Class: S.Y.B.Sc.

IT Sem: III Sub: Applied Mathematics

Unit- I Ch- 1 Matrices
1.1 Matrices
Definition: A rectangular array of m x n numbers (real or complex) in the form of
m horizontal lines (called rows) and n vertical lines (called columns), is called a
matrix of order m by n, written as m x n matrix. Such an array is enclosed by [ ] or
( ) |.

Types of Matrices
There are several types of matrices, but the most commonly used are:

Row Matrix:
A matrix is said to be a row matrix if it has only one row.
A = [123]

Column Matrix:
A matrix is said to be a column matrix if it has only one column.
5
B = −1
8

Rectangular Matrix:
A matrix is said to be rectangular if the number of rows is not equal to the number
of columns.
1 3 4
A=
2 5 −8

Square Matrix:
A matrix is said to be square if the number of rows is equal to the number of
columns.
[aij]mxn where, m = n

Diagonal Matrix:
A square matrix is said to be diagonal if at least one element of principal diagonal
is non-zero and all the other elements are zero.
Scalar Matrix:
A diagonal matrix is said to be scalar if all of its diagonal elements are the same.
4 0
B=
0 4

Identity or Unit Matrix:

A diagonal matrix is said to be identity if all of its diagonal elements are equal to
one, denoted by I.

Triangular Matrix:
A square matrix is said to be triangular if all of its elements above the principal
diagonal are zero (lower triangular matrix) or all of its elements below the
principal diagonal are zero (upper triangular matrix).

Null or Zero Matrix:

A matrix is said to be a null or zero matrix if all of its elements are equal to zero.
It is denoted by O.

Transpose of a Matrix:
Suppose A is a given matrix, then the matrix obtained by interchanging its rows
into columns is called the transpose of A. It is denoted by At

Symmetric matrix:
A square matrix A = [aij] is called a symmetric matrix
if aij = aji , for all i , j values.

Skew-Symmetric Matrix:
A square matrix A = [aij] is a skew-symmetric matrix if aij = aji , for all
values of i,j.
[putting j = i] aii = 0
Thus, in a skew-symmetric matrix all diagonal elements are zero.

Orthogonal Matrix:
If a square matrix A satisfies the relation, A.AT = I
then the Matrix A is known as Orthogonal matrix.
1.2 Augmented Matrix
The column matrix of constants on the RHS of equations, when associated with
coefficient matrix then the matrix formed is called Augmented Matrix.
It is denoted as [A/C] or A~

1 2 2 9
2 3 −1 8
6 5 8 1

To solve the system of solution:

 Exercise 1.1
Solve the following system of equations.
1. 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 1, 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 4, 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 5
2. 6𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = −4, 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0, 𝑥 + 7𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −7
3. 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2, 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 5, 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 3

Answers:
1. x=1, y=1, z=1
2. x=-1, y=-2, z=4
3. x=3, y=-2, z=1

1.3 INVERSE OF A MATRIX

 If matrix A is given matrix and we can to obtain A-1 such that the product of
A and A-1 is an Identity matrix.
 We know A * A-1 = I
 To obtain A-1 we will apply elementary row or column operations.

STEPS:
I. Do not apply any operation on Diagonal elements.
II. Carry operations and bring zero as indicated:
1--2--3--4--5--6
𝑎11 𝟔 𝟓
𝟏 𝑎22 𝟒
𝟐 𝟑 𝑎33

III. Divide each ROW by by the diagonal elements on both sides.

Example: Find Inverse of the given matrix.

27 25 −19
-1 1
Hence, A =
22
−4 2 2
11 11 −11
 Exercise 1.2

Obtain the Inverse of following matrix by elementary row operations /

column operations.

8 4 3 2 3 1
1. A = 2 1 1 2. A = 4 5 −3
1 2 1 −1 6 7

Answers:

1 −2 −1 53 −15 −14
-1 1 -1 1
1. A =
3
1 −5 2 2. A =
60
−25 15 10
−3 12 0 29 −15 −2
1.4 INVERSE OF A MATRIX BY ADJOINT MATRIX
1
A-1 = |𝐴| adj A, where |𝐴| ≠ 0

Example: Find the inverse of matrix by adjoint method.

