RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

Week Nos. 2 - 6

MODULE NO. 2: Solutions of First Order Differential

Equations

The topics to be discussed in this module are the following:

1. Variable Separable
2. Methods of Substitution
3. Exact Equations
4. Integrating Factor by Inspection
5. Linear and Bernoulli’s Equations

Overview

This module is organized as follows:

1. Principles
2. Illustrative Examples
3. Review Exercises
4. Assignments

Study Guide

The study of differential equations is greatly related and influenced by the knowledge learned from
Calculus. This requires thorough practice in solving the exercises for better understanding of the topics
covered in the course.

Towards the end of the module, the student is expected to solve the assigned exercises and required
to submit them as instructed. (Note: Instructions will be delivered once the classes start.)

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the module, students should be able to solve first order differential equations using
appropriate method.

COURSE TITLE: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS [Engr. Armando P. Herrera Jr. - Professor]

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

Topic Presentation

Chapter 2
Solutions to First Order Differential Equations

SOLUTION OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

- a relation among the variables which reduces a differential equation to an algebraic identity.

GENERAL SOLUTIONS
- solutions containing a number of arbitrary constants equal to the order of the differential
equation.

PARTICULAR SOLUTIONS
- solutions that does not contain arbitrary constants.

Methods of Solving First Order Differential Equations

I. VARIABLE SEPARABLE

For a given first order differential equation in the form:

A( x, y)dx + B( x, y )dy = 0

which by separating variables can be converted to:

M ( x)dx + N ( y )dy = 0

II. HOMOGENEOUS COEFFICIENTS

For a given first order differential equation in the form:

A( x, y)dx + B( x, y )dy = 0

for which is impossible to separate the variables. If the coefficients are of the same
degree in x and y, then the coefficients are said to be homogeneous.

Such equation can be transformed to variable separable equation using the following
substitution:

x = Qy y = Qx
OR
dx = Qdy + ydQ dy = Qdx + xdQ

COURSE TITLE: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS [Engr. Armando P. Herrera Jr. - Professor]

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

SOLUTIONS for VARIABLE SEPARABLE and HOMOGENEOUS COEFFICIENTS FODE

dy
1. e y − 3t 2 = 0 , when t = 0 ; y = 1 #6, page 21
dt
a. y = ln(t 2 + e ) ( )
c. y = ln t 2 + e y
b. (
y = ln t 3 + e ) d. y = ln(t − e ) y

Solution: when t = 0 ; y = 1

dy
ey − 3t 2 = 0 ey − t3 = C
dt
e dy − 3t 2 dt = 0 e1 − (0) = C
y 3

 e dy − 3 t dt =  0 C=e
y 2

1 
e y − 3 t 3  = C ey − t3 = e
3 
e −t = C
y 3
ey = t3 + e (
y = ln t 3 + e ) ANS

2. tan xdy + y 3 sin 2 xdx = 0 , when x = 0 ; y = 1 #7, page 21

a. y (3 − cos 2 x ) = 2
2
c. y (2 − cos 2 x ) = 1
2

b. y (cos 2 x − 2 x ) = 1 d. y (cos 2 x −1) = x

Solution: when x = 0 ; y = 1

1 1
tan xdy + y 3 sin 2 xdx = 0 − 2
− cos 2 x = C
2y 4
dy sin 2 x
− cos 2(0 ) = C
1 1
+ dx = 0 −
2(1) 4
2
y 3 tan x
1 1 3
y −3dy + cot x sin 2 xdx = 0 C=− − =−
2 4 4
 cos x  2 1 1 3
y −3 dy +   sin xdx = 0 − 2 − cos 2 x = −
 sin x  2y 4 4
 1 1 3
y dy +  sin x cos xdx =  0
−3
 − 2 − cos 2 x = −  − 4 y 2
 2y 4 4
1
y dy +    (2 )sin x cos xdx =  0
−3
2 + y 2 cos 2 x = 3 y 2
2
−2
y 2 (3 − cos 2 x ) = 2
y 1
+  sin 2 xdx = C ANS
−2 2
1 1
− 2 − cos 2 x = C
2y 4

COURSE TITLE: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS [Engr. Armando P. Herrera Jr. - Professor]

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

( )
3. 2t 3 ds − 3st 2 − 2s 3 dt = 0 , s (1) = 1 #8, page 28
a. s 2 (2t − 1) = t 3 (
c. s 2t 3 −1 = t )
b. s (1 + 2t ) = t
3 2
d. s = 3t + 1
2

