Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology

15th March 2021. Vol.99. No 5

© 2021 Little Lion Scientific

ISSN: 1992-8645 www.jatit.org E-ISSN: 1817-3195

BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE USAGE MODEL FOR HIGHER

EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

1
SALAMATU MUSA, 2 NAZMONA MAT ALI, 3SURAYA MISKON, 4MUSTAPHA ABUBAKAR
GIRO, 5RASHA ALJABALI
1, 4
Department of Computer Science, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology Aliero, Nigeria
2, 3, 5
Azman Hashim International Business School, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor, Malaysia
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected],[email protected]
4
[email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Higher education plays a substantial role in the political and socio-economic development of a country.
Developing countries experience several challenges when it comes to higher education programs.
Therefore, Information and Communications Technology (ICT) tools can bridge the gap of poor higher
education services. Business Intelligence (BI) is a system that uses analytical techniques to obtain knowledge
from large amount of data. Business Intelligence can assists higher education organizations to make
effective decisions, improve teaching and learning services, competitiveness, and to devise or produce new
strategies and policies. However, BI implementation is often plagued with many complex processes,
challenges, issues, risks, and drawbacks making it difficult to achieve BI benefits. Nevertheless, the number
of successful BI implementation in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) is still inadequate. Considering the
challenge and need of implementing BI system, this research aims to contribute by determining the factors
that influence BI usage for Malaysian Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). The study used literature
review to find the factors of BI usage. The literature revealed nine factors which promote the usage of BI
system. These factors are organized into three dimensions: organizational, process and technological
dimension. This study deploys a questionnaire survey method to collect data from BI users and descriptive
statistics to validate the data. Based on the result obtained after the validation, it indicated that all the
factors can be used by Malaysian HEIs as the factors that helps in realizing the success of BI usage. As a
result, findings from this study can contribute in boosting the universities systems to obtain important
patterns and predictions to formulate strategies, generate knowledge and decision-making processes that
allow the achievement of institutional objectives.
Keywords: Business Intelligence, Usage, Case study, Factors, Higher Education Institutions.

1. INTRODUCTION and economic development and data are crucial for

large organizations particularly the higher education,
Business Intelligence (BI) is an imperative to make effective decisions. With, educational
concept, receiving an extensive interest in both institutions having a large number of students,
academia and industry, BI systems are mostly staffs and activities, it means that a lot of data can
employed in areas of businesses which involves be analyzed using BI tools to predict students’
decision-making to get value. Business intelligence academic behavior, performance, retention or
is the usage of specialized tools and information for withdrawal. These data are important to decision
making decision in various environments of the making process as they can be used to show the
organization. Today the BI system is the broadly need for change and improvement which result to
used IT solution, this is due to growing importance increase in the overall academic standards of the
of BI system. The overall aim of business institution [1][2]. BI tools provide the services and
intelligence system is to improve decision making solutions that assist top management to thoroughly
process based on quality data which are displayed analyze complex business situations, and streamline
in a clear and understandable manner. the processes of decision making [3][4].
Numerous studies have shown that higher For decades BI systems have been of essence to
education is very important to countries’ prosperity organizations, but there is insufficient knowledge

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15th March 2021. Vol.99. No 5
© 2021 Little Lion Scientific

on

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 Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information
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ISSN: 1992-8645 www.jatit.org E-ISSN: 1817-3195