1 0 −1
A=3 4 5
0 −6 −7

Solution: 1. Taking Transpose of given matrix

1 3 0
T
A = 0 4 −6
−1 5 −7

2. To find co-factors of minors.

𝑀11 = (−1)2 [4 ∗ (−7) − (−6) ∗ 5] = −28 + 30 = 2

𝑀12 = (−1)3 [0 ∗ (−7) − (−6) ∗ (−1)] = (−1)(−6) = 6
..........
2 6 4
Adj of A = 21 −7 −8
−18 6 4

3. |𝐴| = 1(−28 + 30) − 3(0 − 6) + 0(0 + 4)

= 2 + 18 + 0 = 20
1
4. A-1 = |𝐴| adj A
.
2 6 4
-1 1
A =
20
21 −7 −8
−18 6 4
1.5 Orthogonal Matrix:
If a square matrix A satisfies the relation, A.AT = I then the Matrix A is known as
Orthogonal matrix.
 Exercise 1.3
Q1. Find the adjoint of given matrix and then find inverse (if exists).

1 2 3 0 1 1
1. A = 2 3 4 2. A = 1 2 0
3 4 5 3 −1 4

Q2. Verify whether given matrix is Orthogonal or not?

−2 1 2 2 3 −6
1 1
1. A =
3
2 2 1 2. A =
7
6 2 3
1 −2 2 −3 6 2

1.6 Characteristics Equations, Characteristics Values (Eigen Values) and

Eigen Vectors

 Let A be any square matrix, λ be a scalar unit and I be the unit

matrix of order A.
 Then |𝐴 − λ𝐼 | = 0 is called the characteristics equation of Matrix A.
 On solving |𝐴 − λ𝐼 | = 0
 λ1, λ2, λ3 .... are Characteristics Values (Eigen Values).

 Sum of the Eigen values = Sum of diagonal elements of Matrix A

 Product of Eigen values = Determinant of A
1.7 To find Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors:
There are five types of Problems:
I. A is non-symmetric matrix and distinct Eigen values.
II. A is non-symmetric matrix and Eigen values are repeated.
III. A is symmetric matrix and distinct Eigen values.
IV. A is symmetric matrix and Eigen values are repeated.
V. A has repeated Eigen values and same Eigen vectors.
Example:1
Example:2
 Exercise 1.4
Q. Find the Characteristics Equations, Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors of
given matrix.

2 −1 1 2 2 1
(1) 1 2 −1 (2) 1 3 1
1 −1 2 1 2 2

ANSWERS:
(1) 𝜆 = 1,2,3, (0,1,1), (1,1,1), (1,0,1)
(2) 𝜆 = 1,1,5, (2, −1,0), (1,0, −1), (1,1,1)
1.8 Cayley-Hamilton Theorem:
It states that "Every square matrix satisfies its characteristic equation."

If λ𝟑 + λ𝟐 − 6λ + 9 = 0 is a Characteristics Equation of a Matrix A

then 𝐴3 + 𝐴2 − 6𝐴 + 9 = 0 must satisfied by Matrix A.

Exercise 1.5
Q. Find the Characteristics Equation of Matrix A and verify that it satisfies
Cayley-Hamilton Theorem.

1 2 3 3 −1 1
(1) 2 −1 4 (2) −1 5 −1
3 1 −1 1 −1 3
1.9 Echelon Form or Normal Form of Matrix and its Rank
STEPS:
 Bring a11=1, by inter-changing rows or column. or Divide entire row or
column by a11
 Perform R1+kR2 , C1+kC2 and bring zero in 1st row and 1st column except
a11
 Bring a22=1
 Bring zero in 2nd row and 2nd column except a22
 Bring a33=1
 Bring zero in 3rd row and 3rd column except a33 and so on.
 Finally form Identity matrix of any order.
Examples
(1)
1 0 0
0 1 0 = [I2,0] Rank = 2
0 0 0

(2)
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 = [I3,0] Rank = 3
0 0 1 0
(3)
1 0 0
0 1 0 = [I3,0] Rank = 3
0 0 1
Example: Reduce the following matrix to Echelon form and find its Rank.

1 −1 3 6
A = 1 3 −3 −4
5 3 3 11

Exercise 1.6
Q. Reduce the matrix to Normal Form and find it's Rank.

1 2 3 1 1 −1 1
(1) 4 5 6 (2) 1 −1 2 1
7 8 9 3 1 1 1