Solution:
s = Qt
(
2t 3 ds − 3st 2 − 2s 3 dt = 0 ) let:
ds = Qdt + tdQ

2t 3 (Qdt + tdQ) − 3(Qt )t 2 − 2(Qt ) dt = 0
3
 for :
2t 3Qdt + 2t 4 dQ − 3Qt 3 dt + 2Q 3t 3 dt = 0 1 A B C
= + +
2t dQ − Qt dt + 2Q t dt = 0
4 3 3 3
(
Q 2Q + 1 )( 2Q − 1 ) Q 2Q + 1 2Q − 1
( )
Qt 3 2Q 2 − 1 dt + 2t 4 dQ = 0 (
1 = A 2Q + 1 )( ) ( )
2Q − 1 + BQ 2Q − 1 + CQ 2Q + 1 ( )
t 3 dt dQ 1 1
+2 =0 Q=0 Q=− Q=
t 4
Q 2Q 2 − 1 ( ) 2 2
 1   1 
dt
+2
dQ
=0 1 = A(− 1) 1 = B − (− 2) 1 = C (2)
t (
Q 2Q + 1 2Q − 1 )( )  2  2
2 2
dt dQ A = −1 B= C=
 t + 2 Q 2Q + 1 2Q − 1 =  0
( )( ) 2 2

dt  1 2 2 
 t
+ 2   − + +
(
 Q 2 2Q + 1 2 2Q − 1 ) ( )
dQ =  0


dt  dQ  2dQ 2dQ
 t
− 2   + 
 Q  ) (( )
2Q + 1
+
2Q − 1
= 0

ln t − 2 ln Q + ln( 2Q + 1) + ( 2Q − 1) = ln C
ln t + ln( 2Q + 1) + ( 2Q − 1) = ln C + ln Q 2

ln t ( 2Q + 1)( 2Q − 1) = ln CQ 2

(
t 2Q 2 − 1 = CQ 2) but Q =
s
t

  s 2  s
2

t 2  − 1 = C  
  t   t
 2s 2 − t 2   s2 
t 2  = C  2 
 t  t 
( )
t 2s 2 − t 2 = Cs 2
when t = 1 and s = 1
(
1 2(1) − (1) = C (1)
2 2 2
) 2ts 2 − t 3 = s 2
C =1 2ts 2 − s 2 = t 3
( )
t 2s 2 − t 2 = s 2 s 2 (2t − 1) = t 3 ANSWER

COURSE TITLE: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS [Engr. Armando P. Herrera Jr. - Professor]

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

 x   x  x 
4. 3t cos dx − 2t sin  + 3x cos  dt = 0 , x(8) = 4 #10, page 28
t  t  t 
 x  x
a. 64 sin 3   = t 2 c. cos 2   = t 3
t t
 x  x
b. sin 3   = 64t 2 d. 64 cos 3   = t
t t
Solution:

 x   x  x  x = Qt
3t cos dx − 2t sin  + 3x cos  dt = 0 let:
t  t  t  dx = Qdt + tdQ

 Qt    Qt   Qt 
3t cos (Qdt + tdQ) − 2t sin  + 3Qt cos  dt = 0
 t    t   t 

3t cos Q(Qdt + tdQ) − 2t sin Q + 3Qt cos Qdt = 0

3Qt cos Qdt + 3t 2 cos QdQ − 2t sin Qdt − 3Qt cos Qdt = 0

3t 2 cos QdQ − 2t sin Qdt = 0

cos Q t
3 dQ − 2 2 dt = 0
sin Q t

cos Q 1
3 dQ − 2 dt =  0
sin Q t

3 ln(sin Q ) − 2 ln t = ln C

ln(sin Q ) = ln C + ln t 2
3

ln sin 3 Q = ln Ct 2

x
sin 3 Q = Ct 2 but Q =
t

 x
sin 3   = Ct 2 when x = 4 , t = 8
t

 4 
 = C (8)
1
sin 3  C=
2

 8  64

 x 1  x
sin 3   = t 2 64 sin 3   = t 2 ANSWER
 t  64 t

COURSE TITLE: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS [Engr. Armando P. Herrera Jr. - Professor]

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

III. COEFFICIENT LINEAR EQUATIONS AND SUGGESTED SUBSTITUTION

For a given first order differential equation in the form:

( Ax + By + C )dx + ( Ix + Jy + K )dy = 0

Steps to solve:

1. Replace “x” with h and “y” with k and equate to zero.

2. Solve for h and k.
3. Use the substitution x = u + h and y = v + k.
4. Simplify the results. The result must be homogeneous coefficient.
5. Use the procedures for homogeneous coefficients.