how to manage these systems successfully beyond understanding of the factors is essential for an
the implementation stage [5]. Thus, BI organization [14].
implementation is often plagued with many
complex processes, challenges, issues, risk, and [15] mentioned that it is crucial to recognize the
drawbacks making it difficult to achieve BI factors that affect BI usage so that all the data in HEIs
benefits. For instance, integration of data from can be handle effectively. Considering the
several sources or systems into the organization’s challenge and need of BI, this study aims to identify
data warehouse is a serious issue in implementing the antecedents of BI usage in HEIs so as to serve
BI as it requires huge amount of effort. as guide for decision makers to manage all the data
efficiently since each data has different requirement
Regardless of BI benefits, academicians and and it is very important for the university
practitioners observed that BI system is costly, performance results.
complex, resource-intensive and challenging to deal
with [6], [7]. BI system implementation does not 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
only involve the purchase of hardware and
software; rather, it is a complex undertaking 2.1 Definition of Business Intelligence (BI)
demanding appropriate resources and infrastructure
for a long period of time to support management BI system is a stack of methods, architecture,
decision- making [8]. Several studies indicate that processes, and technologies which convert raw data
BI systems consume billions of currencies yearly. into relevant information for business analysis
Yet, more than half of these BI projects are functions. This definition encompasses data
resulting to no benefit [1]. [9]asserts that benefits of warehouse, data integration, data quality, text and
BI system can be realized only when it is content analysis, data management, and the main
implemented successfully. Meanwhile, a number of aim of Business Intelligence (BI) system is to make
researches shows that it is essential to understand the interpretation of huge amount of data easier and
the factors for BI system implementation because faster [16][17]. Successful BI systems allows
they believe that the high rate of BI failure is due to decision makers to access valuable information,
low understanding of the factors of BI which will allow them to know where the
implementation, and by what means these factors organization was and where it needs to be in the
contribute to realizing the benefits of BI system future [9].
[10].
In Malaysian HEIs context, huge volume of data
is produced daily and these data comes from several 2.2 Business Intelligence (BI) in HEIs
information systems or databases, where it might be
ambiguous and conflicting with each other [11]. Numerous studies have shown that higher
Using and managing data from different sources education is very important to countries’ prosperity
could be really challenging as there is need to get and economic development and data are crucial for
the right data at the right time within a short period large organizations particularly the higher education,
of time, therefore having a successful BI system to make effective decisions [18]. Business
implementation will be an effective solution to the Intelligence is necessary for any kind of
problem [10]. However, universities face challenges organizations including HEIs due to the fast growth
in implementing BI. As discovered by [12], first of data [1]. Presently, due to the changing
problem is the amount of academic data in the environment of educational process, HEIs requires
institution. Meanwhile, these academic data a large volume of information to support any
continuously change from time to time. Hence, will educational related process as private and public
make the procedures of filtering the valuable data to universities are competing to identify their own
become more complex to carry out. Second exceptionality by choosing the most appropriate
problem is the cost of implementing BI system in a solution to be the worldwide leading educational
university. BI systems are complex, and their institute, and for better management and improved
implementation is time consuming and involves
performance [10][2].
high risks, effort and financial resources. There are
other issues that affect the outcome of BI usage
such as; the level of support from senior managers, According to [18], Business Intelligence can help
skills of the technical resources, and quality of the HEIs to quickly discover market demands so as to
data sources [13]. Therefore, to have a successful improve the employment of graduates and shape
BI usage an educational goals. Using BI solutions, HEIs

