Faculty of Engineering and Quantity Surveying

(FEQS)
MEE 3221 Fluids Mechanics 2
Lab Report
Lift and Drag Force

Name & ID           : 1.Yap Jun Long I18015244

2. Lim Zi Cheng I18015772
3. Goh Chang Kai I16019970
4. KHOVAN RAO A/L PRAKASH  I15009184
5. HARVIND A/L CHANDRAN 16011222

Program     : Bachelor of Engineering (HONS) in Mechanical

Engineering
Section           : 8K1
Session : August 2020
Lecturer         : Dr. Ng Boon Thiam

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 CONTENT
1.0) ABSTRACT ……………………………………………3

2.0) Introduction ……………………………………………2-4

2.1) Formula for Lift and Drag ……………………………4-6

3.0) Objective ……………………………………………….6

3.1) Diagram of the apparatus………………………………7

3.2) Procedure……………………………………………….8

4.0)Result…………………………………………………9-10

4.1) Calculation…………………………………………..10-11

5.0) Discussion……………………………………………12-15

6.0) Conclusions………………………………………….16

7.0) References……………………………………………16

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1.0 Abstract
The SOLTEQ® Lift and Drag Forces (Model: FM 21K) accessory
unit has been designed for installation along with FM21 Air Flow
Training Unit to determine the drag forces acting on bodies in a flow.
FM21A: Manometer is also used to measure the static pressure along the
various shapes. This model comes with a Pitot tube and various body
shapes. The air flow rate through the duct is adjustable.

The SOLTEQ® Lift and Drag Forces (Model: FM 21K) is to be

fitted on the nozzle (which is fixed to the rectifier of Air Flow Training
Unit) using quick action fasteners. Various body shapes such as a
cylinder, an aerofoil and two component balance are supplied with this
unit. Both the cylindrical body and aerofoil body comes with pressure
measurement holes.

On the model, there is a full 360º scale for cylinder body. The Pitot
tube is used to measure pressure change behind the body in the flow.

2.0 Introduction
Lift force is the force generated in a direction perpendicular to the
relative velocity. It is basically generated due to a series of vortices
leading up to a big circulation, due to which the lift force is caused. A
drag force is the resistance force caused by the motion of a body through
a fluid, such as water or air. A drag force acts opposite to the direction of
the oncoming flow velocity. This is the relative velocity between the
body and the fluid.

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 Figure 1: Aero foil
From the figure above, the shape of the wing causes air to travel for a
longer period on top of the wing, causing air to travel faster, reducing the
air pressure and creating lift, as compared to the distance traveled, the air
speed and the air pressure experienced beneath the wing.

In this effect can be consider as the Bernoulli principle can be considered

to be a statement of the conservation of energy principle appropriate for
flowing fluids. The qualitative behavior that is usually labeled with the
term "Bernoulli effect" is the lowering of fluid pressure in regions where
the flow velocity is increased. This lowering of pressure in a constriction
of a flow path may seem counter intuitive, but seems less so when you
consider pressure to be energy density. In the high velocity flow through
the constriction, kinetic energy must increase at the expense of pressure
energy.
There are several factors that can affect the amount of lift and drag which
are the shape of aerofoil and the angle of attack. One of the method to
calculate the lift and drag force on the aerofoil is by integrating the net
pressure force along the aerofoil surface. These components may be
expressed in non-dimensional term by definition of drag and lift
coefficients.

2.1 Formula for Lift and Drag Forces

The lift force, FL, acts on the immersed body normal to the relative
motion between fluid and the body. The lift is typically expressed in term
of the ‘lift coefficient’.

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 Figure 3.3: Schematic representation of flow around an aerofoil.
The lift coefficient is defined as below:
L
C L=
1
ρU 2∞ dl
2
Whereby,
L is the total lift force, ρ is the density, U is the freestream velocity, D is
the diameter and L is the length.
The drag force, FD, is the component of force on a body acting parallel to
the direction of the motion. Similar to lift, the drag also can be expressed
in term of the ‘ drag coefficient’.
The drag coefficient is defined as below:
D
C D=
1
ρ U 2∞ dl
2
Whereby,
D is the total drag force, ρ is the density, U is the freestream velocity, D
is the diameter and L is the length.

