Formulary RT-Digital F1

Formulary RT-D

Revision by U. Ewert
August 2018

© DGZfP e.V. RT-D2 / Rev. 2018

F2 Formulary RT-Digital

Table of content
General symbols, formulas, graphs and abbreviated terms ….…..…………….. F3
ISO 17626-2:
Exposure geometries and requirements ...…………….…………..…………… F6
X-ray Tube voltage and thickness range for gamma radiography ….... F7
SNRN and lead screens ……………………………………………………………………. F8
Determination of fmin and bedge ……………………………………………………….. F9
Increase factor for b > t and minimum b values ……………………………..F10
Magnification …………………………………………………………………………………F11
Minimum number of exposures ……………………………………………………..F12
Required wire IQI values ……….……………………………………………………….F14
Duplex wire pair data and evaluation methods ……………………………...F16
Required Duplex wire pair values .…………………………………………………..F17
Digital image processing filters ………………………………………………………………..F18
ISO 17635 “General rules for weld inspection” …………………………………………F19
ISO 10675-1: Acceptance levels for steel, nickel and their alloys …….………..F20
ISO 10675-2: Acceptance levels for aluminum and its alloys …………….………F22
ISO 6520-1: Weld imperfections …………………………………………..………………….F23
EN 12681-2 Founding (Casting)
Testing classes, thickness range ……………………………………………………..F24
Testing geometries …………………………………………………………………………F25
SNRN requirements and lead screens ……………………………………………..F27
Determination of fmin ………………………………………………………………………F28
Requirements for wire IQIs and duplex IQI …………………………………….F29
Reference catalogues for castings …………………………………………………..F30
ASTM E 2698: Standard Practice for RT using DDAs ………………………………….F33
Exposure chart for CR ……………………………………………………………………………… F38

RT-D2 / Rev. 2018 © DGZfP e.V.

Formulary RT-Digital F3

Symbols and abbreviated terms

Symbol Term Remark

E energy [keV]

U high voltage [kV]

I current [mA]

H dose [mSv]

I radiation intensity


H dose rate [mSv/h]

DDA digital detector array

CR computed radiography

IP storage phosphor imaging plate

GV grey value

µ attenuation coefficient

t nominal thickness

w penetrated thickness

w penetrated thickness change

M, v geometric magnification Different symbols in different standards

Mopt optimal magnification for lowest unsharpness

d source size, focal spot size

ug geometrical unsharpness

ui unsharpness measured in the digital image

with duplex wire IQI at the detector plane
unsharpness measured in the digital image
uT
with duplex wire IQI at object plane
uIm Image unsharpness as measured in the
object plane (uT / M) with duplex wire IQI

SNRN normalized signal-to-noise ratio

basic spatial resolution measured in the

SRbdetektor digital image at the detector plane with
duplex wire IQI
basic spatial resolution measured in the
SRbimage digital image at object plane with duplex wire
IQI

SDD Source-Detector-Distance FDD - Focus-Detector-Distance

SOD / f Source-Object-Distance FOD - Focus-Object-Distance

ODD / b Object-Detector-Distance

© DGZfP e.V. RT-D2 / Rev. 2018

F4 Formulary RT-Digital

Dose rate
H = equivalent dose
 H
H ˆ J 
J J = ion dose
t t t = time

Dose rate constant

 a2
H  mSv  m 2 
Nuklid   
A  h  GBq 

 a2
H  mSv  m 2 
kV   
I  min mA 

Inverse square law


H a 12
2
 2

H a2
1

2
 H
H   a 1 
2 1 
 a2 

Attenuation law

I  I0  eμΔw

RT-D2 / Rev. 2018 © DGZfP e.V.

 log
log
Formulary RT-Digital F5

Attenuation coefficient µ

ln2
μ
HVL

ln2 0,693
μ 
HVL HVL

Scatter ratio k
log log
𝐼𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑘=
𝐼𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦

Absolute contrast

C = GV = GV1 – GV2 log

Relative contrast

𝐺𝑉
𝐶𝑟 =
𝐺𝑉
Relative specific contrast
csp

μ  μF
csp 
1 k

Nuclide half life dose rate constant

Activity HL  mSv  m 2 
Γ Nuclide   
 h  GBq 
Yb 169 31 d 0.049
A  A0  eλt Se 75 120 d 0,055
Ir 192 74 d 0,13
ln2 0,693 Co 60 5.2 a 0,35
λ 
HL HL

© DGZfP e.V. RT-D2 / Rev. 2018

F6 Formulary RT-Digital

Duplex
Wire IQI
(DW)

Fig. 1, 13
wp =

w=t

Fig. 11, 12
 DW on
detector
w=2xt
 DW on source
side of object
w = b = De
wp

RT-D2 / Rev. 2018 © DGZfP e.V.