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staffs

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and management will be able to take part in decision- system while statisticians may understand BI as a
making which will improve the general predictive analysis-based tool and data mining
performance of the HEIs [19]. According to [20], experts may regard BI system as an advance
Business Intelligence (BI) system can help higher support system with data mining techniques and
education institutions (HEIs) to:- (a) Identify algorithm. With different views of experts,
recruitment trends and also assess the success level organizations struggle to invest in BI. Moreover,
for its programs; (b) Effectively control the there are other external and internal factors that
finances from tuition fees by keeping records of the affect the outcome of BI solution such as; the level
transactions between students and university; (c) of support from senior managers, skills of the
Present the correct information to government technical resources, the types of industries in which
bodies in due time, so that they can fulfil the organizations compete with, quality of the data
compliance requests and increase their rank; (d) To sources, and the investment funding[26].
know student’s enrolment trends in different Additionally, integration of data from several
programs and to evaluate the value of courses sources or systems into the organization’s data
offered; (e) Provide the university’s decision warehouse is a serious issue in implementing BI as
makers with opportunity to accurately analyze it requires huge amount of effort [10]. This means
operational data, across faculties and functional managing the data warehouse is complex. Although
areas. BI system has a lot of benefits, there are still a quite
number of issues regarding its implementation and
Even though, there are enormous benefits from usage.
successful implemented BI system, many studies
mentioned that the usage and implementation 2.4 Factors of BI in Different Organizations
success of BI systems in academic environment is
inadequate especially for HEIs [21].
Several factors of BI implementation have been
synthesized from different organizations such as
2.3 Issues of Business Intelligence financial, engineering, Vietnamese companies etc.
Thus, that helped to identify the most commonly
A lot of organizations struggles to manage used and recommended factors in achieving a
their BI projects because it is complicated [7]. [11] successful BI implementation in various
[13] mentioned that, among the problems of organizations. The list of BI implementation factors
implementing BI system is the organization’s from various organizations can be seen in Table 1.
readiness for BI adoption and implementation.
Another problem for BI implementation, is the Based on the literature, organizations are expected to
organization’s low level of knowledge regarding identify the factors that will influence the success of
the benefits and opportunities of BI system along their BI system [26]. Depending on the type of
with BI success factors [22]. Likewise, [23] states organization, some factors will have a greater
that, despite the bright market of BI and the influence on the BI implementation than other
complexities surrounding it implementation, the factors [28]. As shown in Table 1, several success
success factors of BI system implementation remain factors from various resources have been identified
inadequately understood. Several research was through literature review activity. Then, these
conducted on BI implementation, and it was factors have been clustered based on the same
discovered that highest percent of the failure cases definition and meaning that eventually came out with
for BI system implementation are due to lack of the appropriate terms to represent each of the
readiness awareness to adopt BI system in many factors as shown in Table 2. Hence, that can help in
organizations [24][25]. better comprehension and determination of the
examined factors. As illustrated in Table 2, the list
However, [10] noted that, another challenge for BI implementation factors were highlighted along
BI implementation is experts view, since experts with the articles that discussed the factors.
sees BI in different ways. For example, data
warehouse experts may view BI as a supplementary

Table 1. BI Implementation Factors from Different Organization

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Authors Organizations Adopted Factors
Framework
[27] Engineering [27]  Committed management support and sponsorship,
asset  A clear vision and a well-established business case.
management  Championship and a balanced team composition,
organizations.  Business-driven and iterative development approach,
 Scalability and flexibility
 Data quality and integrity
[22] Small and [27]  Senior management support
Medium  Clear business vision and plan
Enterprises  Competent BI project manager (leadership)
(SMEs)Upper  Skilled and sufficient staff/team/managers
Silesia, Poland  Well defined users’ expectation (information
requirements)
 Users’ involvement
 Integration between BI system and other systems (e.g.
ERP)
 User-friendly (usability) BI system
 Data quality
 Flexibility
[9] People with IS [27]  Clear vision and mission
and BIS  Committed management support
experience.  Top management support
 Effective teamwork
 Users training.
 Suitability of hardware and software
 Data accuracy and integrity
 Flexibility and Reliability.
 Perceived usefulness
[26] Financial [27]  Management support
services sector.  User participation
 Champion
 Data Quality
[14] Small and [28]  BI awareness encompassing the existence and Use of BI
medium specific approaches and tools.
enterprises in  Awareness of the potential benefits and competitive
Lebanon. advantage that is conditioned by BI use.
 Development of user BI skills
 Practical testing of those skills.
 Advanced BI technology,
 Flexible and easy to use.
[6] Vietnamese [28]  Committed management support and sponsorship
companies  A clear vision and a well- established business case
(Vietnam).  Championship and a balanced team composition.
 Business-driven and iterative development approach.
 Scalable and flexible technology framework.

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 Sustainable data quality and integrity.
[28] Engineering [27]  Committed Management Support and Sponsorship
asset  Clear vision & well-established business case.
management  Championship & Balanced team composition
organizations.  Business-driven & iterative development approach
 Scalable & Flexible Technical Framework
 Data Quality & Integrity.
[23] Organizations [28]  Top Management Support
 Clear vision
 Organizational Structure
 Empowerment
 Championship & Balanced team
 User Participation.
 System Flexibility
 System Integration.

