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Mathematics 8: Quarter 4 - Module 3 Basic Concepts of Probability

The document discusses basic concepts of probability, including experiments, outcomes, sample spaces, and the fundamental counting principle. It provides examples of probability experiments like flipping coins and rolling dice. The key points are: - Probability is the chance that something will happen, and outcomes of experiments cannot always be predicted with certainty. - A sample space includes all possible outcomes of an experiment, like the numbers 1-6 for rolling a standard die. - The fundamental counting principle states that if one experiment can result in M outcomes and another in N outcomes, doing them in order yields M × N total outcomes. - Examples show using tables, trees and lists to find the sample space and number of outcomes for experiments

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Reinabelle Marquez
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275 views

Mathematics 8: Quarter 4 - Module 3 Basic Concepts of Probability

The document discusses basic concepts of probability, including experiments, outcomes, sample spaces, and the fundamental counting principle. It provides examples of probability experiments like flipping coins and rolling dice. The key points are: - Probability is the chance that something will happen, and outcomes of experiments cannot always be predicted with certainty. - A sample space includes all possible outcomes of an experiment, like the numbers 1-6 for rolling a standard die. - The fundamental counting principle states that if one experiment can result in M outcomes and another in N outcomes, doing them in order yields M × N total outcomes. - Examples show using tables, trees and lists to find the sample space and number of outcomes for experiments

Uploaded by

Reinabelle Marquez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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8MATHEMATICS 8

Quarter 4 –Module 3
Basic Concepts of Probability

Illustrating the Permutation of Objects

W hat’s In
Use the illustration below to answer the following questions correctly.

1. How many shirts are there? ______________


2. How many pairs of short pants are there? _______________
3. How many pairs of long pants are there? _______________
4. If you will attend a party, how many choices are possible? ______________
5. If you are going to attend the mass with your family, how many possible outfits
could you choose from? ______________
What’s New

THINK OF ME!
How is the number of occurrences of an event determined?
How does knowledge of finding the likelihood of an event help you in your daily life?

What is It

Probability is the chance that something will happen. Events cannot be predicted with
total certainty. We can say, “How likely they are to happen.”

Probability Experiment is a chance process that leads to a well-defined result called


an outcome.

Examples: Flipping a coin


Rolling a die

Outcome is the result of a single trial of an experiment.

Experiment Outcome
Flipping a coin Head (H)/ Tail (T)
Rolling a die 1/2/3/4/5/6

Sample space is the set of all the possible outcomes or sample points.

Sample point is just one of the possible outcomes.

Experiment Sample Space Sample Point


Flipping two coins HH, HT, TH, TT HH
Rolling a die 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 5
Rolling a coin and a die H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6 T1, T3
simultaneously T2, T3, T4, T5, T6
Drawing a card from a 13 Diamonds, 13 Hearts, 13 Spades, Queen of Hearts
deck of 52 cards 13 Clubs (Ace, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
10, Jack, Queen, King)

Now, let’s count the number of occurrences of an outcome in an experiment.

Problem: Find the possible outcomes of flipping a one-peso coin and a tossing a die.
A. Table

1 2 3 4 5 6
Head H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6
Tail T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

Sample Space: S = {H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6} So, there
are 12 possible outcomes.
B. Tree Diagram

Answer: Sample Space: S = {H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6}
C. Systematic Listing
Flipping a coin: {Head, Tail}
Tossing a die: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

Sample Space: S = {H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6}
Therefore, there are 12 possible outcomes.

D. Fundamental Counting Principle


“If a first experiment can be performed in M distinct ways and a second
experiment can be performed in N distinct ways then the two experiments in that
specific order M first followed by N can be performed in M x N distinct ways”

Tossing a coin has 2 possible outcomes…H or T


Rolling a die has 6 possible outcomes… 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

The Counting Principle tells that the total outcomes of experiment 1 followed
by experiment 2 can be found by multiplying the number of ways each experiment can
happen.
The two experiments together tossing a coin then rolling a die have 2 x 6 = 12
possible outcomes.

Answer: 12 ways

Problem 2. Joe has 7 shirts, 4 pairs of pants and 2 pairs of shoes. He needs to make
an outfit containing one of each item. How many different outfits are possible? (We
assume that one different item makes a different outfit)

This is a Counting Principle problem. It has three “experiments” as opposed to


2. The Counting Principle can be extended to any number of experiments.

Experiment 1: select a shirt (7 possible outcomes)


Experiment 2: select a pair of pants (4 possible outcomes)
Experiment 3: select a pair of shoes (2 possible outcomes)

Answer: 7*4*2 = 56 different outfits

Answer Key

What’s In
1. 2
2. 2
3. 2
4. 8
5. 4

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