18 : 1080 - 1985 (Reaffirmed 1997 ) Indian Standard CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS IN SOILS (OTHER THAN RAFT, RING AND SHELL ) ( Second Revision ) First Reprint DECEMBER 1986 UDC 624,151,5,04: 006.76 © Copyright 1986 BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG NEW DELHI 110002 Gr2 July 19861S 1 1080 - 1985 Indian Standard CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS IN SOILS (OTHER THAN RAFT, RING AND SHELL ) ( Second Revision ) Foundation Engineering Sectional Committee, BDC 43 airman Representing MaxGex Onan Sax Ministry of Defence Manders (Cou K.P, Anam ( Alenate ro ‘Ma)-Gea Ombir Sigh ). ‘Avprcioxas Diancton (GE) Ministry of Railways ( RDSO ) Sent RA es retegraphs Deparment, New Delhi int Ke Ke Ago an ois e Telegraph Depactent, ‘| Shins B. Anstaie ‘n° Engineering Research Latorarorey Hyderabad SumiAnsuw Rigxannunass — Cament Lorporstion of Indi, New Deb ‘Sint O.8.Snrvanrava ( Alaris) Da. K.Bnaoant “Ginwral uilding Rewarch Insieote (CSIR ), ‘Roorkee Prascasu ( Alma nN Perro:Concrete Consultants Pvt Ltd, Indore Rta ( Alternate) ‘Gammon India Led, Bombay Rone ( Alena) 8 Caleutta Poet Trt, C a (Alirnaie } Sumi R-K, Dae Gorrs Simplex Concrete Piles (1) Pvt Ltd, Caleutta ‘Sums Hi. Gores Binwas ( Alternate} Sunn ANG. Dasrinan Te personal eapacity (5 Hengerford Court 121, Hunger "for Sra), Ceuta Sun V. C. Desnr acon Coit) Pet Ld, Bombay Binneron (CSMRS ) ‘Materials Research Station, New Cee Rasranon Orricme (GSMS) (alternte | Continued on page 2) BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS ‘This publication is protected under the Iadian Cepprigh Aa (XIV of 1957) and Fepeodacion whole ein pat by aay mane succes writen pertinon ote publisher shall be deemed \ © Gori 186 Fas {eben lsfngemenr of copyright onder the id Act1s : 1080 - 1985, (Continued from page 1) Members Aepruming Suni A. H. Divas: ‘Asia Foundations and Construction Pri Bombay Sunt AN. Janaue (Allens ) ‘Sani A, Gnoesae ‘seup Consultan Limited, Bombay Saar NJacewne Sit, vind Be i m naceicaaat sant Annox Kane Jain & Amociates, New Delhi ‘Sent Visay Kenan Jann (Alena) Jounz Dinsovox ( Deaton ‘Witional Buildings Organieation, New Delhi ‘Sunt Sonat Ban ( dlrsate) Da Rok. Ker Indian Tnatiute of Technology, Seat §. R, Kosxanat MN: Dasor & Gonpecy FO ued, Caeuea ‘Suan Rov (Alienate) Snara,®. Mazuvan ‘Central Warohousing Corporation, New Delhi Suni ¥. B, Mazon ‘Mickenaies dy Booth Smar5. Moxmanone Impersonal expacty (2104.4, Simla Hesse, Nepean fan, XD, Mom 5 Basin tata ed, New Debs Indian Geotechnical Society, New Delhi Hindustan Conscruetion Go Lid, Bombay ( Alternat} XGemindia Company Ltd, Bombay SaaS Jeecan (Arante) Davis 8 Rio Naps CoualunFriaeEimie, New Det ‘Sunt Rowonaran ( Anata) OC nEmRSTN Sant Srvacoae ‘Ministry of Shipping and Transport ( Road Wing ) ‘suns MK. Moxagazex ( Alora) Soreuinnespreo Ew orm em. Cenral Public Works Department, New Deli CRacona Ex arr 5 (Brsvowe V } Climate) Ds AWanabanasaat Tadian Tautiute of Techaolegy, New Delhi sarang MM) ecoe Genes, BIS Eee Member) nC. Bean, ctor Genes}, Dinecior (Civ Bngs} Sucratery Sunt KM Joint Director ( ‘Boge }, BIS { Gontnuad on age 7 )18: 1080 - 1985 Indian Standard CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS IN SOILS ( OTHER THAN RAFT, RING AND SHELL ) (Second Revision ) 0 FOREWORD . This Indian Standard (Second Revision ) was adopted by the Indian Standards Institution on 30 November 1985, after the draft finalized by the Foundation Engineering Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering Division Council. ian Standards on various types of foundations have bbeen formulated covering specific requirements ax well as one des with the general structural requirements. This Indian Standard covers the specific requirements of shallow type foundations other than raft, ring and shell foundation which have been covered separately [ see 18:2 (Past 1 )-1981*, IS : 11089-1964t and IS : 9456-1880; respectively } O21 The design of shallow foundations were earlier governed by emperical formulae and thumb rules worked out in the course of long experience which used to farther vary from department to departments Moreover based on the thumb rules it was not possible to design such foundation in soils having speciai problems. It was, therefore, necessary that a uniform approach base! oa technical considerations e formulated for designing such type of foundation and so as to cover these aspects, standard. was formulated. in 1962 