Table 2: BI Implementation Factors factors were included as the factors that can be
considered for BI implementation in HEIs, as this
S/N FACTORS AUTHORS study concentrates on the BI implementation from
1 Top management [6], [22], [26], the perspective of BI users. So any factors that is
support and [27], [29] focusing on the technical aspect (i.e the design of
sponsorship the system) is excluded. Thus, business-driven and
2 Clear vision [6], [9], [22], iterative development approach factor was excluded.
[23], [27], [29]
3 Organizational [9], [23] 2.5 Categorization and Mapping of the Factors
structure into Dimensions
4 User empowerment [14], [23]
5 Data quality [9], [14], [29], Through literature review, a list of factors was
identified and summarized as illustrated in Table 2.
6 Championship and [6], [23], [27], Consequently, the selection of categorizations of
balanced team [29]
the factors into three dimensions namely
7 User participation [23], [26]
organizational, process and technological
8 System quality [6], [9], [14], dimensions are described.
[22], [29]
9 Service quality [14], [22], [29]
A number of studies identified the significance
10 Business-driven and [6], [29] of organizational, process and technological
iterative development dimension of BI implementations [22][6][30]. The
approach. main model that addressed the categorizations of
success factors of BI implementation was done by
Depending on the type of organization, some [27].
factors will have a greater influence on the BI
implementation than other factors [28]. As shown Therefore, [27] model was the most cited and
in Table 1, several factors from various resources referenced model in previous studies relevant to BI
have been identified and reviewed through implementation and categorization. As a result, this
literature review activity. study adopted the previous researchers’
classifications of dimension to categorize the
Meanwhile in this study, out of the ten factors that influence the usage of BI in HEIs. Table
(10) factors identified in Table 2, only the first 3 presents the mapping of factors into dimensions.
nine (9)

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Table 3: Mapping of Factors into Dimensions
Dimensions Description Factors References
Organizational dimension defines the Top management
soft infrastructure that involves the support and
organizational structure, strategies, sponsorship
objectives, goals, policies as well as the [9], [14],
Organizational organizational rules. It also focuses on Clear vision [21], [23],
top management support and Organizational [27], [29],
encouragement, user confidence- structure [31]
building and data quality related User empowerment
activities. Data quality
Focus on the competences of the BI
Championship and
project team in terms of leadership’s
balanced team [6], [23],
skills and knowledge and the
Process [27], [29],
engagement of users in all the stages of
[32]
BI implementation from different User participation
levels
of the organization.

Technological dimension focuses on

System quality
the BI system characteristics and
capability
in terms of efficiency, effectiveness and
the service it provides to individuals and [6], [9], [14],
Technological the organization. Additionally, system [22], [27],
quality measures the desired [29]
characteristics of a BI system and Service quality
service quality describes the overall
support delivered by the BI system.

Table 2 describes the mapping of the identified

analysed as we intend to find out the opinion of the
factors into the three dimensions that were most
respondents based on the identified factors for BI
reported in the literature based on the descriptions
of each dimension. Firstly, the factors mapped into usage. The respondents of this study were BI users
the organizational dimension, concentrate on the as the aim is to get feedback from BI user’s
soft infrastructure such as the organization’s perspective not from BI developers . This study has
strategies, undertaken one of the higher education institutions
in Malaysia as the case study. The examined case
policies, goals and organization structures and also study institution has already developed and
comprises the management level and its activities. implemented its own BI system and used by the top
Secondly, the factors mapped into the process management.
dimension focuses on the competences of the BI
project team in terms of leaderships skills and 3.1 Methodology Framework
knowledge and the engagement of users in all the The research methodology framework was
stages of BI implementation from different levels of considered as the roadmap to conduct any research.
the organisation. Thirdly the factors mapped into The outcomes for each phase was considered as an
the technological dimension, focuses on input for the following phase. Moreover, research
organization’s technology with technical knowledge methodology framework includes the instruments
and technology capabilities. Thus, Table 2 refers to that have been involved throughout developing this
the factors categorized within the three main study. A research framework is constructed in order
dimensions supported by previous researchers. to describe the research in a more organized and
logical manner. In this study the framework is
divided into seven (7) phases as illustrated in Figure
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1.
This study adopts the quantitative research
methodology. Questionnaires were distributed and
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Problem Identification Resources were selected from year 2010-2020.