Formulary RT-Digital F7

ISO 17636-2

ISO 17636-2

© DGZfP e.V. RT-D2 / Rev. 2018

F8 Formulary RT-Digital

ISO 17636-2

RT-D2 / Rev. 2018 © DGZfP e.V.

Formulary RT-Digital F9

ISO 17636-2

Helpful graphs and tables for next revision of ISO 17636-2

Fig. F 8.1: Figure 13b, 14b
2α

Class A
b = bedge + 1.2 t + bobject-detector
Class B
b = bedge + 1.1 t + bobject-detector

bedge = (1 – cos (a))  rexternal

© DGZfP e.V. RT-D2 / Rev. 2018

 F10 Formulary RT-Digital

Helpful graphs and tables for next revision of ISO 17636-2

Increase factor for b > t
ISO 17636-2

Fig. F 9.1:

Fig. 8b

3 𝑏
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 = √
Fig. 2b
𝑡

Fig. XX: Factor for increase of fmin as determined

from Fig. 21 if b/t > 1, as considered in eq. 3 and 4.

Fig. F 9.3:
Minimum b values Table YYY: SRbdetector selection and minimum b values (bmin) in dependence on
SRbdetector values for class A and B without consideration of CP II. b values shall not
(bmin) in dependence fall short below bmin in practical exposure geometries in dependence on SRbdetector
on SRbdetector values values considering eq. 6 and 7.
Class A Class B

SRbdetector bmin SRbdetector bmin

mm mm mm mm

0,025 0,1 0,025 0,4

0,05 0,4 0,05 3,4
0,075 1,4 0,075 11,4
0,1 3,4 0,1 27,0
0,13 7,4 0,13 59,3
0,15 11,4 0,15 91,1
0,2 27,0 0,2 216,0
0,4 216,0 0,4 1728,0

RT-D2 / Rev. 2018 © DGZfP e.V.

Formulary RT-Digital F11

ISO 17636-2
EN 12681-2 Magnification / unsharpness

𝑆𝐷𝐷 𝑓+𝑏 𝑏
𝑀=𝑣= = = +1
𝑆𝑂𝐷 𝑓 𝑓 =f ODD = b

SDD
u  d(  1)  d  (M - 1)
g SOD
2
𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑀𝑜𝑝𝑡 =( ) +1
𝑑

(SDD)
(SOD)

(SDD)

(SDD)

© DGZfP e.V. RT-D2 / Rev. 2018

Formulary RT-Digital

© DGZfP e.V.
ISO 17636-2: Minimum number of exposures N for 100% ISO 17636-2: Minimum number of exposures N for 100%
Figure 2 , class A Figure 2 , class B

RT-D2 / Rev. 2018

F12
 ISO 17636-2: Minimum number of exposures N for 100% ISO 17636-2: Minimum number of exposures N for 100%
Figure 5, 8, 14, 13, class A Figure 5, 8, 14, 13 , class B

© DGZfP e.V.
Formulary RT-Digital

RT-D2 / Rev. 2018

F13
F14 Formulary RT-Digital

ISO 17636-2
IQI values

single wall technique; IQI on source side Figure: 1, 2, 5, 8

double wall technique; IQI on detector side Figure: 11, 12, 13, 14, 15
„F“- near to IQI

RT-D2 / Rev. 2018 © DGZfP e.V.