Illustrative Examples:

1. (x + 2 y )dx − (2 x + 9 y + 5)dy = 0 , when y(0) = 0 #8, page 36

a. (2 x + 9 y + 5) + 3125(x + 2 y ) = (x − 3 y − 5)
2 2

b. (x + 3 y + 1)(x − 3 y − 5) = −3125
5

c. (x 2 − 9 y 2 − 4 x − 18 y − 5) ( x − 3 y − 5) + 3125(x + 3 y + 1) = 0
3 2 2

d. (x 2 − 9 y 2 − 4 x − 18 y − 5)(x − 3 y − 5) − 3125(x + 3 y + 1) = 0
2

Solution:
h + 2k = 0 − 2h − 4k = 0 k = −1
→ →
2h + 9k + 5 = 0 2h + 9k = −5 h=2

x=u+2 , dx = du
Let:
y = v −1 , dy = dv

(u + 2) + 2(v − 1)du − 2(u + 2) + 9(v − 1) + 5dv = 0

(u + 2v )du − (2u + 9v )dv = 0 Homogeneous Coefficient
u = Qv
(u + 2v )du − (2u + 9v )dv = 0 let:
du = Qdv + vdQ
(Qv + 2v )(Qdv + vdQ) − (2Qv + 9v )dv = 0
Q 2 vdv + Qv 2 dQ + 2Qvdv + 2v 2 dQ − 2Qvdv − 9vdv = 0 for :
Q 2 vdv − 9vdv + Qv 2 dQ + 2v 2 dQ = 0 Q+2 A B
= +
(Q + 3)(Q − 3) Q + 3 Q − 3
( )
v Q 2 − 9 dv + v 2 (Q + 2)dQ = 0 s
Q + 2 = A(Q − 3) + B(Q + 3) s
dv (Q + 2 )dQ
+
v (Q 2 − 9) = 0 Q = −3
− 1 = A(− 6 )
Q=3
5 = B(6 )
dv (Q + 2)dQ
 v +  (Q + 3)(Q − 3) =  0 A=
1
B=
5
6 6
dv 1 dQ 5 dQ
 v + 6  Q +3 + 6  Q −3 = 0

COURSE TITLE: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS [Engr. Armando P. Herrera Jr. - Professor]

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

 u + 3v  u − 3v 
5

ln v + ln(Q + 3) + ln(Q − 3) = ln C
1 5
v6   5  = C
6 6  v  v 
u = x−2
6 ln v + ln(Q + 3) + 5 ln(Q − 3) = ln C (u + 3v )(u − 3v )5 = C but
v = y +1
ln v 6 (Q + 3)(Q − 3) = ln C
5
(x − 2) + 3( y + 1)(x − 2) − 3( y + 1)5 = C
v 6 (Q + 3)(Q − 3) = C ; but Q = (x + 3 y + 1)(x − 3 y − 5)5 = C , when y(0) = 0
5 u
v
5
u  u 
v 6  + 3  − 3  = C (1)2 (− 5)5 = C ; C = −3125
v  v 
(u − 3v )5  u + 3v 
v 6
= C  (x + 3 y + 1)(x − 3 y − 5)5 = −3125 ANSWER
 v 
5
v