The BI success factors from different
organizations were identified in this phase which
delivers the first objective as shown in Table 1.
Literature Review
3.1.3 Identifying the Factors for HEIs
After the review of literatures, this study
Factors proposed the list and categorization of
success factors of Business Intelligence (BI)
system for Higher Education Institutions in
Malaysia. The factors include top management
Questionnaire Development support and sponsorship, clear vision,
organizational structure, user empowerment, data
quality, championship and balanced team, user
Data Collection participation, system quality and service quality.
These factors were than mapped into three
dimensions namely organizational, process and
technological dimensions based on the
Data Analysis description of each factor. This delivers the
second objective of the study.

Documentation 3.1.4 Development of Questionnaire

A literature review was conducted to identify
previous measures and items of the constructs,
Figure 1: Research Framework and existing measures proven to be reliable were
adapted. Each question was measured on a five-
point Likert scale, ranging from strongly agree
3.1.1 Problem Identification
(5) to strongly disagree (1). All constructs were
This phase explains the identification of measured with multiple items. The final survey
problem in the area of business intelligence consisted of 30 measurement items and 2
system implementation. Currently, in the previous demographic questions.
studies there are research gaps that needs to be .
filled up. One of the problems is the request to This phase focuses on questionnaire
discover BI usage factors which can be applicable development. To evaluate the proposed factors
to higher education institutions (HEIs). To for HEIs in Malaysia, quantitative analysis
provide solution to the problem, this study has method was employed for this study. The purpose
identified three objectives. The first objective is of the questionnaire is to discover the opinion of
to identify the factors that influence the success the BI users based on the proposed factors. The
of BI implementation in different domains. questionnaire consists of four (4) sections. The first
Second objective is to identify the factors that section was the demographic information
promote the usage of BI in Malaysia HEIs. The containing two (2) questions. Demographic
third objective is to validate the propose factors information is needed for this study for gathering
that promote the usage of BI in Malaysia HEIs. background information of the respondents. For the
second section, it focuses on organizational
3.1.2 Literature Review dimension of the success factors consisting of
This phase focuses on finding and selection eighteen (18) questions. The third section focuses
of scholarly articles to obtain the adequate on the process dimension of the success factors
information required to execute this research consisting of five (5) questions. And the fourth
effectively in respect to the scope and objectives. section which is the last focuses on the
This study’s main source of information and technological dimension which consists of seven
knowledge are journal papers and conference (7) questions. For questionnaire sample [Refer to
proceedings. Journals and articles sources online questionnaire link]. For questionnaire
included in this study, were acquired from several structure, this questionnaire was constructed
online databases such as IEEE, Springer Link, based on the concept of self-administered
Scopus, Science Direct, Emerald and Google questionnaire.
Scholar.

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In preparing the questionnaire, it went through influence the success of implementing BI. This
three stages. These stages are: delivers the third
(a) Construct of questionnaire: Past studies
related to areas of BI implementation were
accessed. In order to develop the questions for
this study, the questions on factors for BI
implementation from previous work was rephrased
in an appropriate way to fit the context of this
research.

(b) Pre-test the questionnaire (questionnaire

validation). Questionnaire was evaluated by three
(3) expert reviewers in order to ensure that the
content is suitable and understandable, in line
with the context of this study. This pre-test stage
is important to make sure that respondents can
understand all questions with clarity of wording
and in terms of measurement.

(c) Modifying survey questionnaire: After the

questionnaire has been validated, some
modification was made based on comments of the
experts and the final questionnaire was
developed.

3.1.5 Data Collection

In this phase, the questionnaire was then
distributed to the BI users using a face-to-face
approach to extract their opinion concerning
factors that promote the success of BI usage. The
advantage of distributing the questionnaire face to
face is the opportunity of meeting the targeted
respondent to respond to the questions, which
makes it more accurate and precise. This study
applied the concept of self-administered
questionnaire which is respondents can complete
the questionnaire on his/her own, at their
convenience. The targeted respondents are the
users of BI.

