Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi MARA

Lenggong, Perak

TUTORIAL SHEET

PROGRAMME DFET

SESSION SEMESTER 3
EGF3053
CODE & COURSE SHEET NO TS03
Fluid Mechanics
LECTURER DURATION 4 hour

TOPIC Pressure and Fluid Static

3.1 Types of Pressure
3.1.1 Absolute Pressure
3.1.2 Gauge Pressure
3.1.3 Vacuum Pressure
3.2 Pascal Law
3.3 Hydrostatic Pressure
SUB-TOPIC 3.3.1 Hydrostatic Pressure in Liquid
3.3.2 Hydrostatic Pressure in Gases
3.4 Pressure Head Concept
3.5 Atmospheric Pressure Measurement
3.6 Fluid Pressure Measurement
3.6.1 Piezometer Tube
3.6.2 Manometer
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
TOPIC
LEARNING 1. Determine the variation of pressure in a fluid at rest.
OUTCOME 2. Define and describe Pascal’s Law.
3. Understand the hydrostatic pressure concept.

QUESTION:

1. State the Pascal's law of pressure at a point in a fluid.

2. Most swimmers find the pressure at a depth of about 10 ft painful to ears. What is
the gauge pressure at this depth?

3. How far below surface of water must one dive for the pressure to increase by one
atmosphere?

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 4. At what depth below the free surface of oil having a density of 600 kg/m 3 will the
pressure is equal to 1 bar?

5. What would the pressure in kN/m2 be if the equivalent head is measured as 550 mm
of :
a. Mercury , S.G = 13.6
b. Water
c. Oil,  = 7.9 kN/m3
d. A liquid of density 520 kg/m3?

6. What will be (a) the gauge pressure (b) the absolute pressure of water at a depth of
12 m below the free surface?

P atm

12 meter
P1

Figure 1

7. An open tank contains oil of S.G 0.75 on top of water. If the depth of oil is 2 m and
the depth of water 3 m, calculate the gauge and absolute pressures at the bottom of
the tank when the atmospheric pressure is 1 bar.

8. For the pressure vessel containing glycerin ( =1260 kgm-3), with piezometer
attached shown in Figure 2, find the pressure at point A.

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 Figure 2

9. In Figure 3, fluid A is oil (S.G =0.75) and fluid B is glycerin. If Pa = 91 kPa,

determine the absolute pressure at point A. Given h1=12 cm and h2= 25 cm.

Fluid A Pa

Fluid B
Figure 3

10. Determine the pressure at A, in psi gauge due to the deflection of the mercury, in
the U-tube gauge shown in Figure 4.

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 Figure 4

11. Using a U-tube manometer to measure gauge pressure of fluid density  = 700
kg/m3, and the manometric fluid is mercury, with a relative density of 13.6. What is
the gauge pressure if:
a. h1 = 0.4 m and h2 = 0.9 m?
b. h1 stayed the same but h2 = -0.1 m?

Figure 5

12. In the figure below, two pipes containing the same fluid of density  = 990 kg/m3 are
connected using a U-tube manometer. What is the pressure between the two pipes

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 if the manometer contains fluid of relative density 13.6?

Figure 6

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Answer:
1. State the Pascal's law of pressure at a point in a fluid.
Liquids transmit pressure equally in all directions.
Or
When pressure on any portion of a confined liquid is changed, the pressure on every
other part of the liquid is also changed by the same amount.

2. Most swimmers find the pressure at a depth of about 10 ft painful to ears. What is the
gauge pressure at this depth?
Pgage = gh
0.3048m
Pgage = 1000 kg  9.81 m  10 ft 
m3 s2 1 ft
kg 1N .s 2
Pgage = 29.900.88 
m.s 2 1kg .m
Pgage = 29.9  10 3 Nm − 2
Pgage = 29.9  10 3 Pa
Pgage = 29.9kPa

3. How far below surface of water must one dive for the pressure to increase by one
atmosphere?
P = gh
1atm = 1000 kg  9.81 m h
m3 s2
1.01325  10 5 N
1atm  m2
h= 1atm
9810 kg
m 2 .s 2
1.01325  10 5 N 2
h= m
9810 kg
m 2 .s 2
N .s 2 1kg .m
h = 10.3287 
kg 1N .s 2
h = 10.33m

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4. At what depth below the free surface of oil having a density of 600 kg/m 3 will the
pressure is equal to 1 bar?
P = gh
1bar = 600 kg  9.81 m h
m3 s2
1.01325  10 5 N 2
1bar  m
h= 1 . 01325 bar
5886 kg 2 2
m .s
1.00  10 5 N

h= m2
5886 kg 2 2
m s
N .s 2 1kg .m
h = 16.9895 
kg 1N .s 2
h = 16.99m

5. What would the pressure in kN/m2 be if the equivalent head is measured as 550 mm of
:
a. Mercury , S.G = 13.6
P = gh
P = 13600 kg  9.81 m 2  0.55m
m3 s
2
kg 1N .s
P = 73378.8 
m.s 2 1kg .m
P = 73.38  10 3 Nm − 2
P = 73.38kNm − 2
b. Water
P = gh
P = 1000 kg  9.81 m 2  0.55m
m3 s
2
kg 1N .s
P = 5395.5 
m.s 2 1kg .m
P = 5395.5 Nm − 2
P = 5.40kNm − 2

