Summary of MYSQL commands:

Database-Level:
DROP DATABASE databaseName -- Delete the database (irrecoverable!)
DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS databaseName -- Delete if it exists
CREATE DATABASE databaseName -- Create a new database
CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS databaseName -- Create only if it does not exists
SHOW DATABASES -- Show all the databases in this server
USE databaseName -- Set the default (current) database
SELECT DATABASE() -- Show the default database
SHOW CREATE DATABASE databaseName -- Show the CREATE DATABASE
statement

Table-Level:
DROP TABLE [IF EXISTS] tableName, ...
CREATE TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tableName (
columnName columnType columnAttribute, ...
PRIMARY KEY(columnName),
FOREIGN KEY (columnNmae) REFERENCES tableName (columnNmae)
)
SHOW TABLES -- Show all the tables in the default database
DESCRIBE|DESC tableName -- Describe the details for a table
ALTER TABLE tableName ... -- Modify a table, e.g., ADD COLUMN and DROP COLUMN
ALTER TABLE tableName ADD columnDefinition
ALTER TABLE tableName DROP columnName
ALTER TABLE tableName MODIFY oldcolumnName newcolumnname data type (to rename a
column)
ALTER TABLE tableName ADD FOREIGN KEY (columnNmae) REFERENCES tableName
(columnNmae)
ALTER TABLE tableName DROP FOREIGN KEY constraintName
SHOW CREATE TABLE tableName -- Show the CREATE TABLE statement for this
tableName

Row-Level:
INSERT INTO tableName VALUES (column1Value, column2Value,...) -- Insert on all
Columns
INSERT INTO tableName VALUES (column1Value, column2Value,...), ... -- Insert
multiple rows
INSERT INTO tableName (column1Name, ..., columnNName) VALUES (column1Value, ...,
columnNValue) -- Insert on selected Columns
DELETE FROM tableName WHERE criteria
UPDATE tableName SET columnName = expr, ... WHERE criteria
SELECT * | column1Name AS alias1, ..., columnNName AS aliasN
FROM tableName

Data Types in SQL: Data Types in SQL:

i) String Data Types:
a).Fixed Length: char(n) where n is the length of the String
e.g. name char(50)
b).Variable Length: Varchar(n) – n is the maximum length of data possible for the type
All character data has to be enclosed in single quotes during specification
ii). Numeric Data Types:

Decimal : Floating point number

Float: Floating point number
Integer(size):Integer of specified length
 iii). Temporal Data Types:
• DATE - format YYYY-MM-DD
• DATETIME - format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS
• TIMESTAMP - format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS
• YEAR - format YYYY or YY
Experiment No.1: To Study and Implement Data Definition Language
Commands
1. To create a new database called STUDENTDB
mysql> CREATE DATABASE STUDENTDB;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.12 sec)

2. To display the databases;

mysql> SHOW DATABASES;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| studentdb |
| test |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.02 sec)

3. To use the created database STUDENTDB

mysql> USE STUDENTDB;
Database changed

Data Definition Language:

Syntax:
CREATE TABLE table_name
(Column_name datatype[(size)],
Column_name datatype[(size)],
)
Example:
CREATE TABLE STUDENT
(SNUM VARCHAR(10),
SNAME VARCHAR(20),
MAJOR VARCHAR(20),
LEVEL VARCHAR(10),
DOB DATE);
• Creates a table with five columns

mysql> CREATE TABLE STUDENT(

-> SNUM INT PRIMARY KEY,
-> SNAME VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
-> MAJOR VARCHAR(5) NOT NULL,
-> LEVEL CHAR(5),
-> DOB DATE);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.13 sec)

4. To display/view all the tables in the STUDENTDB database.

mysql> SHOW TABLES;
+---------------------+
| Tables_in_studentdb |
+---------------------+
| student |
+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

5. To display the table description/schema/intension/structure of the database

mysql> DESC STUDENT;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| SNUM | int(11)| NO | PRI | NULL | |
| SNAME | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| MAJOR | varchar(5) | NO | | NULL | |
| LEVEL | char(5) | YES | | NULL | |
| DOB | date | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.08 sec)

6. To add a new column called “SEM” to the existing table STUDENT and whose default
value is “4”

mysql> ALTER TABLE STUDENT ADD SEM INT DEFAULT 4;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.27 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> DESC STUDENT;