2. (4 x − t − 7)dx − (5x − 2t − 8)dt = 0 , when t = 1 , x = −2 #7, page 36

a. (x − t − 1) = 8(2 x − t − 3) c. (2 x − t − 3)(x − t − 1) = 8
3 3

b. (5 x − 2t − 8) = 3(2 x − t − 3) d. (5 x − 2t − 8) (2 x − t − 3) = 3
2 2

Solution:
4h − k − 7 = 0 − 8h + 2k + 14 = 0 h=2
→ →
5h − 2k − 8 = 0 5h − 2k − 8 = 0 k =1
x=u+2 , dx = du
Let:
t = v +1 , dt = dv
4(u + 2) − (v + 1) − 7du − 5(u + 2) − 2(v + 1) − 8dv = 0
4u + 8 − v − 1 − 7du − 5u + 10 − 2v − 2 − 8dv = 0
(4u − v )du − (5u − 2v )dv = 0 Homogeneous Coefficient
u = Qv
(4u − v )du − (5u − 2v )dv = 0 let:
du = Qdv + vdQ
(4Qv − v )(Qdv + vdQ) − (5Qv − 2v )dv = 0 for :
4Q vdv + 4Qv dQ − Qvdv − v dQ − 5Qvdv + 2vdv = 0
2 2 2
4Q − 1 A B
= +
4Q 2 vdv − 6Qvdv + 2vdv + 4Qv 2 dQ − v 2 dQ = 0 (2Q − 1)(Q − 1) 2Q − 1 Q − 1
( )
2v 2Q 2 − 3Q + 1 dv + v 2 (4Q − 1)dQ = 0 s 4Q − 1 = A(Q − 1) + B(2Q − 1)
dv
2 +
(4Q − 1)dQ = 0 Q=
1
Q =1
v (2Q 2 − 3Q + 1) 2
 1
dv
2 + 
(4Q − 1)dQ = 0 1 = A −  3 = B(1)
v (2Q − 1)(Q − 1)  A = −2
 2
B=3
dv 2dQ dQ
2 −  + 3
Q −1 
= 0
v 2Q − 1
2 ln v − ln(2Q − 1) + 3 ln(Q − 1) = ln C
u = x−2
ln v 2 + ln(Q − 1) = ln C + ln(2Q − 1) (u − v )3 = C (2u − v ) but
3

v = t −1
ln v 2 (Q − 1) = ln C (2Q − 1)
3
(x − 2) − (t − 1)3 = C2(x − 2) − (t − 1)

COURSE TITLE: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS [Engr. Armando P. Herrera Jr. - Professor]

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

v 2 (Q − 1) = C (2Q − 1) ; but Q = (x − t − 1)3 = C (2 x − t − 3) ,when t = 1 ,

u
x = −2
3

v
3
u   u 
v  − 1 = C  2 − 1
2
(− 2 − 1 − 1)3 = C (2(− 2) − 1 − 3)
v   v 
(u − v )3  2u − v 
= C − 64 = C (− 8)
v2 
 v 
3
v

v3
(u − v )3
= C (2u − v ) C =8
v3
(u − v )3 = C (2u − v ) (x − t − 1)3 = 8(2 x − t − 3) ANSWER

1 1
3. (6 x + y )dx + (6 x + y − 1)dy = 0 , when y  = #10, page 36
5 5
a. 2(x − y ) + ln 30 x − 5 y + 6 = 5 c. 5(6 x + y ) = ln 5(30 x − 5 y + 6)
b. 5(x + y ) + ln 30 x + 5 y − 6 = 2 d. 2(6 x + y ) = ln 2(x − y )
2

Solution:
Q = 6x + y
(6 x + y )dx + (6 x + y − 1)dy = 0 Let: then
dQ = 6dx + dy

dx =
1
(dQ − dy)
6
1 
Q  (dQ − dy ) + (Q − 1)dy = 0
6 
1 1
QdQ − Qdy + Qdy − dy = 0
6 6

1 5
QdQ + Qdy − dy = 0
6 6

QdQ + (5Q − 6)dy = 0

 Q 
 dQ + dy = 0
 5Q − 6 
 6 
 
1
 + 5 dQ + dy = 0
  5 5Q − 6   
 
 
1 6 dQ
5  dQ + 
5 5Q − 6 
+ dy =  0

1 6
Q+ ln 5Q − 6 + y = C but Q = 6 x + y
5 25
1
(6 x + y ) + 6 ln 5(6 x + y ) − 6 + y = C
5 25

COURSE TITLE: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS [Engr. Armando P. Herrera Jr. - Professor]

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

5(6 x + y ) + 6 ln 5(6 x + y ) − 6 + 25 y = C
30 x + 5 y + 6 ln 30 x + 5 y − 6 + 25 y = C
30 x + 30 y + 6 ln 30 x + 5 y − 6 = C
30(x + y ) + 6 ln 30 x + 5 y − 6 = C
1 1
5(x + y ) + ln 30 x + 5 y − 6 = C , when y  =
5 5
1 1 1 1
5 +  + ln 30  + 5  − 6 = C C=2
5 5 5 5
5(x + y ) + ln 30 x + 5 y − 6 = 2 ANSWER

IV. EXACT EQUATIONS

A given first order differential equation in the form: 𝐴(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝐵 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 is said to be
𝜕𝐴(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝐵(𝑥,𝑦)
exact iff: =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Steps to solve:
1. Integrate A(x,y) wrt x.
2. Differentiate the result in step 1 wrt to y and equate the result to B(x,y).
3. Integrate the result in step 2 to find the constant of integration then substitute
to the result in step 1.
V. INTEGRATING FACTOR BY INSPECTION
If the given first order differential equations is non-exact, suitable integrating factor must be
used to make it EXACT. The table below will be of great help in choosing the right integrating factor.