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 c. Oil,  = 7.9 kN/m3
P = gh
P = h
P = 7.9 kN  0.55m
m3
P = 4.345 kN 2
m
d. A liquid of density 520 kg/m3?
P = gh
P = 520 kg  9.81 m
 0.55m
m3 s2
kg 1N .s 2
P = 2805.66 
m.s 2 1kg .m
P = 2805.66 Nm − 2
P = 2.81kNm − 2

6. What will be (a) the gauge pressure (b) the absolute pressure of water at a depth of 12
m below the free surface?

P atm

12 meter
P1

Figure 1
a) P = gh

P = 1000 kg  9.81 m 2  12m

m3 s
2
kg 1N .s
P = 117720 
m.s 2 1kg .m
P = 117720 Nm − 2
b) Pabs = Pgauge + Patm

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 Pabs = 117720 Nm −2 + 1.01325  10 5 Nm −2
Pabs = 219.045  10 3 Nm − 2
Pabs = 219.045  10 3 Pa = 219.045kPa

7. An open tank contains oil of S.G 0.75 on top of water. If the depth of oil is 2 m and the
depth of water 3 m, calculate the gauge and absolute pressures at the bottom of the
tank when the atmospheric pressure is 1 bar.
P1 = Patm +  oil gh1
1.01325  10 5 Pa kg m
P1 = 1bar   750 3  9.81 2  2m
1.01325bar m s
2
kg 1N .s
P1 = 100000Pa + 14715 
m.s 2 1kg .m
P1 = 114.715  10 3 Paabs

P2 = P1 +  water gh2
kg m
P1 = 114.715  10 3 Pa + 1000 3
 9.81 2  3m
m s
kg 1N .s 2
P1 = 114.715  10 3 Pa + 29430 
m.s 2 1kg .m
P1 = 144.145  10 3 Paabs

Pabs = Pgauge + Patm

144.145  10 3 Paabs = Pgauge + 100000Pa
Pgauge = 44.145  10 3 Pa

8. For the pressure vessel containing glycerin ( =1260 kgm-3), with piezometer attached
shown in Figure 2, find the pressure at point A.

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 Figure 2
P = gh
kg m
P = 1260 3
 9.81 2  1.036m
m s
kg 1Ns 2
P = 12805.5816 
m.s 2 1kg .m
P = 12.806  10 3 Nm − 2
P = 12.806  10 3 Pa
P = 12.806kPa

9. In Figure 3, fluid A is oil (S.G =0.75) and fluid B is glycerin. If Pa = 91 kPa, determine
the absolute pressure at point A. Given h1=12 cm and h2= 25 cm.

Fluid A Pa

Fluid B
Figure 3

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 PB = PC
PA +  A gh1 = Pa +  B gh2
PA = Pa +  B gh2 −  A gh1
 kg m   kg m 
PA = 91kPa + 1260 3  9.81 2  0.25m − 750 3  9.81 2  0.12m
 m s   m s 
N  kg kg  1N .s 2
PA = 91  10 3 2 +  3090.15 − 882.9 
 m.s 2  1kg .m
2
m m.s
PA = 93.207  10 3 Nm − 2
PA = 93.21  10 3 Pa
PA = 93.21kPa

10. Determine the pressure at A, in psi gauge due to the deflection of the mercury, in the U-
tube gauge shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4

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 PB = PC
PA +  F gh1 = Patm +  Hg gh2
PA = Patm +  Hg gh2 −  F gh1
 kg m   kg m 
PA = 0 + 13600 3  9.81 2  0.81m − 1000 3  9.81 2  0.61m
 m s   m s 
 kg  1N .s 2
kg
PA = 108.067  10 3 − 5984.1 
 m.s 2  1kg .m
2
m.s
PA = 102.08  10 3 Nm − 2
14.696 psi
PA = 102.08  10 3 Pa 
1.01325  10 5 Pa
PA = 14.81 psig

11. Using a U-tube manometer to measure gauge pressure of fluid density  = 700 kg/m3,
and the manometric fluid is mercury, with a relative density of 13.6. What is the gauge
pressure if:
a. h1 = 0.4 m and h2 = 0.9 m?
b. h1 stayed the same but h2 = -0.1 m?

Figure 5

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 a) PA =  man gh2 −  p gh1

 kg m   kg m 
PA = 13600 3  9.81 2  0.9m − 700 3  9.81 2  0.4m
 m s   m s 
2
kg 1N .s
PA = 117327.6 
m.s 2 1kg .m
PA = 117327.6 Nm − 2

b) PA =  man gh2 −  p gh1

 kg m   kg m 
PA = 13600 3  9.81 2  −0.1m − 700 3  9.81 2  0.4m
 m s   m s 
2
kg 1N .s
PA = −16088.4 
m.s 2 1kg .m
PA = −16088.4 Nm − 2

12. In the figure below, two pipes containing the same fluid of density  = 990 kg/m3 are
connected using a U-tube manometer. What is the pressure between the two pipes
if the manometer contains fluid of relative density 13.6?

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 Figure 6

PC = PD
PA +  p gha = PB +  p g (hb − h) +  man gh
PA − PB =  p ghb −  p gh +  man gh −  p gha
PA − PB =  p g (hb − ha ) + gh(  man −  p )
 kg m   m kg 
PA − PB = 990 3  9.81 2  (0.75 − 1.5)m + 9.81 2  0.5m  (13600 − 990) 3 
 m s   s m 
kg 1N .s 2
PA − PB = 54568.125 
m.s 2 1kg .m
PA − PB = 54568.125 Nm − 2
PA − PB = 54.568kNm − 2

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