and. revited in 1086 standard is now farther revised so as to include only the specific: requirements ‘applicable to the shallow foundation ( other than raft, ring and shell foundation ) based on the latest technology. The Principal modifications are: (a) transfering the general requirements to 1S : 1904-19855, (b) deleting the prov: lating to width which should (nafs pmo er ign and canuretion fr fondaions:Pat | Design Reageof racic or digs an conrution of rig foundation ode of practice for desiga and construction of conscal and hyperbolic paraboloidal ‘ype ofall ara os raat TGode ot prac for erga and commision of foundations: General requirements (third revision ). . ret 31S: 1080-1985 be based on actual determinations, and (c) limiting the provisions to shallow foundations only in view of the formulations of separate Indian Standards on each type of foundations. 43 For the purpose of deciding whether @ particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accor dance with IS : 2-1960*. The number of significant places retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard. 1. SCOPE 1.1 This standard covers the specific requirements applicable to the design and construction of shallow foundations in soils ( other than raft, ring and shel! ) Norm — The general requirement applicable all ypes of foundation includ shallow foundations are covered in IS 71904-18634, - 2. TERMINOLOGY 2A For the purpose of this standard, the defi TS : 2809-1979 shall apply. 3. GENERAL 3.1 The shallow foundations cover such type of foundation in which the load transference is primarily through sheer resistance of the bearing strata ( the fractional resistance of soil above bearing strata is not taken into consideration ) and are laid normally up to depth of 3m. 3.1 These foundations are of following types in addition to those mentioned in 0.2. 2) Pad or Spread — 1m such type of foundation, which is constructed of masonry andjor concrete ( plain or reinforced ) and is isolated, the loads of a structure is transferred to the ground in such a manner that the safe bearing pressure is not exceeded. b) Strip — Such type of foundation provides continuous and longi- tudinal bearing for loads carried by vertical elements, such as continuous wall foundation beams or che like. 4. DESIGN CONSIDERATION 4.1 In such type of foundations wherever the resultant of the load deviates from the centre line by more than 1/6 of its least dimension at the bate of footing, it should be suitably reinforced. jon of terms given in ‘off numerical valves (reid ). lesign and construction of foundations: General requirements 41S + 1090 - 1985 42 For continuous wall foundations ( plain or reinforced ) adequate re- inforcement shoul’ be provided particularly at places where there is abrupt change in magnitude of load or variation in ground support. 43 On slopeing sites the foundation should have a horizontal bearing and stepped and lapped at changes of levels for a distance at least equal to the thickness of foundation or twice the height of step whichever is ater. The steps should not be of greater height than thickness of the dations 44 Ground Beams — The foundation can also have the ground beam for transmitting the load, The ground beam carrying a load bearing wall should be designed to act with the wall forming a composite beam, when both are of reinforced concrete and structurally connected by rein- forcement. The ground beam of reinforced concrete structurally connected to reinforced brick work can also be used. 45 Dimensions of Foundation 4.5.1 ‘The dimensions of the foundation in plan should be uch as to support loads as given in IS : 1904-1985. The width of the footings shall be such that maximum stress in the concrete or masonry is within the permissible limits. The width of wall foundation shall not be less than that given by: B=W+ 300m where B w 46 In the base of foundations for masonry foundation it is preferable to have the steps in multiples of thickness of masonry uni 4.7 The plan dimensions of excavation for foundations should be wide enough t0 ensure safe and efficient working { see IS : 3764-1966 ). idth at base in cm, and idth of supported wall in em, 4.8 Unreinforced foundation may be of concrete or masonry ( stone or brick ) proviced that angular spread of load from the pier or bed plate to the outer edge of the ground bearing is not more than I vertical o 4 horizontal to masonry or 1 vertical to | horizontal for cement concrete and 1 vertical