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Rehabilitation of reinforced concrete slabs using steel

Article · July 2021

DOI: 10.9965/182

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Research Paper on Concrete Structures, 2021

Rehabilitation of reinforced concrete

slabs using steel
Mohammed Hashad*, Mohammed Elgendy**, Mohammed Essam***
* Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering of Shebin Elkom

** Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering of Shebin Elkom

***Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering of Shebin Elkom

ABSTRACT
This research is a summry of previous steel plates. The strengthening is intended to
researchers. One of the most common methods enhance the inherent resistance of existing
for repair and strengthening of reinforced slabs. The strengthened slabs have been
concrete members is using steel plates [2] . It analyzed through the experimental program
can be described as a type of thin composite done. The parameters studied in the present
material made of cement mortar reinforced study are the thickness, dimensions, and
with wire meshes. The wire meshes are location of steel plates [3]. From the analysis
uniformly distributed in continuous layers with results, using steel plates for strengthening of
relatively small diameters. The present R.C. slabs can enhance the overall resistance
research is concerned with the strengthening of of these members significantly.
reinforced concrete slabs with epoxy – bonded

Keywords:
RC slabs , Strengthening , Rehabilitation , Steel reinforcement, Retrofitting , Slabs Repair

INTRODUCTION
Structural members are usually designed to abusive use of buildings in the form of change
sustain required loading, however they may in the utility of the structure resulting in an
require upgrading or strengthening due to a increase in the live load and stress
variety of reasons including, human error, concentration in structural members [5] . The
structural design and/or construction, term “Strengthening” is, therefore, not only
amendments in practicing design associated with existing structures but also
standards/codes [4] , structural deterioration newly built structures.
due to ageing and environmental exposure,

Menoufia University- Reinforced Concrete Research Group

Research Paper on Concrete Structures, 2021

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

The main objectives of the research are to determine the flexural strength of RC slabs
using innovative method. The method of strengthening was [3] done by adding
additional bonded ferrocement layer reinforced by welded steel mesh.

Rehabilitation of R.C. slabs

Reinforced-concrete slabs are strengthened - Placing steel mandrels or bolts to pre-
by: drilled holes in original

- concreting; concrete. Mandrels or bolts are

embedded in the holes and
- addition of reinforcement;
grouted with epoxy. They are
- reduction of a span; positioned throughout the slab
- combination of listed methods [7] area in distances necessary to carry
• Rehabilitation by concrete topping: shear forces. Clamping

Interaction of old and new concrete can be of bolts improves the efficiency of the
improved by: connection.

Strengthening by concrete topping

Topping layer is usually reinforced by • Concrete topping of isolated acting

wire fabrics. At support, slab (relieving slab) belongs

reinforcement is complemented by to common method of slabs

splices to carry the support strengthening. New concrete is not

moment. In the case of reinforcement connected with old one, it means that
of concrete topping, each slab reacts isolated,

minimum thickness of the layer is 50 mm.

Menoufia University- Reinforced Concrete Research Group

Research Paper on Concrete Structures, 2021

but their deflection is the same. With transmission by slabs is directly

simplification, ratio of load [9] proportional to ratio of their

flexural rigidities

Rehabilitation by additional reinforcement

- At simple slabs, reinforcement is the concrete surface. To avoid its

added to the bottom surface corrosion, stainless bars or

(according to the course of bending fiber-reinforced polymer bars are used.

moments, it is not necessary High strength of

to lead the reinforcement to supports). materials and finish of reinforcement

enables to use bars with
- At continuous slabs [11] ,
reinforcement is placed also to the small diameter or short anchorage length.
upper
- gluing of carbon or steel
surface above the supports. Added reinforcement (straps) to concrete by
reinforcement has to interact
two-component glue;
with concrete therefore it must have
- embedded of steel bar in a chase made
necessary bond with
by milling cutter.
concrete.
- For strengthening [11] of structures
Bond is achieved by: exposed to atmospheric

- location of reinforcing bars to a chase condition enabling the corrosion,

made by milling cutter different reinforcing material

and filling of the chase with material should be used. To that effect, straps
ensuring bond between with fiber reinforced

concrete and reinforcement. Due to polymer (FRP) are used.

minimizing of interference
- In recent years, straps with Carbon
with the structure, added reinforcement is Fiber Reinforced Polymer
placed tightly below