Formulary RT-Digital F15
Figure: 11, 12, 13, 14, 15

ISO 17636-2

Minimum image quality values for Gamma-ray sources:

single wall figure 1, 2, 5, 8 (w = t) IQI – source side

double wall figure 13, 14, 15 (w = 2t) IQI – detector side

class A:

Ir 192: w = 10 mm to 24 mm 2 wires or step holes less

w = 24 mm to 30 mm 1 wire or step holes less
Se 75: w = 5 mm to 24 mm 1 wire or step holes less

class B:

Ir 192: w = 10 mm to 40 mm 1 wire or step holes less

Se 75: w = 5 mm to 20 mm 1 wire or step holes less

double wall, figure 11, 12, (elliptical technique)

class A und B:

Ir 192: w = 10 mm to 25 mm 1 wire or step holes less

Se 75: w = 5 mm to 12 mm 1 wire or step holes less

© DGZfP e.V. RT-D2 / Rev. 2018

F16 Formulary RT-Digital

ASTM E 2002-15, ISO 19232-5: 2018

TABLE 1 Duplex Wire Number, Corresponding Total Unsharpness, Basic Spatial Resolution, Linepair
Readings and Wire Diameters and its TolerancesA
Wire Material Duplex Wire Corresponding Corresponding Corresponding Wire Diameter Tolerance of
Number Unsharpness Basic Spatial linepair value and Spacing, Wire Diameter
value UT (mm) Resolution SRb (lp/mm) d (mm) and Wire
value (mm)D Spacing (mm)
PtB D 13 0.10 0.050 10.0 0.050
Pt D 12 0.13 0.063 7.94 0.063
Pt D 11 0.16 0.080 6.25 0.08 ±0.005
Pt D 10 0.20 0.100 5.00 0.10
Pt D9 0.26 0.130 3.85 0.13

Pt D8 0.32 0.160 3.13 0.16

Pt D7 0.40 0.200 2.50 0.20
Pt D6 0.50 0.250 2.00 0.25 ±0.01
Pt D5 0.64 0.320 1.56 0.32
Pt D4 0.80 0.400 1.25 0.40

WC D3 1.00 0.500 1.00 0.50

W D2 1.26 0.630 0.79 0.63 ±0.02
W D1 1.60 0.800 0.63 0.80
A
 This table is based on data provided in ISO 19232-5: 2013. All unsharpness values are rounded to two digits after the dot.
B
 Pt = Platinum.
C
 W = Tungsten.
D
For conversion of the SRb-values to µm, multiply values which are given in mm by 1000.

Table 2: High Resolution Duplex Wire Number, Corresponding Total Unsharpness, Basic Spatial
Resolution, Linepair Readings and Wire Diameters and its Tolerances

Wire Duplex Corresponding Corresponding Corresponding Wire Tolerance of

Material Wire Unsharpness Basic Spatial linepair value Diameter Wire
Number value UT (mm) Resolution SRb (lp/mm) and Diameter
value (mm)B Spacing, and Wire
d (mm) Spacing
(mm)
PtA D 18 0.032 0.016 31.3 0.016
Pt D 17 0.040 0.020 25.0 0.020
Pt D 16 0.050 0.025 20.0 0.025 ±15%
Pt D 15 0.063 0.032 15.9 0.032
Pt D 14 0.080 0.040 12.5 0.040
A
 Pt = Platinum.
B
For conversion of the SRb-values to µm, multiply values which are given in mm by 1000.

Visual evaluation
The element with smallest wire number, (that is pair of wires), of which the image has just merged into single
form without an identifiable space between the images of the two wires, is taken as the limit of visual
discernibility for radiography and radioscopy.

Evaluation of digital images with profile function

If digital images are evaluated with a profile function the element with smallest wire number, of the duplex wire
pair, which is separable by a profile function with less than 20% modulation depth, is taken as the limit of
discernibility for digital radiography.

Evaluation of digital images with profile function by interpolation

For more accurate measurement of the total unsharpness (iUT) or the basic spatial resolution of digital
images (iSRb) the measurement of the 20% modulation depth should be performed by interpolation or
approximation.

RT-D2 / Rev. 2018 © DGZfP e.V.

