Real Life /

Situational
Application of
Derivatives
Performance Task#2 in Basic Calculus
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 Hello! I’m Dean Andrei C. Ibay
A grade-11 STEM (Tesla) student from Cabanatuan City Senior High School.
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 What is a
Derivative?
These are a fundamental tool of calculus. The derivative of a
function of a single variable at a chosen input value, when it exists,
is the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function at that
point. The tangent line is the best linear approximation of the
function near that input value.
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 These are the real-life
applications of Derivatives
● Rate of Change of a Quantity
● Increasing and Decreasing Functions
● Tangent and Normal to a Curve
● Minimum and Maximum Values
● Newton’s Method
● Linear Approximations
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 The main purpose of derivatives is to
reduce and hedge risk. Many businesses and
individuals are exposed to financial risk that
they would like to get rid of. For example, an
Why do we airline needs to buy fuel to power its planes. As

need to a result, the airline is exposed to oil prices. If oil

prices unexpectedly increase, the airline loses
learn out.

Derivatives? How can derivative help here? An airline could

purchase oil futures contracts to mitigate their
risk. Effectively, they can lock in their oil price.
Derivative contracts allow them to get rid of
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their risk.
 Guide Steps in Solving Maxima
and Minima Problems

0%
● Identify the constant, say cost of fencing.
● Identify the variable to be maximized or minimized, say
area A.

50%
● Express this variable in terms of the other relevant
variable(s), say A = f(x, y).
● If the function shall consist of more than one variable,
expressed it in terms of one variable (if possible and
practical) using the conditions in the problem, say A =

100% f(x).
Differentiate and equate to zero, dA/dx = 0.
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●
 Now that we have basic knowlege,
let’s look at some examples
wherein Derivatives are applied in
real-life situation or what we call
“Problem Solving”
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 Example # 1
Maximum and Minimum Length
A square sheet of cardboard with each side aa centimeters is to be used to make an
open-top box by cutting a small square of cardboard from each of the corners and bending
up the sides. What is the side length of the small squares if the box is to have as large a
volume as possible?

Solution:
● Let the side length of the small squares be x cm. The side length of the open box
is (a−2x) cm, and the height is x cm. Here aa is a constant, and x is the variable we will
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work with. We must have 0 ≤ x ≤ a/2.

 Continuation of Example # 1
Maximum and Minimum Length
● The volume V cm^3 of the box is given by V(x) = x(a−2x)2 =
4x^3 − 4ax^2 +a^2 x.
● We have dV/dx = 12x^2−8ax+a^2= (2x−a)(6x−a). Thus dV/dx =
0 implies x = a/2 or x = a/6.
● We note that x=a/2 is an endpoint and that V(a/2)=0. We will
use the second derivative test for x=a/6. We have: d^2 V/dx^2 =
24x−8a = 8(3x−a). When x=a/6, we get d^2 V/dx^2 =
8(3×a/6−a) = −4a<0.
● Hence, x=a/6 is a local maximum.
● The maximum value of the function is at x=a/6, as V(0) = V(a2)
= 0. The maximum volume is V(a/6) = 2a^3/27. The following
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diagram shows the graph of V against x.

 Example # 2
Minimum Volume
A right cone is circumscribed around a given sphere. Find when its volume is a
minimum.
The following diagram shows a vertical cross-section of the cone and sphere.

• The sphere has radius R, which we treat as a constant. The cone has radius r and
height h. These are variables. From the geometry, we must have h>2R>0
and r>R>0. The center of the sphere is marked by O. The radius OA′ is drawn
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perpendicular to CB.
 Continuation of Example # 2
Minimum Volume
• We will find h in terms of r and R. We begin by noting that OC=h−R. By using
Pythagoras' theorem in △OCA′, we get CA′ = √h^2−2hR. Since △CA′O is similar
to △CAB (AAA), we can write CA/′CA=OA′/BA.
• Hence, √h^2−2hR / h = R/r.
• Solving for h, we obtain: h2−2hR/h2 = R^2/r^2 (square both sides) |
r^2(h^2−2hR)= h^2R^2 (cross-multiply) | r^2 h^2 -−2hRr^2 | h(r^2−R^2) = 2r^2 R
(as h≠0) | h = 2r^2R/r^2 – R^2
• The volume of the cone is given by V=1/3 πr^2. Substituting for h, we obtain
V=2πr^4R/3(r^2−R^2).
• We have now expressed the volume in terms of the one variable r.
• We have dV/dr = 4πRr^3(r^2−2R^2)/3(r^2−R^2)^2.
• So dV/dr=0 implies that r^3(r^2−2R^2)=0, which implies that r=0 or r=√2R.
Clearly, r=√2R is the solution we want.
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 • Using dV/dr = 4πRr^3(r^2−2R^2)/3(r^2−R^2)^2, we can complete the following
gradient diagram.
Value of r 2–√R

Sign of dVdr - 0 +

Slope of graph ╲ — ╱

• Alternatively, we can use the second derivative test. We have d^2V/dr^2 =

4πR(r^6−3r^4 R^2 + 6r^2R^4) / 3(r^2−R^2)^3. Substituting r = √2R gives
d^2V/dr^2 = 32πR/3 > 0.
Hence, we have a local minimum at r√2R.

The graph of V against r is as follows. There is

a vertical asymptote at r=R, and the graph
approaches a parabola with equation
V=2πR/3 r^2 as r becomes very large.
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 Example # 3
Maximum Length

Find the dimensions of a rectangle with perimeter 1000 meters so that the
area of the rectangle is a maximum.
Solution:
● Let the length of the rectangle be x m, the width be y m, and the area
be A m2.
● The perimeter of the rectangle is 1000 meters. So1000=2x+2y, and hence
y=500−x.y=500−x.
● The area is given by A=xy. Thus
● A(x)=x(500−x)=500x−x2.(1).
● Because x and y are lengths, we must have 0≤x≤5000≤x≤500.
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 Continuation of Example # 3
Maximum Length

• The problem now reduces to finding the value of x in [0,500] for which AA is
a maximum. Since AA is differentiable, the maximum must occur at an
endpoint or a stationary point.
• From (1), we have dA/dx = 500−2x.
• Setting dA/dx = 0 gives x = 250.
• Hence, the possible values for AA to be a maximum: x=0, x=250 and x=500.
Since A(0)=A(500)=0, the maximum value of AA occurs when x=250.
• The rectangle is a square with side lengths 250 meters. The maximum area
is 62,500 square meters.
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 Bibliography
Text Content Example Citation

https://www.dailyprofithunter.com/detail.a http://amsi.org.au/ESA_Senior_Years/Seni
spx?date=07/25/2014&story=13&title=W orTopic3/3c/3c_2content_3.html
hy-We-Need-Derivatives
https://www.onlinemath4all.com/maxima-
https://byjus.com/maths/applications-of- and-minima-problems-in-
derivatives/ differentiation.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative#:~ https://mathalino.com/reviewer/differential-
:text=Derivatives calculus/application-of-maxima-and-
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minima
 Thank you!
Do you have any questions?
[email protected]
0912-3456-7890
@dnacggastrophysicist
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