Menoufia University- Reinforced Concrete Research Group

Research Paper on Concrete Structures, 2021

(CRP) became widely used. Their small thickness [12] enable minimizing
elastic modulus is high and of joints number, or more

their behaviour is linear elastic until precisely smooth crossing of straps.

failure. Long delivery

lengths – up to 250 meters, delivered

as the coils of wire – and

Pictures for Rehabilitation using reinforcement

Menoufia University- Reinforced Concrete Research Group

Research Paper on Concrete Structures, 2021

Repair Or Rehabilitation of damage with exposed steel reinforcement

Before undertaking any concrete repair, care should be taken to fix props and supports around the
location to be repaired, [14] especially in the surroundings of damaged columns and beams.

The following surface preparation is recommended:

STEP (1)

• By using a marker pen, delimit the

area of damage.

• Break beyond the delimited area

until reaching sound concrete

and steel.

• With a jack hammer, saw-cut 2 cm

deep in 90° angle the perimeter of Step 1
breaking, in order to avoid feather edges.

• All weak, damaged and easily

removable concrete should be chipped STEP (2)
away. If the re-bars are only partially
• Clean steel reinforcement with
exposed after all unsound concrete is mechanical wire-brushing or by
removed, it may not be necessary to
sand blasting.
remove additional concrete to expose the
• In case the reinforcing bars are
full circumference of the reinforcement.
corroded and have lost more than 25% of
When the exposed [16] reinforcement steel their diameter, they have to be cut and
has loose wrap, corrosion or is not well removed.
bonded to the surrounding concrete, the
concrete removal should continue until a
clear space of 15 to 25 mm is created
behind the reinforcing steel.

Step 2

Menoufia University- Reinforced Concrete Research Group

Research Paper on Concrete Structures, 2021

STEP (3) STEP (4)

• In such event, removed steel bars • Remove dust by air blowing and
should be replaced with new steel wash with clean water to achieve a
bars of the same diameter either by Surface Saturated Dry (SSD)
respecting the overlap length or by substrate.
welding 100 mm length to the
existing steel.

Step 3 Step 4

An EXPERIMENT Test had been done in 2017 in Banha Lab. according to the ECP

• An experimental test program was carried out by Dr. Ahmed M. Ramadan [3]
to study the potentiality of using different methods and materials in the repair and
strengthening of RC slabs
failed by flexural stresses. The test specimens were designed to be simply supported
along two edges and were tested under two concentrated loads up to failure. This test
arrangement is convenient to simulate the actual boundary conditions in the prototype.
The slabs were designed according to the ECP-203 [1] to fail in flexure, so that the
strengthening laminates could be measured.

• The dimensions of repair and strengthening layers were 400×1100×20 mm. Four
types of reinforcement were used for the additional ferrocement layers.

(a) longitudinal reinforcement 4 4 mm of (b) welded steel mesh with opening

mild steel as a main flexural dimension 40×40 mm and diameter of the
reinforcement in the long direction and mesh bars 2 mm
6 4 mm of mild steel as a secondary
reinforcement in the short direction

Menoufia University- Reinforced Concrete Research Group

Research Paper on Concrete Structures, 2021

Test Set-up and Instrumentation

Slabs were tested under two concentrated supports as shown. Demec points were
loads up to failure. [3] A steel frame of 40-ton arranged and fixed on the painted side of each
capacity was used for testing slabs in Banha tested slab near top and bottom surfaces in
lab. Loads were applied in increments using two rows at the center of span. Concrete
a hydraulic jack of 20-ton maximum strains were measured by mechanical strain
capacity as shown in Fig. 3. four dial gauges of 300 mm gauge length and 0.001
gauges of 0.01 mm accuracy and a total mm accuracy. A magnifying lens was used to
capacity of 25 mm were installed to observe the crack propagation clearly.
measure the deflection at mid-span, and Cracks were traced and marked at each
under distances of 100 mm from the two load increment.

Test setup and instrumentation Control slab during test

Materials Properties and Design Mix

The specimens were cast using a normal density concrete. The concrete was produced
in the Banha laboratory using Ordinary Portland cement [3] complied with E.S.S.373/91
requirements, clean sand, crushed dolomite of maximum nominal size 14 mm as coarse
aggregate and potable water.

