CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature

This chapter covers a review of related literature and studies chosen by the

researchers that are particularly beneficial throughout the studies.

Foreign Literature

Eyles et al. (2020), they mentioned that missed school time can have a negative impact on

children's educational outcomes and future well-being. Many schools have provided purely online

lessons to their students in order to mitigate the negative impact of physical closures. The

evaluation of the effectiveness of distance education delivery for students' academic outcomes is

critical, especially during a severe pandemic like COVID-19.

PsyArXiv (2021), stated that the growing number of studies seek to evaluate the impact of

school closures during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. While most studies reported severe

learning losses in students, some studies found positive effects of school closures on academic

performance.

In addition, (Sintema, 2020 ) commented that student’s academic performance is likely to

drop in classes held for both end-of-year and internal exams due to reduced student communication

time and lack of consultation with teachers when learning/comprehension difficulties arise.

Students may face some concerns and problems, such as limited internet connectivity or

signal disruption due to poor signals. Some students may face difficulties at home, such as

disruption from family members, which can lead to poor academic performance.
 Nevertheless, Al-Rahmi et al., (2020) stated that online learning is quickly becoming one

of the most efficient ways of imparting knowledge. The virus had such an impact that online

education appeared to be an omnipresent aspect of our expanding environment, leading to school

closures and the end of physical interactions between teachers and students.

Fortunately, most schools and educational institutions quickly transitioned to an online

method of allowing students to resume their studies. As a result, education has undergone

significant transformations, such as the rise of e-learning, in which instruction takes place remotely

on digital platforms rather than in physical classrooms.

Moreover, academic studies have demonstrated that each student has an inclination

towards a determined cognitive strategy that helps give significance to the new information.

Over the last years, a great number of investigations have emerged confirming the

connection between styles of learning and academic performance success.

Local Literature

According to (Franchi, 2020) Education sector institutions and schools hurried to establish

reliable rules on government framework, educator organization, and the students management

when it comes to legislation. Amidst their lack of technical literacy, teachers who were used to

traditional teaching methods were compelled to adopt the new technology.

Digital learning seminars and community help networks were established to solve this issue.

Drop - out rates among students have risen as a result of educational factors. Academically, while

students may essentially study anything online, learning may be less than ideal, particularly in

classes that need face-to-face engagement and direct interactions.

styles. According to the survey, students were displeased about digital learning in general, mainly

in terms of interaction and answer sheet techniques. Amidst this, students' attentiveness, academic

performance, and class evaluations increased when digital learning and blended learning were

combined.

Also, (Suryaman et al., 2020) investigated how children learned at home during the

epidemic. Their investigations indicated that students in a house learning setting encountered

several challenges, including a lack of technological proficiency, expensive internet expenses, and

restricted communication amongst and among students.

In a similar research, (Kapasia et al., 2020) investigated how lockdown affects learners'

academic performance. According to their findings, the lockout caused significant disruptions in

students' learning.

(Gonzales et al., 2020) discovered that isolating learners during a crisis had a significant

positive impact on their performance, contradicting the findings of Kapasia et al. (2020).

These findings were linked to students' continued use of learning techniques, which

enhanced their academic achievement. Asynchronous digital learning happens without a set

timetable for individual learners, whereas synchronous online learning incorporates a socialization

process between the teacher and the learners. Digital learning has taken on the role of temporary

remote instruction in response to a crisis. However, some policy, socioeconomic considerations,

and technology aspects have all played a role in the migration to a new learning environment

(Donitsa-Schmidt & Ramot, 2020; Khalil et al., 2020; Varea & González-Calvo, 2020).
 Foreign Studies

Sufian et al. (2020) investigate students' perceptions of the Online Learning as a result of

the COVID-19 pandemic in their study.Despite network issues, students find that learning with

online tools is interactive. Students said that using digital sources is simple and that it teaches them

how to complete tasks. It demonstrates a positive outcome in terms of student use of online

learning tools.

Similarly, Markus Wolfgang Hermann Spitzer (2021) also investigated the academic

performances of the students in Digital Learning. It says in the study that improving the

performance of students in online learning environments could be caused by several factors. For

example, the student's performance may have improved due to increased usage of similar

educational online platforms during the pandemic. This is evidenced by reporting that more

exposure to online-learning environments can lead to increases in the academic achievement of

high school students. Also, the researcher has suggested that online learning has a positive impact

on the performance of students.

According to Hakan Ulum's (2021), the effect of online learning on academic performance

is at an understandable level. By Increasing this effect, the performance of online learning requires

support from teachers to prepare learning materials, design learning appropriately, and utilize

various websites, software technology, and various other tools to support the effectiveness of

online learning. The level of impact will increase if a few other difficulties are eliminated such as

students, lack of interaction with the instructor, response time, and lack of traditional classroom

socialization. In addition, COVID-19 pandemic-related social distancing has posed extreme

problems for all students to get online as they have to work in time constraints and resource

constraints.
 Another study by Ram Gopal, Varsha Singh & Arun Aggarwal (2021) informed that If the

teacher delivers the course content suitably and understands the student's expectations, it will have

positive effects on the learner's performance and will perform better in the examinations. Teachers’

perspective is critical because their enthusiasm leads to a better online learning process quality and

academic performance for the students. It explains that students' satisfaction or understanding

through online learning depends on the teacher's instruction, including assistance and

responsibility. Despite this, the students still need to be disciplined and acknowledge their

academic performance.

In addition, Agung et al. (2020) mentioned that carrying out online learning has many

impacts. Some students found that during online learning, their IT literacy made strong progress.

Students get to enjoy the experience of using online learning and it improves their skills on finding

information. It also helps them to become independent and responsible in completing their task.

Students have also mentioned it is a challenge because it requires more reading on their own. On

the other hand, it also showed that even though most of them had a poor internet connection and

ample internet data/quota at their home, the students were committed to joining the online course.

This is because they can get access to the resources used in the class anytime.

Local Studies

A study by Rotas & Cahapay (2020), It is said that online learning really affects students

because of new learning processes such as online teaching. We know that not all students learn

quickly through online teaching, as well as students who have difficulty learning. They cannot

study because they do not have the tools needed to study.

existing inequalities and may cause barriers to online learning. Because some students find it

difficult to afford a study facilitator, to easily focus on online classes and immediately provide

assignments on the online system,

As stated by Baloran (2020), despite efforts to make education accessible to all, students

still face many difficulties in conducting distance education. Many students experience stress due

to the difficulty of keeping up with the learning process, such as fast learners who even teach

online. They are quick to adopt what needs to be done, unlike other students who have difficulty

understanding through online study causing student stress.

According to Joaquin,Biana,Dacela (2020) that this novel coronavirus affects more than a

billion learners worldwide that's why they implement online classes to the education system. For

instance, DLSU offers remote online learning that includes both synchronous and asynchronous

activities.

On the other hand, many private sectors have signed a petition signed by students and

professors who are taking online classes as a new form of learning and may confront a variety of

challenges. Furthermore, it can have an impact on students' lives by increasing their workload,

which contradicts the purpose of lockdown, which is to adjust to the current situation.

It also stated that there are issues with integration and peer culture, as well as the possibility

of transmitting values in a "virtual" classroom. Because of the lack of human interaction, some

students may miss the point of the instruction. Because some students are unreachable, under-

resourced, under-served, and inaccessible, they must find a way to seek assistance.