F.L. VARGAS COLLEGE INC.

Tuguegarao City

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN COMPUTER SCIENCE

A.Y. 2020-2021
Second Semester

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
[email protected]

MODULE 1 AND 2
INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

I. Overview
Information Management (IM) is a cycle of processes that support the organization's learning
activities: identifying information needs, acquiring information, organizing and storing information,
developing information products and services, distributing information, and using information. In computer
science, IM focuses on the structures underlying quantitative data and their relationship to the design of
databases.

II. Intended Learning Outcome (ILOs)

At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
a. Define the basic terminologies in DBMS;
b. Differentiate traditional file processing and database approach;
c. Explain the different ranges of the database approach
d. Enumerate and discuss the components of Database Environment.

III. Learning Resources & References

1. Book References-APA Style
2. Internet
 https://limbd.org/the-range-of-database-application-database-system-application/
 https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/Toolbox/Database

IV. Lecture Content/Summary of Lesson

Databases and database systems are an essential component of life in modern society. For
example, if we go to the bank to deposit or withdraw funds, if we make a hotel or airline reservation, if we
access a computerized library catalog to search for a bibliographic item, or if we purchase something online
—such as a book, toy, or computer—chances are that our activities will involve someone or some computer
program accessing a database. Even purchasing items at a supermarket often automatically updates the
database that holds the inventory of grocery items.

HISTORY
The origins of the database go back to libraries, governmental, business and medical records
before the computers were invented. Once people realized they needed to have the means to store data and
maintain the data files for later retrieval, they were trying to find ways to store, index and retrieve data.
With the emergence of computers, the world of the database changed rapidly, making it an easy, cost
effective, and less space-consuming task to collect and maintain the database.

BASIC CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGIES

Database
 It is basically just computerize record keeping system and can be regarded as an electronic filing
cabinet.

Page 1 of 6
 F.L. VARGAS COLLEGE INC.
Tuguegarao City

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN COMPUTER SCIENCE

A.Y. 2020-2021
Second Semester

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
[email protected]

 A shared collection of logically related data, designed to meet the information needs of multiple

users.
 A database may be of any size and complexity.
 Databases today are used to store objects such as documents, photographic images, sound, and
even video segments, in addition to conventional textual and numeric data.
 In addition to storing data, you can also sort, extract, and summarize information related to the
data.
Data
 refers to the raw facts concerning people, objects, events or other entities.
 Historically, the term data referred to known as facts that could be recorded and stored in a
computer media.
 Since databases today are used to store objects such as documents, photographic images, sound
and even video segments, in addition to textual and numerical data. To reflect this reality, the
definition of data now is:
 Consists of facts, text, graphics, images, sound and video segments that have meaning in the user’s
environment.

Example:
Baker, Kenetth 324917628
Doyle, Joan 467231428
Finkle, Clive 123456789
Lewis, John 987654312
McFerran, Debra 873548179

Information
 data that have been processed and presented in a form of suitable for human interpretation, often
with the purpose of revealing trends or patterns.
 The terms data and information are closely related and in fact are often used interchangeably.
However, it is often useful to distinguish between data and information.
 Data that has been processed in such a way that it can increase the knowledge of the person who
uses it.
 Another way to convert data into information is to summarize them or otherwise process and
present them for human interpretation.

For example: A summarized student

enrollment data presented as graphical information.

EXAMPLE:

Page 2 of 6
 F.L. VARGAS COLLEGE INC.
Tuguegarao City

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN COMPUTER SCIENCE

A.Y. 2020-2021
Second Semester

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
[email protected]

Summarized Data Data in Context

Meta-data
 overall information about the single information
 information about the data in an organization
 “Data about data”
 These are data that describe the properties or characteristics of other data. Some of these
properties include data definitions, data structures and rules or constraints.
 Some sample metadata for the Class Roster are listed in Table 1.1
 For each data item that appears in the Class Roster, the metadata show the data item, the data type,
length, minimum and maximum allowable values and brief description of each data item.
 Descriptions of the properties or characteristics of the data, including data types, field sizes,
allowable values, and documentation.
 Distinction between data and metadata: Metadata is once removed from data. That is, metadata
describe the properties of data but do not include that data.

Traditional File Processing

The traditional approach to information systems design focuses on data processing needs of individual
departments in the organization.
 In the beginning of computer-based data processing, there were no databases. Computers were
used almost exclusively for scientific engineering calculations.
 To be useful for business applications, computers must be able to store, manipulate and retrieve
large files of data. Computer file processing systems were developed for this purpose.
 In file system approach, each user defines and implements the needed files for a specific
application to run.
 For example in sales department of an enterprise, One user will be maintaining the details of how
many sales personnel are there in the sales department and their grades, these details will be stored
and maintained in a separate file.
 Another user will be maintaining the salesperson salary details working in the concern, the
detailed salary report will be stored and maintained in a separate file. Although both of the users
are interested in the data’s of the salespersons they will be having their details in a separate file
and they need different programs to manipulate their files.

Disadvantages:

1. Program-data Dependence
 All programs maintain metadata for each
file they use.
 File descriptions are stored within each
application program that access a given
file.
2. Duplication of data or Data Redundancy
 Since applications are often developed
independently in file processing systems, unplanned duplicate data files are the rule rather than the
exception.
 Duplicate data files often result in loss of data integrity since either the data formats may be
inconsistent or data values may not agree (or both).
 Different systems/programs have separate copies of the same data
3. Limited Data Sharing
 With the traditional file processing approach, each application has its own private files and users
have little opportunity to share data outside their own applications.
 No centralized control of data.
4. Lengthy Development Times
 There is little opportunity to leverage previous development efforts.
 Each new application requires that the developer essentially start from scratch by designing new
file formats and descriptions.
5. Excessive Program Maintenance

Page 3 of 6
 F.L. VARGAS COLLEGE INC.
Tuguegarao City

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN COMPUTER SCIENCE

A.Y. 2020-2021
Second Semester

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
[email protected]

 As much as 80% of the total information systems developed budget may be devoted to program
maintenance in such organizations.

