2nd

GRADE

MATHEMATICS
IGCSE (0580)
Integers
By: Siti Yiyin Layyinah, S.Mat.
Learning Objective

Knowledge:
● E1.1 Identify and use natural numbers, integers (positive, negative and zero), prime numbers, square
and cube numbers, common factors and common multiples, rational and irrational numbers (e.g. π,
2 ), real numbers, reciprocals.
● E1.4 Use directed numbers in practical situations.

Skills:
● E1.3 Calculate with squares, square roots, cubes and cube roots and other powers and roots of
numbers
 Integers

Times Fraction

Money
Number Estimation, Rounding and
Approximation

The four rules and order of

Percentages
operations
 Reviewing Number Concept
Number Definition Example

Natural Number Any whole number from 1 to infinity, sometimes called ‘counting numbers’. 0 is 1, 2, 3, ….
not include. (𝜨)
Whole Number 0 + Natural number (W) 0, 1, 2, 3, …

Odd Number A whole number that cannot be divided exactly by 2 1, 3, 5, ….

Even Number A whole number that can be divided exactly by 2 2, 4, 6, …

Integer Any negative and positive whole numbers, including zero. (Z) ….-3, -2, -1, 0, 1,
2, 3, …
Prime Number A whole greater than 1 which has only two factors: the number itself and 1. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, …

Square Number The product obtained when an integer is multiplied by itself. 1, 4, 9, 16, …

Cube Number When an integer is multiplied by itself and then by itself again, the result is a 1, 8, 27, 64, ….
cube number.
 Reviewing Number Concept
Number Definition Example

2 4 23
Fraction A number representing parts of a whole number, can be written as a ,2 7 ,
𝑎 3 3
common (vulgar) fraction in the form of or as a decimal using the
𝑏
decimal point. 0.5, 0.08, 1.7
1
Reciprocal Number The reciprocal of a number is obtained when 1 is divided by that The reciprocal of 5 is ,
5
number. 2
the reciprocal of 5 is
1 5
2 which simplifies to 2
5

Real Number The set of rational and irrational numbers together form the set of real
numbers R.
Rational Number A child may say ‘I am three’; she may also say ‘I am three and a half’, 1
1 1 , 0.34343434,
or even ‘three and a quarter’. 3 2 and 3 4 are rational numbers. All 3
2.718718718…
rational numbers can be written as a fraction whose denominator is
not zero. All terminating and recurring decimals are rational numbers
as they can also be written as fractions, e.g.
The set of rational numbers Q is an extension of the set of integers.
Irrational Number Numbers which cannot be expressed as a fraction are not rational Phi (𝜋), 11
numbers; they are irrational numbers.
Another concept of irrational number

● Pythagoras Theorem
Set of Numbers
Let’s do the exercise
1 2 22
Here is a set of numbers: {-4, -1, 0 , , , 0.75, 3, , 4, 6, 11, 16, 19, 25}
2 3 7
List the numbers from this set that are:
a. Natural numbers
b. even numbers
c. Odd numbers
d. Integers
e. Negative integers
f. Fractions
g. Square numbers
h. Prime numbers
i. Rational Number
j. Irrational Number
k. Neither square nor prime
Using Symbols to link Number
 Powers and Roots

Square Numbers and Square Roots

Square Numbers Square Roots

To square a number you multiply The inverse of the square of a

it by itself. number is called its square
You can use indices to write it. root.
Example:
52 = 5 x 5 = 25 Square root means ‘what number
multiplied by itself makes this
number’. Example:
𝟐𝟓 = 𝟓
𝟏𝟐𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏
 Powers and Roots

Cube Numbers and Cube Roots

Cube Numbers Cube Roots

To square a number you multiply The inverse of the cube of a

it by itself and then multiplied number is called its cube
by itself again. root.
Cube root is the number that was
You can use indices to write it. multiplied by it self to get the
Example: cube number.
53 = 5 x 5x 5= 125 Example:
𝟑𝟑 = 𝟐𝟕, 𝒔𝒐 𝟐𝟕 = 𝟑
 Multiples and Factors
Prior knowledge: memorized the times table Worked example