Formulary RT-Digital F17

ISO 17636-2

© DGZfP e.V. RT-D2 / Rev. 2018

 F18 Formulary RT-Digital

Digital Image processing: Filters

Sharpness
Contrast
Filter Grey value profile Application Remarks

SNR
Low pass
smoothing, smothing increased
reduction of grey value with increasing filter
no filter deviations of kernel size.
with filter neighboured pixels
1 1 1
image integration is
+ o - reduction of fine preferable to low pass
1 1 1
structures and noise filtering for noise
1 1 1 reduction
smoothing of edges

High pass 1
sharpening enhances edges amplified by the
physiology of the eye
no filter SNR reduced, (Mach´s effect)
with filter because filter reduces
0 -1 0
- o + only the signal
-1 5 -1

0 -1 0

High pass 2
edge edge extraction „Laplace filter“
extraction
no filter
preserves only the edges
of the object
-1 -1 -1 with filter

- - +
-1 8 -1

-1 -1 -1

Pseudo-plast
(NW) enhances edges in a pseudo-3D impression
specific direction same as an object is
no filter illuminated by a torch
with filter flat to the surface
1 1 0
- - o Attention!
1 0 -1
linear indications in the
0 -1 -1 filter direction will be
lost

Median suppresses grey value

outliers (salt and pepper ranking operator
noise) and reduces noise
no filter none linear filter
with filter edge reduction will be
+ o - lower than low pass image integration is
preferable to median
sorting of grey values filtering for noise
and the result is the reduction
middle value of the grey
value list

RT-D2 / Rev. 2018 © DGZfP e.V.

Formulary RT-Digital F19

Classification of weld seam irregularities:

© DGZfP e.V. RT-D2 / Rev. 2018

 F20 Formulary RT-Digital

Steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys

ISO 17635
Quality level class Acceptance level
ISO 5817 ISO 17636-2 ISO 10675-1 (Fe)

B B 1

B
C 2
(Number of exposures class A)

D A 3

Acceptance for weld seam imperfections according to ISO 10675-1

(2015)
Imperfections
No. Acceptance level 31) Acceptance level 21) Acceptance level 1
ISO 6520
1 cracks (100) not permitted not permitted not permitted
pores and porosity d  0,4 s; max. 5 mm d  0,3 s; max. 4 mm d  0,2 s; max 3 mm
(2011, 2012) A< 5 % (2,5 %, single lay.) A< 3 % (1,5 %, single lay.) A< 2,0 % (1 %, single lay.)
2 related to the area = related to the area = related to the area =
wp x L wp x L wp x L
L = 100 mm L = 100 mm L = 100 mm
3 clustered porosity dA ≤ 25 mm or dAmax ≤ wp dA ≤ 20 mm or dAmax ≤ wp dA ≤ 15 mm or dAmax ≤ wp/2
(2013) L = 100 mm L = 100 mm L = 100 mm
4 linear porosity (2014) l ≤ s, max. 75 mm l ≤ s, max. 50 mm l ≤ s, max. 25 mm
L = 100 mm L = 100 mm L = 100 mm
elongated cavity(2015) h  0,4 s; max. 4 mm h  0,3 s; max. 3 mm h  0,2 s; max. 2 mm
worm holes( 2016) ∑l  s (max. 75 mm) 3) ∑l  s (max. 50 mm) 3) ∑l  s (max. 25 mm) 3)
5
related seam length = 100 related seam length = 100 related seam length =
mm mm 100mm
shrinkage cavity (202) h  0,4 s ; max. 4 mm not permitted not permitted
6
l < 25 mm
7 crater pipe (2024) l  0,2 s ; max. 2 mm not permitted not permitted
solid inclusions h  0,4 s; max. 4 mm h  0,3 s; max. 3 mm h  0,2 s; max. 2 mm
(301, 302, 303,) ∑l  s (max. 75 mm) 3) ∑l  s (max. 50 mm) 3) ∑l  s (max. 25 mm) 3)
8
related seam length = 100 related seam length = 100 related seam length =
mm mm 100mm
solid inclusions (304) l  0,4 s; max. 4 mm l  0,3 s; max. 3 mm l  0,2 s; max. 2 mm
9
other than copper
copper inclusions not permitted not permitted not permitted
10
(3042)
lack of fusion (401) permitted, but only not permitted not permitted
intermittently and not
11 breaking the surface
h  0,4 s ; max. 4 mm
l  25 mm
lack of penetration h  0,2 s ; max. 2 mm not permitted not permitted
12
(402) l  25 mm
13 crater crack (104) not permitted not permitted not permitted
undercut (501) smooth transition is required smooth transition is required smooth transition is required
14 2)
h  0,2 t ; max. 1,0 mm h  0,1 t ; max. 0,5 mm h  0,05 t ; max. 0,5 mm
excess penetration wallthickness 0,5 - 3 mm wallthickness 0,5 - 3 mm wallthickness 0,5 - 3 mm
(504) h 1 mm + 0,6 b h 1 mm + 0,3 b h 1 mm + 0,1 b
152) wallthickness > 3 mm wallthickness > 3 mm wallthickness > 3 mm
h  1 mm + 1,0 b ; max. 5,0 h  1 mm + 0,6 b ; max. 4,0 h  1 mm + 0,2 b ; max.
mm mm 3,0 mm
stray arc (601) permitted, not permitted not permitted
162) if the properties of the parent
metall is not affected
172) sputter (602) acceptance depends on application
1) Acceptance levels 3 and 2 may be specified with prefix X, which denoted that all indications over 25 mm are
unacceptable.
2) Surface imperfections: The acceptance levels are those defined for visual testing. These defects are normally
accepted or rejected by visual testing.
3) The distance between two imperfections must be greater than the length of the shorter one.