COURSE TITLE: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS [Engr. Armando P. Herrera Jr. - Professor]

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

If does not work,

e
1  A B  f ( x ) dx
a. If  −  = f ( x) ; then the Integrating Factor:
B  y x 

e 
1  A B  − g ( y ) dy
b. If  −  = g ( y) ; then the Integrating Factor:
A  y x 
1
c. If the result is still both functions of x and y, then the Integrating Factor:
xA − yB

Illustrative Examples:

1. (3x − sin y + 2 y )dx + (2 x − x cos y + 1)dy = 0 , when x = 1, y = 0 #6, page 41

a. 4 xy + x cos y − 3 y + 2 x = 3 2
c. 2 y sin y − 3xy + 2 x + 4 y 2 = 3
b. cos y − sin y + 4 y + y 2 = 3 d. 4 xy − 2 x sin y + 2 y + 3x 2 = 3

Solution:

A(x, y ) B(x, y )
Test for exactness of the equation using =
y x

(3x − sin y + 2 y ) =  (2 x − x cos y + 1)
y x
− cos y + 2 = 2 − cos y The equation is EXACT
Step 1
 (3x − sin y + 2 y )dx = 3 xdx − sin y  dx + 2 y  dx
 (3x − sin y + 2 y )dx = 2 x − x sin y + 2 xy + F ( y )
3 2

Step 2
 3 2 
 x − x sin y + 2 xy + F ( y ) = − x cos y + 2 x + F ' ( y )
y  2 
− x cos y + 2 x + F ' ( y ) = 2 x − x cos y + 1
F ' (y) = 1
Step 3
 F' ( y )dy =  dy when x = 1 , y = 0
F (y) = y + C 3x 2 − 2 x sin y + 4 xy + 2 y = C
3(1) − 2(1)sin(0) + 4(1)(0) + 2(0) = C
3 2
x − x sin y + 2 xy + y = C
2

2
3x 2 − 2 x sin y + 4 xy + 2 y = C C =3

3x 2 − 2 x sin y + 4 xy + 2 y = 3 ANSWER

COURSE TITLE: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS [Engr. Armando P. Herrera Jr. - Professor]

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

2. (2 y sec x tan x + y )dx + 2(sec x + xy − 3)dy = 0 , when y( ) = −

2
#10, page 42
a. 2 y sec x + xy − 6 y = 8 + 
2 3
c. x tan x − 2 x y − 3x =  3
2

b. x sec x − 2 xy 2 + 8 y = 6 d. 2 x tan x + x 2 y 2 + y =  + 2 3

Solution:
A(x, y ) B(x, y )
Test for exactness of the equation using =
y x
 
y
( )
2 y sec x tan x + y 2 = 2(sec x + xy − 3)
x
 
y
( )
2 y sec x tan x + y 2 = (2 sec x + 2 xy − 6)
x
2 sec x tan x + 2 y = 2 sec x tan x + 2 y The equation is EXACT
Step 1  (2 y sec x tan x + y )dx = 2 y  sec x tan xdx + y  dx
2 2

 (2 y sec x tan x + y )dx = 2 y sec x + xy + F ( y )

2 2


Step 2
y
( )
2 y sec x + xy 2 + F ( y ) = 2 sec x + 2 xy + F ' ( y )

2 sec x + 2 xy + F ' ( y ) = 2 sec x + 2 xy − 6

F ' ( y ) = −6
Step 3 when y ( ) = −
 F ' ( y )dy = −6 dy 2(−  )sec  +  (−  ) − 6(−  ) = C
2

F ( y ) = −6 y + C 2(−  )sec  +  (−  ) − 6(−  ) = C

2

2 y sec x + xy 2 − 6 y = C C = 8 +  3

2 y sec x + xy 2 − 6 y = 8 −  3 ANSWER

3. s(1 + 2t )dt + tds = 0 , when s(1) = 5 #9, page 50

a. ln st = 5e2t c. st = 5e2(1− t )
b. t (1 + 2st ) = 1 d. s + 2t = 3st

Solution:

By looking at the given DE, the equation is not exact.