Finally, the coefficient of dynamic pressure in the undisturbed stream is

defined the following way:

5
 Pt
CP=
1 2
ρ U∞
2
Whereby,
Pt is the total pressure, ρ is the density, U is the freestream velocity.
The total pressure, Pt, can also defined as below:
Pt =P−Po

Whereby,
P is the static local pressure, Po is the free stream static.
Therefore, the equation can be written below:
2( P−Po )
CP=
ρ U 2∞

3.0 OBJECTIVE
 To understand the pressure profile around an aero-foil section and
derivation of lift and drag forces and coefficients.
 To determine the pressure distribution as an event of the change of
angle to the flow direction.

 To calculate the lift and drag coefficient of the aerofoil body.

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3 .1 Diagram OF THE APPARATUS

Figure 3: SOLTEQ Air Flow Training Unit

1. Adjustable Duct 2. Duct

3. Spring Balance 4. Lift and Drag Load
5. Lift and Drag Load 6. Differential Pressure
Transmitter
7. Control Panel 8. Pitot Static Tube
9. Inlet Duct 10.Aero foil Body
11.Cylinder Body 12.Manometer

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3.2 PROCEDURES

1. Switch on the main switch.

2. Set up two balances properly with counter force strings attached to

the digital balance.

3. Adjust the Pitot Static Tube to the center of the duct and connect

two outlets to the water manometer. After that, record the initial
manometer readings.
4. Connect the aero-foil to the water manometer using tubes for Point

1 till Point 14 as shown in figure. Record the initial manometer

readings.

Figure 4: Point on aero-foil body

5. Adjust the aero-foil at an attack angle of -5º.

6. Record the free stream static pressure (side outlet) and total

pressure (top outlet).

7. Record the readings on the lift and drag forces balance.

8. Record the manometer readings of Point 1 to Point 14.

9. Repeat step 7 and step 8 with attack angle of 0º, 5º, 10º, 15º, 20º

and 25º.
10.

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4.0 Result

Free Stream DP (Pa) 1990

Free Stream Static (Pa) 0
Free Stream Total (Pa) 1990
Initial Balance Reading for d (g) 0
Initial Balance Reading for l (g) 0
sInitial Manometer (mm) 228
Air velocity of free stream, U
55.50
(m/s)

Figure 4.0.1

Figure 4.0.2

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 Figure 4.0.3

4.1 Calculation

Balance Reading ( g)
Lift Force, FL = × 4 × 9.81
1000

Balance Reading ( g)
Drag Force, FD = ×0.5 × 9.81
1000

A=C ×b ; where C = 65 cos α ; b = span = 65mm; α = angle of attack

2( ∆ P)
U =√ ( ) , where ∆ P is Free Stream DP
ρ

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 2× Lift Force
Coefficient of Lift, CL = 2
ρ ×U × A

2× Drag Force
Coefficient of Drag, CD = 2
ρ× U × A

Angle of Attack, α (º )
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Lift 1.3734 1.962 3.3354 4.5126 3.924 3.924 3.924 5.6898
Force
(N)
Drag 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.14715 0.44145
Force
(N)
A 0.421 0.423 0.421 0.416 0.408 0.397 0.383 0.366

∆P 1979 1961 1965 1966 1888 1850 1841 1835

U 55.349 55.096 55.152 55.167 54.061 53.514 53.387 53.298
CL 1.648*10 2.365* 4.032*1 5.517*10^ 5.094*10 5.342*10^ 5.565*10 8.472*10^-3
^-3 10^-3 0^-3 -3 ^-3 -3 ^-3
CD 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.086*10 6.572*10^04
^-4
Coefficient of Pressure, CP = (Initial - Manometer Reading H2O) X 9.81
x = distance of the point form leading edge; x = √ x 2+ y 2
C = cord length = 65mm