to 2:3 horizontal for lime conerete. The minimum thickness of the foundation of the edge should not be less than 150mm. In. case the depth to transfer the load to the ground bearing i less than the per- missible angle of spread, the foundations should be reinforced. ode of practice for design and contrction of foundations: General requirements ( icdeton J oa ‘Stity code for excavation work1S : 1080 - 1905 9 If the bottom of a pier is to be belled 40 as to increase sts load carry- ing capacity such bell should be at least 30 cm thet at is edge. The Sides should be sloped at an angle of wot leeshar aot wath horizontal. The leatt dimension should be 60 cm (citculan square on rectangular ) ‘The design should allow for the vertical tht of the pier by I pertent. oF its height. 4.10 If the allowable bearing capacity is available only at a greater depth, the foundation can be rested at a higher level for econome con siderations and the difference in level between the base of foundation and the depth at which the allowable bearing capacity occurs can be filled up with either: (a) concrete of allowable compressive strength not lest than the allowable bearing pressure, or (b) in compressible fill material, for example, sand, gravel, etc, in which case the width of the fill thould be more than the width of the foundation by an extent of dispersion of fond from the bate of the foundation on either side at the rate of 2 vertical to | horizontal 4:11 The cement concrete foundation ( plain or reinforced ) should be designed in accordance with IS : 456-1978* and masonry foundation ia accordance with IS : 1905-1980. 5. CONSTRUCTION 51 The cement concreting (plain and reinforced ) in the foundation should be done in accordance with the provision given in 18 : 456-1978", 5.2 The stone masonry construction should conform to IS : 1597 ( Parts 1 and 2)-19672 and brick masonry construction should conform to IS : 2212-19626. e concrete should be done in accordance with the provisions +: 5817-19704, 544 Masonry should be constructed over the base concrete after curing the base of concrete for at least 3 days. Before laying concrete, the bed of the foundation pit/trench should be thoroughly compacted by manival ramming. ade frais or pin ard tener rd i Hees pce Rn inl ree ein Gc construction of stone: Part | Rubber ‘one machinery aod ie secarton ad eof ve cones fi) ractice for preparation and tse of lime porsolana micture concrete ia buildings and roads ia1S : 1080 - 1983 (Conta frm page 2) Miscellaneous Foundation Subcommittee, BDC 43 : 6 Cone Representing Sma. Gown Cateutea Port Trutt,Caleut Members Suni K. K. Aoanmat Posts & Telegraph Department, New Delbi ExGou 6. Ee Astooans Engincer-inGiiet's Bane,” Army” Headquarters (Ministry of Defence ), New Delhi Mas T. K. Guosu | Alierate) Drrory Seinerany ( Batoars )” Indian Roads Congrea, New Dethi Dinuvor Highways and Rural Works Department, Madras Divimiowag, Exomexn ( Sora ) (Alienate) Rangorive | cinmen (Central Public Works Department, New Delbi Exnoors | Evoremen (Denton ) VIF (Alternate) ‘suas A7Gnoan Cental Duilling Revarch Intute (CSIR , Sant M, R. Soneva ( Alurate) SaniGrR. Hanus “Gammon india Li, Homnbay ‘Sun A.B: Gncons ( Almas) Sant M. Drexonn ‘Engineers Indi Ltd, New Delhi De RCM Daaaans (aur Jonry Dinovon (CE) sat of Railways Darors Dintevon ( GE IIL} (lara) Swat D.} Keven ‘Cemiadin Go L1d, Bombay eR be Pmt (ater) : pole eaeniaraeioer> seat S. Moira in personal capacity fuss, Noam "Sie od, Bombay) Sun? G, Rewaxnrsnvan Engineering Contrction Corporation Ltd, Madras Sunt ALG. Dram (Alc) Sua 0. S.Skivasrava Geez Corporation of fain, New Deki Sto Sai Suna University of Roorkee, Roorkee Adhoc Pane! for Revision of IS : 1904 and IS : 1080, BDC 43 : 6/P1 Consmer ‘Sami $. Goma Calcutta Port Trust, Caleutta Mombers Sum K. K. Aoamwat Pou & Telegeaphs Department, New Del ‘Sum S.C. Bowe Pile’ Foundation Construction’ Co" (1) Pvt Ltd, CaletaBUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS Headauerters : ‘Manak Bhavan. 9 Bahadur Shsh Zafar Marg, NEW DELHI 110002 Telephones : 3 31 01 31,331 13.75 Telegrams : Manaksanstha (Common to alt Otfices ) Region! Offices : Telephone “Western ; Manakalaya, E9 MIDC, Marol, Andheri ( East), 6 32 92 95 BOMBAY 400093, tEastern : 1/14 C. 1. T. Scheme Vil M, V. 1. P. Road, 36 2499 ‘Maniktola, CALCUTTA 700054 Norther : SCO 445-446, Sector 35-C 218 43, CHANDIGARH 160036 31641 Southern : C. 1. T. 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