Short Column

Column: Vertical Structural members

Transmits axial compressive loads with or without moment

transmit loads from the floor & roof to the foundation

Types of columns:

Tie Columns - 95% of all columns in buildings are tied

Tie spacing ≈ h (except for seismic)

tie support long bars (reduce buckling)

ties provide negligible restraint to lateral expose of core

Spiral Columns
S= Pitch = vertical distance center to center of coils

Pitch, S = 1.375 in. to 3.375 in.

spiral restrains lateral (Poisson’s effect)
axial load delays failure (ductile)
1” ≤ clear distance between coils ≤ 3”
Steel ratio:

ρg = Ast/Ag
ρg = 1%- 8% According to ACI code 10.9.1

Generally (4-5)% used but it should be 2%- 3%

Lower Limit: To prevent failure mode of plain concrete

Upper Limit: To maintain proper clearance between bars

• Generally large diameter bars are used to reduce placement costs and to avoid
unnecessary congestion.

USD Equation (for axially loaded Column):

P= Pc + Ps

= fcAc + Astfs

= fcAc + nfcAst

= fc(Ag- Ast) + nfcAst= fc[Ag +(n-1)Ast] …… when steel and concrete both remain elastic

Recognizing the nonlinear response of both material.

Pn= 0.85fc'Ac +Astfy

= 0.85fc'(Ag- Ast)+Astfy

= Ag[0.85fc'(1-ρg) + ρgfy]

Design strength, Pu= αφAg[0.85fc'(1-ρg) + ρgfy] ACI code 10.3.5

α=0.85 , φ=0.75 for spiral column

α=0.80 , φ=0.70 for tied column

• The ACI strength reduction factors are lower for columns than for beams,
reflecting their greater importance in the structure. A beam failure would
normally affect only a local region, whereas a column failure could result in
collapse of the entire structure.
• A further limitation on column strength is imposed by ACI code in order to
allow for accidental eccentricities of landing not considered in the analyses.

Specifications:
Tied Spiral
As(%) 1~8% 1~8%
α 0.8 0.85
φ 0.7 0.75
m
Min .no of bars 4 6
Minm area 96 in.2
Minm dimension 8 in. 10” φ
Minm size of bar #5 #5

Clear distance between main bar: Greater of {1.5db , 1.33×Maximum aggregate size and
1.5”}

Lateral Ties:
• Function:
- Lateral ties is needed to hold the longitudinal bars in position in the forms while the
concrete is being placed. For this purpose, longitudinal and transverse steel are wired
together to form cages which are then moved into the forms and properly positioned before
placing the concrete.

- Transverse reinforcement is needed to prevent the highly stressed, slender longitudinal bars
from buckling outward by bursting the thin concrete cover.
• Design:
Tied column:

Size: # 3 for main bars up to #10

# 4 for main bars greater than #10 and for bundled bars

Vertical spacing:

Spacing: Smaller of 16D D= Diameter of main bar

48d d= Diameter of tie bar

tmin tmin= Minimum dimension of column

• Placing/ Arrangement :

1. At least every other longitudinal bar shall have lateral support from the corner of a tie
with an included angle ≤ 135o.
2. No longitudinal bar shall be more than 6 in. clear on either side from “support” bar.

Examples of lateral ties.

<6"
Spirals:
Size: # 3 for main bars up to #10

# 4 for main bars greater than #10 and for bundled bars

1" ≤ clear distance between spirals ≤ 3"

Spiral Reinforcement Ratio, ρs

Volume of Spiral 4 Asp

s = =
Volume of Core Dc s
 
 from :  = Asp  Dc 
 s
1 4  Dc2 s 


 Ag   f c 

s = 0.45 *  − 1 *
 
ACI Eqn. 10-5
Ac fy 
   
where

Asp = cross - sectional area of spiral reinforcem ent

 Dc2
Ac = core area =
4
Dc = core diameter : outside edge to outside edge of spiral
s = spacing pitch of spiral steel (center to center)
f y = yield strength of spiral steel ( 60,000 psi )

Design strength, Pu= α×φ×Ag[0.85fc'(1-ρg) + ρgfy] ACI code 10.3.5

 =.85×.75× Ag [0.85fc'(1-ρg) + ρgfy]

Problem: DL= 1000 kips and LL=600 kips

fc' = 3 ksi, fy=60 ksi ; Design a spiral column.