RT-D2 / Rev. 2018 © DGZfP e.V.

Formulary RT-Digital F21

Abreviations:

A – sum of projected areas of indications related to L x wp in %

d – diameter of pore in mm
dA – diameter of area surrounding a cluster in mm
wp – width of weld in mm
h – width of indication, the width or height of surface or cross surface imperfection in mm
l – length of indication in mm
L – any 100 mm testing length in mm
l – summary length of imperfections within L
s – nominal butt weld thickness in mm
t – material thickness in mm

© DGZfP e.V. RT-D2 / Rev. 2018

 F22 Formulary RT-Digital

Aluminium and its alloys

ISO 17635
Quality level class Acceptance level
ISO 5817 ISO 17636-2 ISO 10675-2 (Al)

B B 1

B
C 2
(Number of exposures class A)

D A 3

Acceptance for weld seam imperfections according to ISO 10675-2

(2013)
imperfections
Nr. Acceptance level 31) Acceptance level 21) Acceptance level 1
ISO 6520
1 cracks (100) not permitted not permitted not permitted
pores (2011) d  0,4 s ; max. 6 mm d  0,3 s ; max. 5 mm d  0,2 s ; max 4 mm
2a
porosity (2012) related to the area = wp x L with L = 100 mm
2b t = 0,5 mm bis 3 mm A ≤ 6% A≤2% A≤1%
2c t = > 3 mm bis 12 mm A ≤ 10 % A≤4% A≤2%
2d t = > 12 mm bis 30 mm A ≤ 15 % A≤6% A≤3%
t = > 30 mm A ≤ 20 % A≤8% A≤4%
2e
clustered porosity dA  25 mm (max. seam dA  20 mm (max. seam dA  15 mm (max. ½ seam
3b) (2013) width) width) width)

linear porosity (2014) l  25 mm not permitted not permitted

4 b)
related seam length = 100 mm
elongated cavity (2015) l  0,4 s ; max. 6 mm l  0,3 s ; max. 4 mm l  0,2 s ; max. 3 mm
5 b)
worm holes ( 2016)
Oxid inclusions (303) l  s ; max. 10 mm l  0,5 s ; max. 5 mm l  0,2 s ; max. 3 mm
6
Tungsten inclusion l  0,4 s ; max. 6 mm l  0,3 s ; max. 4 mm l  0,2 s ; max. 2 mm
7
(3041)
lack of fusion (401) permitted, but only not permitted not permitted
intermittently and not
breaking the surface
8 c)
h  0,4 s ; max. 4 mm
l  25 mm

lack of penetration (402) l  25 mm ; L = 100 mm Permitted, provided welded not permitted

from booth sides and not
9 c)
breaking the surface
l  25 mm

10 Crater cracks (104) not permitted not permitted not permitted

Continuous undercut smooth transition is required smooth transition is required not permitted
11a (5011) h  0,2 t ; max. 1,0 mm h  0,1 t ; max. 0,5 mm

Intermittent undercut smooth transition is required smooth transition is required smooth transition is required
11b (5012) h  0,1 t ; max. 0,5 mm h  0,05 t ; max. 0,5 mm