3.1.6 Data Analysis

After data collection, the next phase is to
perform data analysis. The data collected from
the questionnaires was converted into a set of
meaningful variables and then analyzed using
descriptive analysis. Simple descriptive analysis,
such as frequency counts and percentage has been
used for this study. Descriptive statistics
includes the measure of variability (variance and
standard deviation) and measure of central
tendency (mode, median and mean). The
respondents for this study were eight (8) persons.
To analyze the result, excel data analysis was
used to produce the result because of the small
number of respondents. The purpose is to look for
the high average level of the listed factors that

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and last objective of the study which is to chancellor, deputy of vice chancellor, director of
validate the proposed factors and can be found undergraduate studies etc. (c) Staff and students
in Table 5. are the third type of BI users. They can only
visualize the data related to each individual and
3.1.7 Documentation
This is the most important phase in this
research, since all the activities that were
carried out were clearly reported and compiled.
The results obtained from both the literature
review and the questionnaires of the respondents
were reported and documented. At the end
discussion, limitation of the study and
conclusions are drawn from the work presented
in this study.

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 The Case Study
The data has been gathered from the survey
through questionnaire to validate the factors.
Descriptive analysis has been used to examine
and interpret the data.
A case study is a research method involving
a detailed examination of a subject of study (the
case). In a case study research, the "case" being
studied may be an individual, organization,
event, or action, existing in a specific time and
place.
With respect to the scope of this research, a
single case study has been chosen to validate the
proposed factors. The chosen institution has
already developed and implemented its own BI
system and used by the top management for
about
4 years. In that institution, BI solutions are
provided by Data Management and Business
Intelligence Division which is under Centre of
Information and Communication Technology
(CICT). The main objectives of this division are:
to govern business intelligence and data
management infrastructure, to provide a
coherent picture of using data, to deliver
intelligence behind the data and to facilitate a
well-informed decision making. The CICT
performs certain functions to achieve the
aforementioned objectives. These functions are:
provide reporting, analysis, statistics and
projections systematically, provide fast and
reliable access to information and provide
services of preparing, developing and
monitoring Business Intelligence in the
institution.
4.2 BI users
As illustrated in Figure 2, BI users consists
of 3 types as follows: (a) Technical users are the
users who manipulate the BI programming,
system analysis and requirements and tools; (b)
Decision makers who are responsible of taking the
decisions based on the BI reports such as vice

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their faculties. For this study, only the decision section discusses the respondents’ feedbacks
makers were used as the respondents as they are analysis.
the ones that make the decisions. Table 4 shows
the respondents’ departments and numbers. Descriptive analysis is a brief description of a
given set of data, which can either represent an
entire population or a sample of the population.
Technical Descriptive analysis can be illustrated in both
Users numerical and graphical form which are the
fundamentals for any quantitative analysis. Using
descriptive analysis, one can easily describe what
the data is in a clear and understandable way [33].
The purpose of this study analysis is to look for
the "high mean level" of the listed items of each
factors that influence the usage of BI. Therefore,
BI Users any question with mean (average) score above 3.0
is positively acceptable and below 3.0 is rejected
in this study [34].
Staff For demographic data, it is important to prepare
Decision Makers and students
the specific demographic questions for respondents
to answer. This is to recognize the respondents
background. Respondents were asked 2
demographic questions; their years of experience
using BI system and their level in the
Figure 2: BI users.
organization.
Table 4: Department and Number Respondents
Respondent that have experience with BI
system for more than 4 years has 38%, followed
Departments/Units Number of by those between 1 to 2 years with 38%, then
Respondents those with less than 1 year with 13% and finally,
Unit A 4 the respondents between 2 to 3 years has 13%.
Based on the above analysis most of the
Unit B 2 respondents work with BI system for a long time.
They have a better understanding of the BI
Unit C 2 system. Therefore, respondent’s feedback in this
study can be taken into consideration.
For the oorganizational level, respondent who
In this study, Unit A, Unit B, Unit C, were the are at the executive level has 25%, and at middle
respondents available as shown in Table 3. As the management level has 38% and clericals with 38%.
remaining units’ representative of BI were not Based on the analysis, this shows that personnel
available at the time of data collection. Thus, from different levels of the organization uses the BI
making the respondents number to be eight. Next system rather than a specific level. Figure 2
shows the summary of the respondents’
feedbacks based on their levels for question 03 to
32.