Sol: Pu=1.4DL+1.7LL= 2420 kips

Pu =.85x.75x Ag [0.85fc'(1-ρg) + ρgfy]

Assuming , ρg=0.03

2420=0.85x .75x Ag[0.85x3x(1-.03)+.03x60]

=> Ag=888.28 in2

πD2/4= 888.28 =>D= 33.63"

Assume 33" Dia , Ag= 855 in2

Pu= 0.85x .75x [0.85x3x (855- As)+ Asx60]

=> As= 26.93 in2 use 27-# 9

C/C distance between bars= (33-2*2.5)*π/27 = 3.26"

 Ag   f c 

s = 0.45 *  − 1 *
 
Ac fy 
   
4 Asp
=> =0.45*(D2/Dc2 -1)*(3/60) =>4*Asp/(30*s)= 0.45*(332/302-1)*3/60
Dc s 3.26”

Use #3 bar as spiral, Asp=.11 in2 3.26”

s= 4*.11/(30*.004725) =>s= 3.1" 28”

1 of 27-#9 bars
Clear spacing= 3.1-3/8= 2.725" <3"
33"
24" #3 spiral @3"c/c
 Provide 3/8" spiral with a pitch 3" c/c

USD METHOD (1-3, 5):

Problem 1: Design a square tied column with reasonable amount of reinforcement to support
PDL=250 kips and PLL=200 kips. Use fc’=3 ksi and fy=60 ksi

Problem 2: Design a square tied column with reasonable amount of reinforcement to support
PDL=800 kips and PLL=500 kips. Use fc’=3 ksi and fy=60 ksi

Problem 3: An architect has proposed a column section 24"×24" for a building. The calculated
working loads are:
fc’= 3 ksi
fy= 60 ksi
PDL= 300 k
PLL= 200 k
Design a tied column.
Problem 4: Design the ties for the column sections shown in the following figures according to ACI
code. Mention the design procedure of ties and provisions for placement of those in thwe column
sections. (all bars #9 i.e. 1-1/8" dia)

21" 21" 21" 21"

21"

(i) 8 bars (ii) 12 bars (iii) 16 bars (ii)20 bars

Problem 5: Construct the strength interaction curve for the column with at least five points including those
corresponding to pure bending, pure axial load and balanced failure. 2.5” 2.5”
Y
’
Given: fc = 4 ksi, fy= 60 ksi. Assume bending about y-y axis.

10-#9 Bars
16”
WSD METHOD(6-7):

Problem 6: (a) Design a tied column supporting a DL=400 k and LL=300 k assuming a moderate %
of steel by WSD. Given: fc’= 3.5 ksi, fy= 60 ksi, fs=24 ksi
(b) Keeping the same Cross-section as in (a) design the same column by USD.
(c) Keeping the actual % of steel as in (a) design the column by USD
(d) Give your comments on the above designs
(e) For the same loads as in (a), design a spirally reinforced column (spirals also by WSD).

Problem 7: A part plan of a 5 storied building is shown in Fig. below. The structural system consists
of flat plate on columns. The architect has proposed the size of the column “A” to be 24”× 24” at
ground level.
Given: Thickness of each slab, t=9”
Lime concrete on roof= 30 psf
Floor finish (FF)= 20 psf
Random wall= 30 psf
Live load (LL) on roof=30 psf
Live load on floors (each)= 60 psf
’
fc = 3 ksi, fy=50 ksi and fs=20 ksi

i. Design the column marked “A” at ground floor level by USD method assuming no moment.
ii. Design the column marked “A” at ground floor level by WSD method assuming no moment.
iii. Give your comment on the designs.
9” roof slab

10’-9”
9” Floor slab

25’-0”
10’-9”
9”
Col. “A”
24”× 24”
10’-9”
9”

25’-0” 10’-9”
9”
 Part Plan

Problem 7: Sol:

Tributary area of Col A= 25× 25= 675 sft

Tributary area (Col.A)
DL (Roof)= SW+LC= 9x12.5+30= 142.5 psf

LL (roof)=30 psf

DL(floor)=SW+FF+RW=9x12.5+20+30= 162.5 psf

LL(floor)= 60 psf

Self wt. of a column= 2×2×(10×5)×150= 30000 lbs.

DL on GF Column= Slab load (DL) x Tributary area

+ Self Wt.
DL on GF Column= (DL (psf) from Roof + DL (psf) from 4th to 1st floor)×Tributary area + Self Wt.

= (142.5 + 4×162.5) ×625 +30000 = 525312.5 lb= 525.31 k

LL on GF Column= (LL (psf) from Roof + LL (psf) from 4th to 1st floor)×Tributary area

=( 30+4×60)×625 =168750 lb= 168.75 k

i) USD :
8.375" 8.375" 1 of 8-#9 bars
P(u) tied= 1.4×525.31+1.7×168.75= 1022.31 k

P(u) tied =.80x.70x Ag [0.85fc'(1-ρg) + ρgfy]

Clear Spacing betn bars
=>1022.31=0.80× .70× 576[0.85×3×(1- ρg)+ ρg×50] 24"
= (24-5)/2- 9/8=8.375"
=> ρg =0.013
Ast= 0.013×24×24= 7.49 in.2 Provide 8-#9 bar 24"