SOLUTION:
The DATABASE Approach
Requires a Database Management System (DBMS)

Database Approach
 It emphasizes the integration and sharing of data throughout the organization.
 In Database approach, data is managed by a controlling agent and stored in a
standardized, convenient form.
 This approach requires a fundamental re orientation or shift in thought process, starting
with top management.

Database Management System (DBMS)

 is a collection of programs that enables users to create and maintain a database. It is a

general-purpose software system that facilitates the processes of defining, constructing,

manipulating, and sharing databases among various users and applications.

 It stores data in such a way that it becomes easier to retrieve, manipulate, and produce
information.

ELEMENTS OF DATABASE APPROACH

Enterprise Data Model

- a map or graphical model that shows the entities and the relationship among them.
Enterprise resource planning (ERP)
- is a company-wide computer software system used to manage and coordinate all the
resources, information, and functions of a business from shared data stores.
- Enterprise resource planning is a term originally derived from manufacturing resource
planning (MRP II) that followed material requirements planning (MRP). ERP systems
typically handle the manufacturing, logistics, distribution, inventory, shipping, invoicing,
and accounting for a company. ERP software can aid in the control of many business
activities, including sales, marketing, delivery, billing, production, inventory
management, quality management and human resource management.
Relational Databases

Page 4 of 6
 F.L. VARGAS COLLEGE INC.
Tuguegarao City

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN COMPUTER SCIENCE

A.Y. 2020-2021
Second Semester

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
[email protected]

- Database technology involving tables (relations) representing entities and primary/foreign

keys representing relationships
Database Applications
- It is an application program (or set of related programs) that is used to perform a series of
activities on behalf of database users.
- Each database application performs some combination of the following basic operations.
 Create – Add new data to the database.
 Read – Read current database data.
 Update – Update or modify current database data
 Delete – Delete current data from the database.

Database application system includes the data definitions, stored data, transactions, inquiries,
and reports needed to capture, maintain and present data from a database.

Applications of Databases
Databases are used in many applications, spanning virtually the entire range of computer
software. Databases are the preferred method of storage for large multiuser applications, where
coordination between many users is needed. Even individual users find them convenient, and
many electronic mail programs and personal organizers are based on standard database
technology. Software database drivers are available for most database platforms so that
application software can use a common Application Programming Interface to retrieve the
information stored in a database.

THE RANGE OF DATABASE APPLICATIONS

 Database range from those for a single user with a desktop computer or PDA to those on
mainframe computers with thousands of users.
 The range of database applications can be divided into five categories:
- Personal Databases,
- Enterprise Databases
- Workgroup Databases
- Department Databases
- Internet, Intranet and Extranet Databases

1. Personal Databases
- These are designed to support one user. They have long resided on personal computers
(PCs), including laptops.
2. Workgroup Databases
- A workgroup is a relatively small team of people who collaborate on the same project or
application or on a group of similar projects or applications.
- A workgroup typically comprises fewer than 25 persons.
3. Department Databases
- A department is a functional unit within an organization.
- Typical examples of departments are : Personnel, marketing, manufacturing and
accounting
- Generally larger than a workgroup (typically 25-100 persons) and is more responsible for
a more diverse range of functions.
4. Enterprise Databases
- An enterprise database is one whose scope is the entire organization or enterprise (or, at
least many different departments).
- These databases are intended to support organization wide operations and decision
making.
5. Internet, Intranet and Extranet Databases
Internet

Page 5 of 6
 F.L. VARGAS COLLEGE INC.
Tuguegarao City

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN COMPUTER SCIENCE

A.Y. 2020-2021
Second Semester

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
[email protected]

- represents a global collection of heterogeneous networks connecting hundreds of

thousands of computer networks, millions of nodes and tens of millions of users. The
internet enables us to access information from nearly anywhere in the world directly and
conveniently.

Components of Database Environment

1. Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) Tools
Automated tools use to design databases and application programs.
It is a technology for automating software and database development and maintenance
tasks. CASE tools are designed to support (or automate) the various stages of the systems
development life cycle.
2. Repository
Centralized knowledge base containing all data definitions, screen reports and report
formats and definition of other organizations and system components.
3. Database Management System (DBMS)
Commercial software system use to provide access to the database and also the repository.
4. Databases
Contains occurrences of data while repository contains all definition of programs.
5. Application Programs
Computer programs that are used to create and maintain the database and provide
information to users.
6. User Interface
Languages, menus and other facilities by which users interact with various system
components such as case tools, application programs, the DBMS and the repository.
7. Data Administrators
Persons who are responsible of designing database and for developing policies regarding
database security and integrity. Data administrators are CASE tools to improve the
productivity of database planning and design.
8. System Developers
Persons such as system analysts and programmers who design new programs.
9. End Users
Persons through the organization who add, delete, and modify data in the database and who
request or receive information from the database. All user interactions with the database
must be routed through the DBMS.

V. Supplemental
1. Book
2. Internet
 http://friendz-database-concept.blogspot.com/2012/01/range-of-database-approach.html
 https://www.oracle.com/in/database/what-is-database/
 https://medium.com/@mangavkarsonali/components-of-dbms-environment-f4f0651e6daf
 https://www.dataentryoutsourced.com/blog/components-of-a-database-management-
system/

Page 6 of 6