s(1 + 2t )dt + tds = 0 ln st + 2t = C

sdt + 2stdt + tds = 0 ln st = −2t + C
(sdt + tds) + 2stdt = 0 st = e −2t +C st = e −2t e C
d (st ) + 2stdt = 0 st = Ce −2t when s(1) = 5
d (st )
+ 2dt = 0 (5)(1) = Ce−2(1) C = 5e 2
st
d (st )
 st + 2 dt =  0 st = 5e 2 e −2t st = 5e 2(1−t ) ANSWER

COURSE TITLE: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS [Engr. Armando P. Herrera Jr. - Professor]

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

4. (
y 2 dx + 3xy + y 2 − 1 dy = 0 )
A(x, y ) B(x, y )
Solution: Test for exactness of the equation using =
y x
 2  1  A B 
y
( )
y =
x
(
3xy + y 2 − 1 )  −  = g ( y ) ; then IF is e 
A  y x 
− g ( y ) dy

1
−  − dy
2 y  3y 1
(2 y − 3 y ) = −
1
; then IF is e y
= e ln y = y
y2 y

 (
y y 2 dx + 3xy + y 2 − 1 dy = 0 )  ( )
y 3 dx + 3xy 2 + y 3 − 1 dy = 0

The DE is already exact!!!

Step 1  y dx = y  dx
3 3

 y dx = y x + F ( y )
3 3


Step 2
y
(xy 3 + F ( y )) = 3xy 2 + F ' ( y )
3xy 2 + F ' ( y ) = 3xy 2 + y 3 − 1 then, F ' ( y ) = y 3 − 1
Step 3  F ' ( y )dy =  (y )
− 1 dy
3

F (y) =
1 4
y − y+C
4
1
3xy 2 + y 4 − y = C or 12xy 2 + y 4 − 4 y = C ANSWER
4

VI. LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION AND BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

Refer to the table below:

NOTE: LINEAR in “x” means the independent variable is “x”

COURSE TITLE: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS [Engr. Armando P. Herrera Jr. - Professor]

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

Illustrative Examples:
dy
1. = x 3 − 2 xy , when x = 1 , y = 1 #28, page 40
dx
Solution:
dy
+ 2 xy = x 3
dx
+ y(2 x ) = x 3 + yf (x ) = g (x )
dy dy
LINEAR DE
dx dx
( 2 x )dx
e = ex
2
IF: dv = e x xdx
2

u=x 2
 dy  x e
x2
2
Let:
e  + y (2 x ) = x 3 
x2 xdx 1 2
du = 2 xdx v = ex
 dx  2
2 dy
+ 2 xye x = x 3 e x
2 2
ex 1 2 x2
x e x e −  e x xdx
xdx =
dx 2 x2 2

( )
d ye x = x 3 e x
2 2
2

 d (ye ) =  x e
1 2 x2 1 x2
 x e xdx = 2 x e − 2 e + C
x2 3 x2 2 x2
dx

ye x =
2 1 2 x2 1 x2
2
x e − e +C
2
(2 y − x 2
)
+1 ex = C
2
when x = 1 , y = 1

2 ye x
2
= x e − ex + C
2 x2 2
(2(1) − (1) + 1)e( )
2 1 2
= C = 2e
(2 y − x 2
+1 ex = C) 2
(2 y − x 2
)
+ 1 e x = 2e ANSWER
2

2. (1 + t )ds + 2t st
2 2
(
− 3 1+ t 2 ) dt = 0 , when t = 0 , s = 2
2
#33, page 40

Solution:

ds 2t st 2 − 3t 1 + t 2
+ =0
( )
2
ds 2st 3 6t 1 + t 2
+ −
( )2

=0
dt 1+ t 2 dt 1 + t 2 1+ t 2
ds  2t 3 
+ s  = 6t 1 + t 2
2 
dt  1 + t 
( ) ds
+ sf (t ) = g (t ) ; LINEAR of dependent “s”
dt
 t3 
 t3   t   t 

2 
 1+ t 2

 dt

   1 + t 2 dt =   t − 1 + t 2 dt = tdt −   1 + t 2 dt
IF: e
 t 
( )
3
1 
2   dt  t3 
1

e
 1+ t 2



=e
2  t 2 − ln 1+ t 2 
 2 2 
=e (
t 2 − ln 1+ t 2 ) 1 2 1
  1 + t 2 dt = 2 t − 2 ln 1 + t
2

 t  3


2  2  dt
= et e −ln (1+t ) = et e ln (1+t )
2 −1
 1+t 
2 2 2
e
 t3 

2   dt 2

 1+t
2 et 
e = 
1+ t 2
e t  ds  2t 3    se t 
( )
2 2

 +   = +  d  = 6te t
2
2
s 6t 1 t
1 + t 2  dt  1 + t 2  

1+ t 2 
 

COURSE TITLE: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS [Engr. Armando P. Herrera Jr. - Professor]