Tie Bar: #3 bar , Spacing = smaller of (16D, 48db , tmin)=( 18", 18", 24")

#3 tie bar @ 18" c/c

ii) WSD :

P tied= 525.31+168.75= 694 kips

P tied =0.85Ag [0.25fc' + ρgfs]

=>694=0.85× 576[0.25×3 + ρg×20]

=> ρg =0.0334
Ast= 0.0334×24×24= 19.24 in.2 Provide 20-#9 bar

Tie Bar: #3 bar , Spacing = smaller of (16db, 48dt , tmin)=( 18", 18", 24")
 2.5” 2.5”
Min Spacing betn bars
1 of 8-#9 bars
1.5Db=1.5×9/8=1.69" (controls)
1.5"
bmin=2×2.5+5×1.69+5×9/8=19.08”<24” (ok)
24"

24"
iii) Comments: - Two methods are totally independent on each other.

- USD method is much more economic.

Problem 6: Sol:

a) WSD: PDL=400k

PLL=300k

P tied= 400+300= 700k

P tied =0.85Ag [0.25fc' + ρgfs]

Assume, ρg=0.025

700=0.85× Ag[0.25×3.5 + 0.025×24]

=> Ag =558.32 in.2 =23.62"×23.62" Provide 24"×24" Column

Ag=576 in.2

P tied = 0.85 [0.25fc'×Ag + Astfs]

=>700=0.85[0.25×3.5×576+ Ast×24] => Ast= 13.31 in2

Provide 12-#8 +4-#9 bars Ast(provided)= 12×.79+4×1=13.48 in2

Tie Bar: #3 bar , Spacing = smaller of (16db, 48dt , tmin)=( 16", 18", 24")

#3 tie bar @ 16" c/c

 2.5" 2.5"
Min Spacing betn bars
1 of 4-#9 bars
1.5Db=1.5×9/8=1.69" (controls)
1.5"

1 of 12-#8 bars bmin=2×2.5+4×1.69+ 9/8+3×8/8 =15.89”<24” (ok)

24"

24"

b) Keeping the same Cross-section as in (a) design the same column by USD.
Sol: USD : PDL=400k

PLL=300k

P (u) tied= 1.4×400+1.7×300= 1070k

8.375" 8.375" 1 of 6-#9 bars
P(u) tied =.80x.70x Ag [0.85fc'(1-ρg) + ρgfy]

=>1070=0.80× .70× 576[0.85×3.5×(1- ρg)+ ρg×60]

24"
=> ρg =0.0060<ρ(min)=0.01
Ast= ρ(min)×576= 5.76 in2 Provide 6-#9 bars

Tie Bar: #3 bar , Spacing = smaller of (16db, 48dt , tmin)=( 18", 18", 24")24"

#3 tie bar @ 18" c/c

c) Keeping the actual % of steel as in (a) design the column by USD

Sol:
P (u) tied= 1.4×400+1.7×300= 1070k

ρg= 13.31/(24×24)= 0.0231

P(u) tied =.80x.70x Ag [0.85fc'(1-ρg) + ρgfy]

 2.5" 2.5"
1 of 6-#9 bars

1 of 6-#8 bars

24"

24"

d) Comments:
- Two methods are totally independent on each other.

- USD method is much more economic.

- USD method is architecturally better suited.

(e) For the same loads as in (a), design a spirally reinforced column (spirals also by WSD).
Pspiral= 400+300=700k

=> Pspiral =Ag[0.25fc' +ρgfs]

Assume, ρg=0.025

700= Ag[0.25×3.5+.025×24]

=>Ag= πD2/4= 474.58 in.2

=>D= 24.58" Assume 24"dia column, Ag=452.39 in.2

Pspiral =[0.25fc'×Ag +Astfs]

=> Ast= 12.67 in2 Provide 16-#8 bars

Design of Spiral:
3.26”
C/c distance between bars= (24-2*2.5)*π/16 = 3.73"
3.73”

19”
  Ag   f c 

s = 0.45 *  − 1 *
 
Ac fy 
   
4 Asp
=> = 0.45×(D2/Dc2 -1)×(3.5/60)
Dc s 24"

Using #3 bar as spiral, Asp=0.11 in.2, Dc=24-2*1.5=21"

=>4×0.11/(21×s)=0.45×(242/212-1)×(3.5/60)
2.5"
=> s= 2.61" Clear spacing between spirals= 2.61-3/8=2.235"<3"

Provide 3/8" spiral with a pitch 2.5" c/c

Problem 4 : Sol:

Choose # 3 tie bar, dt= 3/8"

db= 9/8"

Spacing of tie, s= smaller of (16db, 48dt, tmin) = smaller of (16×9/8, 48×3/8, 21")

= smaller of (18", 18", 21")

= 18"
21" 21" 21" 21"

21"