+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| SNUM | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| SNAME | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| MAJOR | varchar(5) | NO | | NULL | |
| LEVEL | char(5) | YES | | NULL | |
| DOB | date | YES | | NULL | |
| SEM | int(11) | YES | |4 | |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.13 sec)

7. To modify the definition of a column of the existing table STUDENT

mysql> ALTER TABLE STUDENT MODIFY MAJOR VARCHAR(20) NULL;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.27 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> DESC STUDENT;

+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| SNUM | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| SNAME | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| MAJOR | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| LEVEL | char(5) | YES | | NULL | |
| DOB | date | YES | | NULL | |
| SEM | int(11) | YES | |4 | |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.03 sec)

8. To make other column as primary key(unique) in an existing table STUDENT

mysql> ALTER TABLE STUDENT MODIFY SNAME VARCHAR(20) UNIQUE;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.22 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> DESC STUDENT;

+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| SNUM | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| SNAME | varchar(20) | YES | UNIQUE | NULL | |
| MAJOR | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| LEVEL | char(5) | YES | | NULL | |
| DOB | date | YES | | NULL | |
| SEM | int(11) | YES | |4 | |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

9. To drop a column in an already created table.

mysql> ALTER TABLE STUDENT DROP COLUMN LEVEL;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.20 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> DESC STUDENT;

+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| SNUM | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| SNAME | varchar(20) | YES | UNI | NULL | |
| MAJOR | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| DOB | date | YES | | NULL | |
| SEM | int(11) | YES | |4 | |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.03 sec)

10. Truncating the tables.

Syntax:
Truncate table <tablename>;
mysql> TRUNCATE TABLE ENROLL1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.11 sec)

11. To delete the definition/schema/description/structure of a table.

Syntax:
Drop table <tablename>;
Example:
mysql> DROP TABLE ENROLL1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.08 sec)
Experiment No.2: To Study and Implement Data Manipulation Language
commands:
Data Manipulation Language:
i)Insert Statement:
Allows you to add new records to the Table
Syntax:
insert into table_name[(column_list)] values (value_list)
Example:
INSERT INTO student VALUES (1, ‘Ganesh’, ‘CSE’, ‘JR’, ’2000-05-01’) 
INSERT INTO Student (snum, sname, major, level, DOB) VALUES (2, ‘ramesh’, ‘CSE’, ‘SR’,
’2000-07-31’))
• Note: If the columns are not specified as in the first example the data goes in the order
specified in the table
ii)Delete Statement:
It is used to remove records from a table of the database. The where clause in the syntax is used
to restrict the rows deleted from the table otherwise all the rows from the table are deleted.
i) To remove all rows of a table
Syntax: delete from <tablename>;
mysql> DELETE FROM STUDENT;
ii) removal of a specified row/s
Syntax: DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE Condition]
mysql> DELETE FROM STUDENT WHERE SNAME = ‘Ramesh’
• Deletes all the rows where the sname is ‘Ramesh’ keeps all the other rows.
iii) Update Statement:
It is used to make changes to existing rows of the table.
Syntax:
UPDATE table_name
SET column_name1 = value1, column_name2 = value2, …..
[WHERE Condition]
Example: UPDATE STUDENT SET SNAME = ‘Vignesh’, MAJOR = ‘IS’ WHERE snum = 1;
Updating the contents of a table.
i) updating all rows
Syntax: Update <tablename> set <col>=<exp>,<col>=<exp>;
Before updating the snapshot of Student Table
mysql> SELECT * FROM STUDENT;
+------+----------------+-------+------------+------+
| SNUM | SNAME | MAJOR | DOB | SEM |
+------+----------------+-------+------------+------+
| 1001 | CHETHAN | CSE | 2000-11-03 | 4|
| 1002 | CHETHAN CHAVAN | CSE | 2000-11-03 | 4|
+------+----------------+-------+------------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> UPDATE STUDENT SET MAJOR='ISE';
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.07 sec)
Rows matched: 2 Changed: 2 Warnings: 0
After updating the snapshot of Student Table
mysql> SELECT * FROM STUDENT;
+------+----------------+-------+------------+------+
| SNUM | SNAME | MAJOR | DOB | SEM |
+------+----------------+-------+------------+------+
| 1001 | CHETHAN | ISE | 2000-11-03 | 4|
| 1002 | CHETHAN CHAVAN | ISE | 2000-11-03 | 4|
+------+----------------+-------+------------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
ii) updating seleted records.
Syntax: Update <tablename> set <col>=<exp>, <col>=<exp> where <condition>;
mysql> UPDATE STUDENT SET MAJOR='ECE' WHERE SNUM=1001;
Experiment No.3: To Study and Implement SQL Constraints