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Executive
Middle Management Clerical

5
4
Frequen

3
2
1
Question

Question

Question

Question

Question

Question

Question

Question

Question

Question

Question

Question

Question

Question

Question
03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17
Question Items
Figure 3: Summary of all the Questionnaire Items Based on the Levels of BI Respondents

Figure 3, shows the summary of the frequencies

presented in Table 5.
of the answers (Strongly Disagree 1, Disagree 2,
Neutral 3, Agree 4, Strongly Agree 5) according to Table 5: BI Usage Model for HEI
the roles/positions of the BI users’ respondents. The
respondents for this study were eight (8) persons FACTORS
and they were clustered into three groups according to
the respondents’ level in the organisation namely Organizational Dimension
Executive, Middle Management, and Clerical.
Top management support and sponsorship
Executive staffs are relating to or having the power
to put plans or actions into effect. Middle Clear vision
management is the intermediate management of a
hierarchical organization that is subordinate to the Organizational structure
executive management and responsible for at least
two lower levels of junior staff. Clerical staffs are User empowerment
concerned with or relating to work in an office, Data quality
especially routine documentation and
administrative tasks. Process Dimension
To analyse the result, excel data analysis was Championship and balanced team
used to produce the result. Returning to the
respondents’ answers, all questions were answered User participation
with either strongly agree (5) or agree (4), only very
Technological Dimension
few respondents answered Question11, Question12,
Question13 with scale "2" meaning "disagree" as System quality
the items are new in the field of BI so not all
respondents have enough experience regarding the Service quality
impact of organisational structure factors [23].
Based on the results from the analysis conducted, 5. LIMITATIONS
all the factors are positively accepted for this study.
Therefore, all the identified factors are validated, Any research has limitation; therefore, this study
acceptable and can be considered in this study as has no exception. This study has four limitations.
factors that helps in realizing the success of BI usage. First, even though results have indicated that factors
As a result, this will help the Universities, to obtain were supported by the respondents, this result
important patterns and predictions to formulate cannot be generalized because the sample size is
strategies, generate knowledge and decision-making not large enough to represent a larger population.
processes that allow the achievement of institutional Second, the study was conducted in a small to
objectives. medium higher education organization. As a result,
the respondents

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Technology

ISSN: 1992- www.jatit. E-ISSN: 1817-

who work with BI were few, which give the
Universidad de la costa case study,” Int. J.
potential to have selection sample bias. For further
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larger sample and other analysis tools like 405–
SmartPLS and SPSS for data analysis as descriptive 412, 2020, doi:
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proposed the most applicable dimensions and [3] I. Antoniadis, T. Tsiakiris, and S. Tsopogloy,
subfactors in BI implementation. However, this “Business Intelligence During Times of
study did not include hypothesis development and Crisis: Adoption and Usage of ERP Systems
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Further research can focus on investigating the 175, pp. 299–307, 2015, doi:
relation and hypothesis between factors. Fourth,
10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.1204.
demographic data such as age, the level of
education, economic status, gender, etc, were [4] N. Caseiro and A. Coelho, “The influence of
ignored in this study because scope of study is to Business Intelligence capacity, network
identify and categorize potential BI factors for learning and innovativeness on startups
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Procedia Comput. Sci., vol. 64, pp. 1163–
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implement BI initiatives in any higher education 10.1007/978-3-319-42092-9_43.
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Link for the online Survey that was distributed: 10.1016/j.dss.2017.03.005.
(https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeNuf [9] A. B. Sangar and N. B. a. Iahad, “Critical
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