(i) 8 bars (ii) 12 bars (iii) 16 bars (ii) 20 bars

Strength Interaction Diagram:

- Strength interaction diagram is a plot of failure load and failure moment for a
given column for the full range of eccentricities from zero to infinity.
- For any eccentricity, there is a unique pair of values of P n and Mn that will
produce the state of incipient failure.
 Pn
e

h
d

As As’
b

d'

εs c

εs’ εu
e
Pn

a
0.85fc’
∑V=0; ∑M=0;

=>Pn= 0.85fc’ab +Asfs’ -Asfs --(1) => Pn x e= 0.85fc’abx(h/2-a/2) + Asfs’x (h/2-d’) +Asfs x(d-h/2)—(2)

a= β1c

#For large eccentricity (e) failure is initiated by yielding of tensile steel, As.
So. fs= fy in that case.
# When the concrete reaches its ultimate strain, εu (0.003), the compression
steel, As’ may or may not be yielded. So fs’ must be determined.
# For small eccentricity (e), concrete will reach its ultimate strain, ε u (0.003)
before the tensile steel starts yielding. In fact the bars on the side of the
column farther from the load may be in compression not in tension.

For a given column, the interaction diagram is most easily constructed by the following
ways:

a. Select any value of c (neutral axis distance)

b. For each selected value of c, calculate the following

# εs , εs’ , fs and fs’

εs c

εs’ εu

For the tension steel (As) : For the compression steel (As’):
 Po Compression failure range

e=0
e small

(Mb,Pb)
Tension failure range
eb
Load path for e large
given e Mn
e=α
Mo

Fig.2: Interaction diagram for nominal column strength in combined

bending and axial load
Problem 5: Construct the strength interaction curve for the column with at least five points
including those corresponding to pure bending, pure axial load and balanced failure. Given: fc’= 3
ksi, fy= 60 ksi, Es=29000 ksi, Assume bending about y-y axis.
2.5” Y 2.5”
Sol:

i) When M=0,
8-#9 Bars
' 16”
Po= 0.85fc Ac + Astfy

Y
30”
 = 0.85×3×(480-8) + 8×60

= 1683.6 k

ii) Balanced Condition: 30”

27.5”
εu
c = cb = d
εu + ε y 16”
As As’

c=cb=27.5×0.003/(.003+60/29000)=16.28”
2.5”
ab=β1cb=0.85x16.28=13.83” cb
εy
Pn=Pb= 0.85fc’ab +As’fs’ -Asfy ---------(1)
εs’ εu=0.003
=>Pb=0.85× 3×13.83×16+4×60-4×60 [fs’=fy]

=>Pb=564 k a
0.85fc’
=> Mn= 0.85fc’ab× (h/2-a/2) + As'fs’× (h/2-d’) +Asfy × (d-h/2)
Asfs h/2- a/2 Asfs’
=>Mn=0.85×3×13.83×16×(15-13.83/2)+
d-h/2 h/2- d’
4×60×(15-2.5)+4×60×(27.5-15)
u cb
=> Mn= 10562.27 k-in= 880 k-ft =
 s' cb - d '
=>eb=Mn/Pb=880×12/564=18.73"
'
c -d
(Pb, Mb)= (564, 880) =  s' =  u b
c
cb - d '
fs = u
'
Es ≤ f y
cb
16.28 − 2.5
f s' = .003  29000
16.28
= 72.5  60
f s' = 60ksi

30”
iii) Assume, c=29"
27.5”

As As’
16”
 Pn= 0.85fc’ab +As’fs’ +Asfs ---------(1)

εs'/ εu=(29-2.5)/29 2.5”

=> εs'=.0027>εy=60/29000=.0021 c

=>fs'=fy =60 ksi

εs/ εu=(29-27.5)/29

=> εs=.00016 < εy=60/29000=.0021 a

0.85fc’
=>fs=0.00016×29 =4.5 ksi
Asfs Asfs’
 Pn=0.85×3×24.65×16 +4×60+4×4.5=1264k

Mn= 0.85×3×24.65×16×(15-24.65/2)+4×60×(15-2.5)

-4×4.5×(27.5-15)

 Mn=5466 k-in=455 k-ft

c=29”, Pn=1264k
Mn=455 k-ft
e=4.3"

iii) Assume, c=6"

30”
a=β1c=0.85x6=5.1”
27.5”

Pn= 0.85fc’ab +As’fs’ - Asfs ---------(1)

As As’
16”
εs'/ εu=(6-2.5)/6

=> εs'=.00175< εy=60/29000=.0021

2.5”
iV) When P=0;

a=Asfy/(0.85fc'b)=4×60/(0.85×3×16)=5.88"

Mo= Asfy(d-a/2)=491 k-ft

Pn

(0, 1684)
Compression failure range

e=0 (455, 1264)

e =4.3”
Assignment: Problem ( Interaction diagram)