Types of Constraints in SQL

• NOT NULL - Ensures that a column cannot have a NULL value
• UNIQUE - Ensures that all values in a column are different
• PRIMARY KEY - A combination of a NOT NULL and UNIQUE. Uniquely identifies
each row in a table
• FOREIGN KEY - Uniquely identifies a row/record in another table
• CHECK - Ensures that all values in a column satisfies a specific condition
• DEFAULT - Sets a default value for a column when no value is specified

1. To create a new table Faculty with FID auto_increment constraint

mysql> CREATE TABLE FACULTY
-> ( FID INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
-> FNAME VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
-> ADDRESS VARCHAR(20),
-> DEPTID INT);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.13 sec)

mysql> DESC FACULTY;

+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| FID | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| FNAME | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| ADDRESS | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| DEPTID | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
2. To create a relationship table called COURSE with ON DELETE CASCADE
Referential Integrity Constraint.
mysql> CREATE TABLE COURSE (
-> CNAME VARCHAR(10) PRIMARY KEY,
-> MEETS_AT VARCHAR(10),
-> ROOM VARCHAR(5),
-> FID INTEGER,
-> FOREIGN KEY(FID) REFERENCES FACULTY(FID) ON DELETE CASCADE);
mysql> DESC COURSE;
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| CNAME | varchar(10) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| MEETS_AT | varchar(10) | YES | | NULL | |
| ROOM | varchar(5) | YES | | NULL | |
| FID | int(11) | YES | MUL | NULL | |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.03 sec)

3. To CREATE a Many to Many relationship table “ENROLL” between STUDENT and

COURSE relations with ON DELETE CASCADE
mysql> CREATE TABLE ENROLL(
-> SNUM INTEGER,CNAME VARCHAR(10),
-> PRIMARY KEY(SNUM,CNAME),
-> FOREIGN KEY(SNUM) REFERENCES STUDENT(SNUM) ON DELETE
CASCADE,
-> FOREIGN KEY(CNAME) REFERENCES COURSE(CNAME) ON DELETE
CASCADE);
mysql> DESC ENROLL;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| SNUM | int(11) | NO | PRI | 0 | |
| CNAME | varchar(10) | NO | PRI | | |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.03 sec)

4. To CREATE a Many to Many relationship table “ENROLL” between STUDENT and

COURSE relations with ON DELETE SET NULL ON UPDATE CASCADE
mysql> CREATE TABLE ENROLL1(
-> SNUM INTEGER,CNAME VARCHAR(10),
-> FOREIGN KEY (SNUM) REFERENCES STUDENT(SNUM) ON DELETE SET NULL
ON UPDATE CASCADE,
-> FOREIGN KEY (CNAME) REFERENCES COURSE(CNAME) ON DELETE SET
NULL ON UPDATE CASCADE);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.14 sec)
mysql> DESC ENROLL1;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| SNUM | int(11) | YES | MUL | NULL | |
| CNAME | varchar(10) | YES | MUL | NULL | |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
i)Entity Integrity Constraint: Primary Key Value cannot be NULL and duplicate.
mysql> INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES (NULL,'CHETHAN','CSE','2000-20-03',4);
ERROR 1048 (23000): Column 'SNUM' cannot be null.
mysql> INSERT INTO STUDENT(SNUM,SNAME,MAJOR,DOB,SEM) VALUES
(1001,'CHETHAN','CSE','2000-05-03',4);
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1001' for key 'PRIMARY'.

ii)DOMAIN Constraint: incorrect date format(‘YYYY-MM-DD’)

mysql> INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES (1002,'CHETHAN','CSE','2000-20-03',4);
ERROR 1292 (22007): Incorrect date value: '2000-20-03' for column 'DOB' at row 1
mysql> INSERT INTO COURSE VALUES('PYTHON','10:05','DGL0123',123);
ERROR 1406 (22001): Data too long for column 'ROOM' at row 1

iii)Referential Integrity Constraint:

mysql> INSERT INTO COURSE VALUES('PYTHON','10:05','DGL01',123);
ERROR 1452 (23000): Cannot add or update a child row: a foreign key constraint fails
(`studentdb`.`course`, CONSTRAINT `course_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`FID`) REFERENCES
`faculty` (`FID`) ON DELETE CASCADE).