer is unconscious or not, it will declare a winner by knockout.
In cricket, a team's innings ends once it has lost 10 wickets.
In men's field lacrosse, each team has 10 players on the field at any given time, except in penalty situations.
 Ten-ball is a pool game played with a cue ball and ten numbered balls.
In most rugby league competitions, the number 10 is worn by one of the two starting props. One exception to this rule is the Super League,
which uses static squad numbering.
In rugby union, the starting fly-half wears the 10 shirt.
In ten-pin bowling, 10 pins are arranged in a triangular pattern and there are 10 frames per game.

In technology
Ten-codes are commonly used on emergency service radio systems.
Ten refers to the "meter band" on the radio spectrum between 28 and 29.7 MHz, used by amateur radio.
ASCII and Unicode code point for line feed.
In MIDI, Channel 10 is reserved for unpitched percussion instruments.
In the Rich Text Format specification, all language codes for regional variants of the Spanish language are congruent to 10 mod 256.
In macOS, the F10 function key tiles all the windows of the current application and grays the windows of other applications.
The IP addresses in the range 10.0.0.0/8 (meaning the interval between 10.0.0.0 and 10.255.255.255) is reserved for use by private networks
by RFC 1918 (https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1918).

Age 10
This is generally the age when a child enters the preteen stage and also a denarian (someone within the age range of 10–19).
The ESRB recommends video games with an E10+ rating to children aged 10 and up.

In other fields
Blake Edwards' 1979 movie 10.
Series on HBO entitled 1st & Ten which aired between December 1984 and January 1991.
Series on ESPN and ESPN2 entitled 1st and 10 which launched on ESPN in October 2003 to 2008
and moved to ESPN2 since 2008.
In astrology, Capricorn is the 10th astrological sign of the Zodiac.
In Chinese astrology, the 10 Heavenly Stems, refer to a cyclic number system that is used also for
time reckoning.
A 1977 short documentary film Powers of Ten depicts the relative scale of the Universe in factors of
ten (orders of magnitude).
10 playing cards of all four suits
CBS has a game show called Power of 10, where the player's prize goes up and down by either the
previous or next power of ten.
"Ten Chances" is one of the pricing games on The Price is Right.
There are ten official inkblots in the Rorschach inkblot test.
The traditional Snellen chart uses 10 different letters.
Ten is an Australian television network. The Sydney member of the network has the three-letter call-sign TEN and used to broadcast in
analogue on VHF Channel 10.
Number Ten (also called Ella) is a character in the book series Lorien Legacies. The sixth book, The Fate of Ten, is named after her.
A Cartoon Network franchise Ben 10, which has a number on its title.

See also
 Mathematics portal
List of highways numbered 10

References
1. "Sloane's A005278 : Noncototients" (https://oeis.org/A005278). The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
Retrieved 2016-06-01.
2. "Sloane's A001107 : 10-gonal (or decagonal) numbers" (https://oeis.org/A001107). The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS
Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-01.
3. "Sloane's A005448 : Centered triangular numbers" (https://oeis.org/A005448). The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS
Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-01.
4. "Sloane's A000292 : Tetrahedral numbers" (https://oeis.org/A000292). The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
Retrieved 2016-06-01.
5. M.J. Bertin; A. Decomps-Guilloux; M. Grandet-Hugot; M. Pathiaux-Delefosse; J.P. Schreiber (1992). Pisot and Salem Numbers. Birkhäuser.
ISBN 3-7643-2648-4.
6. Exodus 20:2–13 (https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0220.htm#2)
7. Deuteronomy 5:6–17 (https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0505.htm#6)
8. [1] (http://www.tzemachdovid.org/thepracticaltorah/vayeitzei.shtml) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20060223154525/http://www.tzemac
hdovid.org/thepracticaltorah/vayeitzei.shtml) February 23, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
9. Khalil Garriot (21 June 2014). "Mystery solved: Why do the best soccer players wear No. 10?" (https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/soccer-dirty-tac
kle/mystery-solved--why-do-the-best-soccer-players-wear-no--10-052229677.html). Yahoo. Retrieved 19 May 2015.

External links
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