Coefficient of Pressure, CP
Poin X Angle of Attack, α (º )
t C -5 0 5 10 15 20
0.128 - - -
1 -68.67 -39.24 -39.24
215.82 215.82 127.53
0.225 -
2 -196.2 -107.1 -78.48 -39.24 -58.86
LOWER LAYER

255.06
0.311 - - - -
3 -196.2 -196.2
441.45 353.16 255.06 206.01
0.398 - - - - -
4 -196.2
284.49 245.25 176.58 156.96 176.58
0.487 - - - - -
5 -294.3
382.59 343.35 274.68 235.44 264.87
0.595 - - - - - -
6
166.77 264.87 215.82 264.87 215.82 166.77
0.742 - -
7 -206.1 -206.1 -206.1 -206.1
215.82 255.06

0.123 - - - - - -
8
255.06 274.68 235.44 215.82 166.77 117.72
9 0.225 -58.86 -58.86 -49.05 -58.86 -68.67 -68.67

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 0.299 - - - - - -
10
UPPER LAYER 137.34 176.58 235.44 264.87 255.06 225.63
0.390 - - - - - -
11
176.58 147.15 176.58 186.39 206.01 156.96
0.478 - - - - - -
12
137.34 166.77 215.82 235.44 304.11 313.92
0.646 - - -
13 -294.3 -294.3 -392.4
156.96 166.77 313.92
0.824
14 -39.24 -49.05 -39.24 -58.86 -39.24 -78.48
6

5.0 DISCUSSION

In this lift and drag force experiment, we can have observed and
analyzed which angle of attack can affect a coefficient in angle. There are
many factors which are pressure and fan speed can affect the data.
Through the experimental data, we can found that maximum lift occurred
when the angle attack is around 10°, therefore the above 15° of the angle
attack is moving to the leading edge if airfoil and laminar flow above the
airfoil is desolated. The increase of turbulence on the airflow cause
decreases in lift force, in fact it will increases the drag force and the
aircraft speed will be slow down in real life situation.

Compare to the theoretical statement, the highest lift force of airfoil

at assault point of - 5º and the lift force gradually decrease as the angle of
attack is increase In the interim, the drag force is nil from - 5º to 20º
based on the reading of spring balance and the calculation above. At that
point, the drag force drastically increases from 20º. Plus, the coefficient
of lift (CL) is decreasing as the angle of attack increasing while
coefficient of drag (CD) begin to increase at 20º.

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From the graph X/C VS CP at the different point on surface of airfoil.

-5 degrees
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
-50

-100

-150

-200

-250
Cp

-300

-350

-400

-450

-500

x/c

Figure 5.1

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 0 degrees
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

-50

-100

-150

-200
Cp

-250

-300

-350

-400

x/c

Figure 5.2

5 degrees
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

-50

-100

-150
Cp

-200

-250

-300

-350

x/c

Figure 5.3

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 10 degrees
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

-50

-100

-150
Cp

-200

-250

-300

-350

x/c

Figure 5.4

15 degrees
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

-50

-100

-150
Cp

-200

-250

-300

-350

x/c

Figure 5.5

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 20 degrees
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
-50

-100

-150

-200
Cp

-250

-300

-350

-400

-450

x/c

Figure 5.6

6.0 CONCLUSION

The major point from this experiment is to use the Airflow unit to
monitor the angle attack of the airfoil as well as the lift and drag forces.
In general, the lift force rises while the drag force falls or remains
zero, resulting in an increase or reduction in the coefficient of lift and
drag force.
In principle, increasing the angle of attack will increase the lift
force, however owing to the enormous air turbulence, the lift force will
substantially decrease once the angle of attack reaches its maximum.
In this experiment ,there will have some percentage error duee
result we recorded might slightly different due to some air pressure,

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airfoil surface friction and human error. Since we are able to achieved the
objectives in this experiment, this experiment is successfully done.

7.0 REFERENCES

Spalart, P. R. (2000) [ Journal], Strategies for turbulence modeling and

simulations, 21, International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, p. 252
[Accessed 21 Mar. 2020]

Lissaman, P. B. S. (1996) [E-Book], The facts of lift, AIAA 1996-161

[Accessed 21 Mar.2020]

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