1. What are the first three multiples of 12?

You can think of the multiples of a number as the 2. Is 300 a multiple of 12?
‘times table’ for that number.
For example, the multiples of 3 are
3x1=3 Exercise
3x2=6
3x3=9
1. List the five multiples of
a. 8
A multiple of a number is found when you
b. 12
multiply that number by a positive integer.
c. 100
2. Which are the following number not multiples
of 27?
a. 324 b. 783 c. 816 d.837 e. 1116
 LCM (Lowest Common Multiples)
Example
The lowest common multiples (LCM) of two or Tips:
more numbers is the smallest number that is a • List their common multiples of the given numbers.
multiple of all the given numbers. • Choose the smallest multiple from their common
multiples.
• Example:
Exercise Find the lowest common multiple of 4 and 6
Multiples of 4: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, ....
Multiples of 6: 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, ....
Common multiples of 4 and 6: 12, 24, …
1. List the LCM of
a. 8 and 10 So, the LCM of 4 and 6 is 12
b. 35 and 55
c. 6, 8 and 9
d. 3, 4, and 18
 Multiples and Factors
Prior knowledge: memorized the times table Worked example

1. Find the factor of

a. 25
b. 110
A factor is a number that divides exactly into
another number with no reminder.
For example, 2 is a factor of 16 because Exercise
16 : 8 = 2 there is no reminder after dividing.
1. List all the factors of
3 is not a factor of 7 because a. 11 d. 153
7 : 3 = 2 with reminder 1 b. 100 e. 360
c. 132
2. State true or false.
a. 3 is a factor of 313
b. 2 is a factor of 122488
c. 8 is a factor 420
 LCM and HCF
Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) Highest Common Factor (HCF)
Tips: Tips:
• List their common multiples of the given • List the common factors of the given numbers.
numbers. • Choose the highest/largest common factor
• Choose the smallest multiple from their common from their common factors.
multiples. • Example:
• Example:
Find the lowest common multiple of 4 and 6 Find the highest common factor of 24 and 36
Multiples of 4: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, ....
Multiples of 6: 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, .... Factors of 24: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24
Common multiples of 4 and 6: 12, 24, Factors of 36: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36
.... Common factors of 24 and 36 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6,
and 12.
So, the LCM of 4 and 6 is 12 The HCF of 24 and 36 is 12.
 HCF (Highest Common Factor)
Example
The highest common factor of two or more
Tips:
number is the highest number that is a factor of
• List the common factors of the given numbers.
all the given numbers.
• Choose the highest/largest common factor from their
common factors.
• Example:
Exercise
Find the highest common factor of 24 and 36
1. Find the HCF of each group of numbers
Factors of 24: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24
a. 3 and 6
Factors of 36: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36
b. 42 and 70
Common factors of 24 and 36 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12.
c. 26 and 36
d. 3, 9, and 15
The HCF of 24 and 36 is 12.
e. 36, 63 and 84
 Prime Factorisation

Prime numbers have exactly two factors: one and the number itself.
Composite numbers have more than two factors.
Prime Factors
Prime factors are the factors of a number that also prime numbers.
To find it you can use a factor tree or using division table.

Example:
Write the following number as the product of prime factors
a. 36 b. 48

36 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 3
Using prime factors to find the HCF and LCM

Worked example

1. Find the HCF of 168 and 180

First, express each number as product of prime factors, you can use a factor tree or division.
Underline the factors common to both numbers. And multiply these out to find the HCF.
168 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 7
180 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x 5

HCF = 2 x 2 x 3
HCF = 12
Using prime factors to find the HCF and LCM

Worked example

1. Find the LCM of 72 and 120

First, express each number as product of prime factors, you can use a factor tree or division.
Underline the largest set of multiples of each factor. List this and multiply these out to find the LCM.
72 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3
120 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 5

LCM = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x 5
LCM = 360
Exercise

● Use a factor tree to express 400 as a product of a prime factors

● Use a division method to express 1080 as a product of a prime factors
● Use your answers to find :

1. The LCM of 400 and 1080

2. The HCF of 400 and 1080

3. 400

4. Whether 1080 is a cube number; how you tell?

Order of Operations
B rackets Do first

I ndices Do next

D ivision
Do this pair next

M ultiplication

A ddition
Do this pair last
S ubtraction
 Order of Operations
Is the answer to: Is the answer to: Is the answer to:
Work out: Work out: Work out:
2
20 − 32 × 2 + 2 2+ 5−2 ×2
4 + 6 × (3 + 1) =
22
 Working with directed number

When you use to represent real-life situations like

temperatures, altitude, depth below, sea level, profit
or loss and directions (on a grid), you sometimes need
to use the negative sign to indicate the direction of the
number. For example, a themperture of three degrees
below zero can be shown as -3 oC.
Number like these, which have direction, are called
directed numbers.
So, if a point 25 m above sea level is at +25 m, then a
point below sea level is at -25m.

https://wordwall.net/resource/10223924/ma
ths/negative-numbers-in-real-life
 Working with Directed Numbers

● https://wordwall.net/resource/10223924/maths
/negative-numbers-in-real-life