Menoufia University- Reinforced Concrete Research Group

Research Paper on Concrete Structures, 2021

Casting concrete for strengthening layer

Steel reinforcement: mild steel.

Steel mesh: welded steel mesh is used with [3] property given in Table 1.

Table 1: Properties of steel

Details of a Specimen from the slab

Menoufia University- Reinforced Concrete Research Group

Research Paper on Concrete Structures, 2021

Details of strengthening mesh for the specimen

CONCLUSIONS

Using steel is the common method of decreasing the crack widths. Ductility was
Repair. But, In recent years, straps with increased for repaired slabs. Using
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer manufactured glass fiber mesh as
became widely used [13] . Their elastic reinforcement for wire mesh increase
modulus is high and their behaviour is the ductility. Repaired or strengthening
linear elastic until failure. Using slabs with ferrocement [17] layers showed
ferrocement layers reinforced by distinct gains in loads carrying capacity
manufactured intertwined carbon fiber compared to the corresponding reference
mesh for repair and strengthening slabs as well as reasonable reduction in
improved the cracking behavior by deflections.
increasing the cracking loads and
REFERENCES

1. Egyptian Code of Practice: ECP 203-2012, "Design and Construction for Reinforced
Concrete Structures", Ministry of Building Construction, Research Center for Housing,
Building and Physical Planning, Cairo, Egypt, 2007.
2. Egyptian knowledge bank (EKB)
3. Ahmed M. Ramadan “REPAIR AND STRENGTHENING OF RC SLABS USING FERROC…”,
Lecturer, Civil Engineering Department, Tanta Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology.

Menoufia University- Reinforced Concrete Research Group

 Research Paper on Concrete Structures, 2021

4. ACI Committee 318-08, "Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete ACI 318-08
and Commentary", American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 2008.British Standard BS 8110-1-
2002, "Structural Use of Concrete - Part 1: Code of Practice for Design and Construction",
British Standard, BSI, 2002.
5. Khalid Heiza, Ahmed Nabil, Nageh Meleka, and Magdy Tayel. "State-of-the art review:
Strengthening of reinforced concrete structures–different strengthening techniques." In Sixth
International Conference on Nano-Technology in Construction, pp. 22-24. 2014.
6. Nabil, A., N. Meleka, and Kh Heiza. "Effects of Different Types of Concrete Toppings on the
Behavior of PPHC Slabs." ERJ. Engineering Research Journal 40, no. 4 (2017): 331-339.
7. EL-Khouly, A. F., A. Nabil, and N. N. Meleka. "A State-Of-The-Art Review on Strengthening of
Reinforced Concrete Slabs with Openings.

8. Nabil, Ahmed, Khalid Heiza, Nageh Meleka, and Magdy Tayel. "Structural Performance of 10.
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Steel."
9. Nabil, Ahmed, Khalid Heiza, Nageh Meleka, and Magdy Tayel. "Strengthening of Axially
Loaded Circular Concrete Columns Using Externally Bonded GFRP Lateral Confinement and
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13. Fahmy, E. H., Shaheen, Y. B. I. and Korany, Y. S., "Repairing Reinforced Concrete Beams

by Ferrocement. Journal of Ferrocement, Vol. 27, 1997, pp.19-32.

14. Shaheen, Y. B. I., Soliman N. M. and Kandil, D.E., "Influence of Reinforced Ferrocement
Concrete Plates under Impact Load", International Journal of Current Engineering and
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38,1993, pp. 76-88.
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Externally-bonded FRP", Composites in Structural and Civil Engineering, CRC, 1999.
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External Unbonded Reinforcement. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 11, Nos. 5-6,
1997, pp. 309-317.

AUTHORS

1. Mohammed Abd El-Karim El-Sayed Hashad, Civil Engineering

Department, Faculty of Engineering of Shebin Elkom, Menoufia University.

2. Mohammad Abdullah Abdul-Maqsoud Al-gendy, Civil Engineering

Department, Faculty of Engineering of Shebin Elkom, Menoufia University.

3. Mohamed Essam Abdel-Mughith Abdel-Razek, Civil Engineering

Department, Faculty of Engineering of Shebin Elkom, Menoufia University.

Menoufia University- Reinforced Concrete Research Group

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