12 excess penetration (504) h  5,0 mm h  4,0 mm h  3,0 mm

Root concavity (515) h  0,2 t ; max. 1,5 mm h  0,1 t ; max. 1,0 mm h  0,05 t ; max. 0,5 mm
13
l  25 mm l  25 mm l  25 mm
Shrinkage groove (5013) h  0,2 t ; max. 1,5 mm h  0,1 t ; max. 1,0 mm h  0,05 t ; max. 0,5 mm
14
l  25 mm l  25 mm l  25 mm
a. Acceptance levels 3 and 2 may be specified with prefix X, which denoted that all indications over 25 mm
are unacceptable.
b. The distance between two imperfections must be greater than the length of the shorter one
c. If the lenght of the weld is < 100 mm, the maximum length of indication shall not exceed 25% of that
weld

RT-D2 / Rev. 2018 © DGZfP e.V.

Formulary RT-Digital F23

Meanings of the used abbreviations

No.
according EN ISO 6520-1

0 without defect
100 crack
2011 gas cavity
2012 uniformly distributed porosity
2013 clustered porosity
2014 linear porosity
2015 elongated cavity
2016 worm hole
3011 slag inclusion linear
3012 slag inclusion isolated
303 oxide inclusion
3041 tungsten inclusion
401 lack of fusion
402 lack of penetration
501 undercut
5011 continuous undercut
5012 intermittend undercut
5013 shrinkage groove
507 linear misalignment
511 incompletely filled groove
515 root concavity
517 poor restart
600 miscellaneous imperfections
601 stray arc
605 chipping mark

© DGZfP e.V. RT-D2 / Rev. 2018

F24 Formulary RT-Digital

EN 12681-2 (Casting)
Founding - Radiographic testing - Part 2: Techniques with digital
detectors

Calculation of thickness range for different radiation energies levels for

steels and cast irons.

RT-D2 / Rev. 2018 © DGZfP e.V.

Formulary RT-Digital F25

EN 12681-2 (Casting)
Founding - Radiographic testing - Part 2: Techniques with digital
detectors

© DGZfP e.V. RT-D2 / Rev. 2018

F26 Formulary RT-Digital

EN 12681-2 (Casting)
Founding - Radiographic testing - Part 2: Techniques with digital
detectors

ASTM E 1030M-15 RT of
metallic castings (Film)

NOTE 1—For general application, this alignment

provides the most effective compromise of quality
radiography and maximum obtainable coverage.

FIG. X2.1 Preferred Source and Film Alignment

NOTE 1—This alignment provides a suitable alternative

when other casting appendages (bosses, flanges, etc.)
project into the radiation path.
.
FIG. X2.2 Permissible Source and Film Alignment when
Fig. X2.1 Cannot Be Applied Due to Casting Geometry

NOTE 1—This alignment is permissible if the radiation

source energy and film multi-load capabilities are
sufficient to afford compliance with the technique
requirements stipulated herein. This alignment will
generally require the use of filters or masking to reduce
the influence of radiation that undercuts the thicker
areas and reduces overall radiographic quality.

FIG. X2.3 Allowable Source Film Alignment as Governed

by Source Energy and Multi-Film Load Acceptable
Density Latitude

RT-D2 / Rev. 2018 © DGZfP e.V.

Formulary RT-Digital F27

EN 12681-2 (Casting)
Founding - Radiographic testing - Part 2: Techniques with digital
detectors

Requirements for kV corresponds to ISO 17636-2

SNRN-Requirements

© DGZfP e.V. RT-D2 / Rev. 2018

F28 Formulary RT-Digital

Calculation of fmin

- Use ladder chart for determination of fmin, as given for ISO 17636-2, fig. 20
(page F 8), if b < 1.5 t and use b = t (except Fig. 2b, 3b), if the detector is
placed at the object.
- If b > 1.5 t and if exposed corresponding to figures 2b and 3b use the
“increase factor” as given in figure F9.1 at page F9, depending on b/t.
Maximum increase factor is 15% at b/t = 1.5.
2∙𝑆𝑅𝑏𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
- Recommended Mmin for microfocus technique (d<<uim): 𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≈ .
𝑢𝑖𝑚
- If magnification is used (M > 1.5), the resulting image unsharpness can be
calculated by (consider difference in ASTM E 2698M-18 with cubic formulas):

Uim shall not exceed the values as given in table A4 at EN 12681-2 (see page
F29). Otherwise, the compensation principle II may be applied.
RT-D2 / Rev. 2018 © DGZfP e.V.
Formulary RT-Digital F29

© DGZfP e.V. RT-D2 / Rev. 2018

F30 Formulary RT-Digital

RT-D2 / Rev. 2018 © DGZfP e.V.