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

 se t 
2

  = 6 e t tdt
 1+ t 2  
2
d when t = 0 , s = 2
 
2
se t
= 3e t + C (2)e 0 = (3e 0 + C )(1 + 0) ;
2

1+ t 2

C = −1
2
) ( ) 2
(
se t = 3e t 1 + t 2 + C 1 + t 2 (
se t = 3e t − 1 1 + t 2
2 2
)( )
se = (3e + C )(1 + t )
t2 t2 2

s = (3 − e )(1 + t ) −t 2 2
ANSWER

3. 6 y dx − x(2 x + y )dy = 0
2 3
#18, page 89
Solution:
dx x 2 x 3 + y
− =0
( ) dx x 4
− 2−
x
=0
dy 6y2 dy 3 y 6y

dx  1   1 
+ xf ( y ) = x n g ( y ) BERNOULLI’s EQ’N
dx
+ x −  = x 4  2 
dy  6 y   3y  dy

IF: (1 − n)x −n
(1 − 4)x −4 = −3x −4
 dx  1   1 
− 3x −4  + x −  = x 4  2 
 dy  6 y   3 y 
dx  1  1 Q = x −3
− 3x −4 + x −3   = − 2 Let:
dy  2y  y dQ = −3x −4 dx
dQ  1  1
+ Q  = − 2 LINEAR DE
dy  2y  y
1 dy

1 1
ln y
IF: e 2 y
=e 2
=e ln y 2
= y
 dQ  1  1
y + Q  = − 2 
 dy  2y  y 
 dQ  1  
 y + Q =− 1 
 dy 2 y  y y 
 

( )  d (Q y ) = − y
3 3
− −
d Q y = −y 2 2
dy
1
−
Q y = 2y 2
+C Qy = 2 + C y but Q = x −3
x −3 y = 2 + C y

y = 2 x 3 + Cx 3 y (
y = x3 2 + C y ) ANSWER

COURSE TITLE: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS [Engr. Armando P. Herrera Jr. - Professor]

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

4. (2 y 3
)
− x 3 dx + 3xy 2 dy = 0 , when x = 1 , y = 1 #26, page 89

Solution:
dy 2 y 3 − x 3
+ =0
( ) dy 2 y x 2
+ − =0
dx 3xy 2 dx 3x 3 y 2

dy  2   x2 
+ yf (x ) = y n g (x ) BERNOULLI’s EQ’N
dy
+ y  = y −2  
dx  3x   3 dx
IF: (1 − n)y −n

(1 + 2)y 2 = 3 y 2
 dy  2  x 2 
3 y 2  + y  = y −2  
 dx  3x   3 
dy 2 Q = y3
3y2 + y3  = x2 Let:
dx  x dQ = 3 y 2 dy
dQ 2
+ Q  = x 2 LINEAR DE
dx x
dy
2 
= e 2 ln x = e ln x = x 2
2
IF: e x

 dQ 2 
x 2  + Q  = x 2 
 dx  x 
dQ
x2 + 2Qx = x 4
dx
d (Qx 2 ) = x 4

 d (Qx ) =  x dx
2 4

1 5
Qx 2 = x +C when x = 1 , y = 1
5
5Qx 2 = x 5 + C but Q = y 3 (1)2 (5(1)3 − (1)3 ) = C
5x 2 y 3 = x 5 + C C=4

( )
x 2 5 y3 − x3 = C ( )
x 2 5 y3 − x3 = 4 ANSWER

References

● *Basic Calculus for Senior High School by Herrera, et al

● **Differential Equations by Ymas and Navarro
● ***Differential Equations by Bravo, Cruz, Gomez

COURSE TITLE: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS [Engr. Armando P. Herrera Jr. - Professor]

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

Video Lecture Links

• Solution of Some 1st Order DE

▪ Variable Separable
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7-
Q7JqZAHmk&list=PLm0MV9wqmPgiH4P7o04AG0W8DNNIM7O9r&index=3
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-
NPWJkYMi8M&list=PLm0MV9wqmPgiH4P7o04AG0W8DNNIM7O9r&index=4
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gj0EPOWAHYI&list=PLm0MV9wqmPgiH4P7o04AG0W8DNNI
M7O9r&index=5

