Scribd
Upload
40 views7 pages

Physical Pharmacy Principles Reviewer

This document discusses different states of matter including the liquid, solid, and intermediate states. It explains that liquids form when gases are cooled and compressed, decreasing molecular kinetic energy. Critical temperature and pressure are defined. Aerosols are discussed as drug solutions in propellants. The distinctions between vapors and gases are provided. Heat of vaporization and boiling points are explained in relation to vapor pressure. Characteristics of crystalline and amorphous solids are outlined. Additional intermediate states like liquid crystals, supercritical fluids, and mesophases are introduced. The phase rule is defined relating components, phases, and degrees of freedom in a system.

Uploaded by

Antonio Charisma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
40 views7 pages

Physical Pharmacy Principles Reviewer

This document discusses different states of matter including the liquid, solid, and intermediate states. It explains that liquids form when gases are cooled and compressed, decreasing molecular kinetic energy. Critical temperature and pressure are defined. Aerosols are discussed as drug solutions in propellants. The distinctions between vapors and gases are provided. Heat of vaporization and boiling points are explained in relation to vapor pressure. Characteristics of crystalline and amorphous solids are outlined. Additional intermediate states like liquid crystals, supercritical fluids, and mesophases are introduced. The phase rule is defined relating components, phases, and degrees of freedom in a system.

Uploaded by

Antonio Charisma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

Physical Pharmacy Principles

Chapter 1
Liquid State

11 Pharm3
When gas is cooled:
 It looses some its kinetic energy in the form of heat, and the velocity of the molecules decreases.

If pressure is applied to the gas:


The molecules are brought within the sphere of the van der waals interaction forces and pass into the liquid
state.

Liquid State

12 Pharm3
Critical temperature
Temperature above which a liquid can no longer exist

Critical pressure
The pressure required to liquefy a gas at its critical temperature
The highest vapor pressure a liquid can have
Liquid State
13 Pharm3

Aerosols

-A drug is dissolved in a propellant propellant – a material that is liquid under the pressure conditions existing
inside the container but forms a gas under normal atmospheric conditions.

-The container is designed that, by depressing a valve, some of the drug-propellant mixture is expelled
owing to the excess pressure inside the container
- If the drug is non volatile, it forms a fine spray as it leaves the valve orifice at the same time, the liquid
propellant vaporizes off.

Liquid State

14 Pharm3
Vapor
- A gas is known as vapor below its critical temperature
- A substance that is liquid or solid at room temperature and that passes into a gaseous state when
heated to a sufficiently high temperature
Gas
- A substance that exist in gaseous state even at room temperature
-
Liquid State
15 Pharm3

Heat of Vaporization

- Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
- Relationship between the vapor pressure and the
absolute temperature of a liquid
- What is the equation? ____________________
- Equation assumes that the vapor behaves as an ideal gas and the molar volume of the liquid is
negligible with respect to that of the vapor.
-
Liquid State
16 Pharm3

Boiling point

-If a liquid is placed in an open container and heated until the vapor pressure equals the atmospheric pressure, -
the vapor is seen to form bubbles that rise rapidly throughthe liquid and escape into the gaseous state.
-
- The temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the atmospheric pressure.
- All the absorbed heat is used to change the liquid to vapor, and the vapor does not rise until the liquid is
completely vaporized.

Solid State
17 Pharm3
Crystalline solids
- Structural units of a crystalline solid, such as ice, sodium chloride and menthol are arranged in fixed
geometric patterns or lattices.
-Unlike liquids and gases, crystalline solids have definite shapes and an orderly arrangements of units
- Practically incompressible
- Show definite melting points.
Solid State

Polymorphism
- Some substances such as carbon and sulfur, may exist in more than one crystalline form and are said to be
Polymorphic.
- Polymorphs generally have different melting points and solubilities even though they are chemically
Identical.

Amorphous Solids
-Considered as super cooled liquids in which molecules are arranged in a random manner somewhat as in
liquid state.
-They tend to flow when subjected to sufficient pressure over a period of time.
-Do not have definite melting points.

Liquid Crystalline State

- “Mesophase”
-Intermediate between the liquid and solid states
- Types:
-Smectic – soaplike or greaselike
-Nematic – threadlike
- Have some properties of liquids and some properties of solids.
Supercritical Fluid State

- Mesophase formed from the gaseous state where the gas is held under combination of temperatures,
pressures that exceed the critical point of a substance.

Phase Rule

- Useful device for relating the effect of the least number of independent variables (temperature, pressure, and
concentration) upon the various phases that can exist in an equilibrium system containing a given number of
components
F=C–P+2
Where: F – number of degrees of freedom in the system; C – number of components ; P – number of
phases present.

Phase Rule

- Number of components
-smallest number of constituents by which the composition of each phase in the system at equilibrium can be
expressed in the form of a chemical formula or equation
- Number of degrees of freedom
-least number of intensive variables that must be fixed to describe the system completely

You might also like