Formulary RT-Digital F31

References for evaluation of radiographs of castings

© DGZfP e.V. RT-D2 / Rev. 2018

F32 Formulary RT-Digital

Casting discontinuity codes and symbols

RT-D2 / Rev. 2018 © DGZfP e.V.

Formulary RT-Digital F33

ASTM 2698-18:
Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination Using Digital
Detector Arrays

© DGZfP e.V. RT-D2 / Rev. 2018

F34 Formulary RT-Digital

ASTM 2698-18

D9

D8

D6

D5

D3

Calculation of Uim

Image Quality via CNR Measurement

10. 15.3 Evaluate IQI Visibility Using Contrast to Noise Ratio (CNR):

10. 15.3.1 Once the total image unsharpness requirement is met, it shall be
verified that the required IQI hole or wire is visible and the contrast-to-noise of
the image must be assessed.

10.15.3.2 For hole-type IQIs, the appropriate IQI shall be placed on the object or the
representative block. The mean of the pixels shall be measured from a region inside of the
hole of interest and from a neighboring region on the IQI (but outside of the hole). The
mean value from the neighboring region on the IQI may be measured from a single region
or two averaged regions located 180 degrees from the other on opposing sides of the hole
and aligned with the hole (See Fig 2, “Two IQI Region Measurement”).

RT-D2 / Rev. 2018 © DGZfP e.V.

Formulary RT-Digital F35

The single region outside the IQI hole shall be placed with consideration to any gradient
change across the IQI. The preferred placement is where the hole and IQI region are
aligned perpendicular to the direction of the most significant gradient change. (See Fig. 2,
“Single IQI Region Measurement”) The difference in the two means (Hole region and IQI
regions) shall be divided by the standard deviation of the same single IQI region or the
average deviation of the two IQI regions outside of the hole. The resulting quantity
(contrast to noise ratio) shall be a default of at least 2.5. A measured value of less than
2.5 may be used as a lower CNR limit by agreement of the CEO, but it is not practical to
reduce CNR below 1.

Note: IQI regions outside the hole may be larger than the Hole region to provide a larger
sampling size.

10.15.3.2.4 If the contrast to noise ratio is less than the required amount, attempt to
increase the value by taking one, or more, of the following corrective actions: increasing
X-ray tube current, increasing the number of frames averaged, increasing the single frame
exposure time, changing X-ray penetrating energy, or taking measures to reduce scatter
radiation. Verify the gain and offset detector corrections are optimal (e.g. number of
frames averaged, number of gain corrections and associated pixel values) for the specific
image acquisition parameters applied in the examination.

Note: The DDA will approach a limiting contrast to noise ratio value related to the quality
of the calibration of the DDA.

© DGZfP e.V. RT-D2 / Rev. 2018

F36 Formulary RT-Digital

Exposure chart for film system C5, SDD = 700 mm

For CR a reference factor may be used in comparison to the film exposure
chart

𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 SDD2CR o.Dreference

BCR = 𝐶𝑅𝑆𝑁𝑅𝑁 ∙ BFilm ∙ ∙
SDD2Film chart o.DFilm chart

B in

RT-D2 / Rev. 2018 © DGZfP e.V.

Formulary RT-Digital F37

ASTM E 94−04 (Reapproved 2010) provides equivalence factors for

exposure of other materials than steel. This permits the usage of the
exposure chart of steel for other materials.

© DGZfP e.V. RT-D2 / Rev. 2018

F38 Formulary RT-Digital

Notes:

RT-D2 / Rev. 2018 © DGZfP e.V.

Formulary RT-Digital F39

Notes:

© DGZfP e.V. RT-D2 / Rev. 2018