▪ Substitution Methods
- Homogeneous Coefficients
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O4Gfdz7T-
LU&list=PLm0MV9wqmPgiH4P7o04AG0W8DNNIM7O9r&index=6
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FkDeWErjHC8&list=PLm0MV9wqmPgiH4P7o04AG0W8D
NNIM7O9r&index=8
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ENrAq2CKtJ8&list=PLm0MV9wqmPgiH4P7o04AG0W8D
NNIM7O9r&index=8
- Coefficients Linear in Two Variables
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zV2PEwKMaBU&list=PLm0MV9wqmPgiH4P7o04AG0W8
DNNIM7O9r&index=9
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QIKcLUjonak&list=PLm0MV9wqmPgiH4P7o04AG0W8D
NNIM7O9r&index=10
- Other Substitution
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PkcElBiwV3E&list=PLm0MV9wqmPgiH4P7o04AG0W8D
NNIM7O9r&index=11
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LFR4bUpWd1g&list=PLm0MV9wqmPgiH4P7o04AG0W8
DNNIM7O9r&index=12

▪ Exact Equations
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0CSgmTh7MJ4&list=PLm0MV9wqmPgiH4P7o04AG0W8D
NNIM7O9r&index=13
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SCwGsd59fic&list=PLm0MV9wqmPgiH4P7o04AG0W8DN
NIM7O9r&index=15
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FAVwbTlTon0&list=PLm0MV9wqmPgiH4P7o04AG0W8D
NNIM7O9r&index=16

▪ Solution by Inspection
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hC7XSje-
d3Q&list=PLm0MV9wqmPgiH4P7o04AG0W8DNNIM7O9r&index=16A
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Y4KAxHrQno&list=PLm0MV9wqmPgiH4P7o04AG0W8DNNI
M7O9r&index=18
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Qua5XB29os&list=PLm0MV9wqmPgiH4P7o04AG0W8DNNI
M7O9r&index=19
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9sg9DJKJtEs&list=PLm0MV9wqmPgiH4P7o04AG0W8DNNIM
7O9r&index=20

▪ Linear and Bernoulli’s Equation

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zIj4pKlnHlM&list=PLm0MV9wqmPgiH4P7o04AG0W8DNNIM
7O9r&index=20
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=egXlQz98jTU&list=PLm0MV9wqmPgiH4P7o04AG0W8DNNIM
7O9r&index=22

COURSE TITLE: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS [Engr. Armando P. Herrera Jr. - Professor]

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

PRACTICE PROBLEMS

Score: ________
Solutions to First Order Differential Equations Name: ____________________________________________
Section/Schedule: _____________________________

Solve the following differential equations. (25 points each)

    y 
1. sec xdy − 4 sin x sec ydx = 0 ; y  = 2. xdy =  y + x tan dx ; y(1) = ,
2 2  x 2
Hint: Use Method II

COURSE TITLE: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS [Engr. Armando P. Herrera Jr. - Professor]

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

 dy  4. (x − y − 1)dx + (4 y + x − 1)dy = 0 ; y(2) = 1

3. ln  = 8 x + 7 y ; y (0) = 0
 dx 

COURSE TITLE: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS [Engr. Armando P. Herrera Jr. - Professor]

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

5. (2 x − 3 y + 4)dx + 3(x − 1)dy = 0 ; x(2) = 3 6. Given a differential equation

dy
+ y ln x = x − xe− x with an initial
dx
condition y (1) = 0 . If the value of y (2)
e2 + a
can be written in the form ,
be 2
determine the value of a + b .

COURSE TITLE: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS [Engr. Armando P. Herrera Jr. - Professor]

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

7. (xy 2
)
+ x − 2 y + 3 dx + x 2 ydy = 2(x + y )dy ; 8. (1 + 4xy − 4x y )dx + (x
2 2
)
− x 3 dy = 0 ;
y (1) = 1 y (2) = 0

COURSE TITLE: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS [Engr. Armando P. Herrera Jr. - Professor]

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

9. (2 y 4
)
− xy 4 + 2 y 2 dx + ydy = 0 ; y (0 ) = 1 10. Given a differential equation
xy '+ y = (xy ) ln x with an initial
2

condition y (1) = . Calculate the value of

1
3
y (e ) to 3 decimal places.

“The world is yours to conquer. The world is just waiting for you to show everyone what
you can do! Let nothing stop you from achieving your dreams.”
- Tanya Alezar, Hello Love Goodbye

COURSE TITLE: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS [Engr. Armando P. Herrera Jr. - Professor]