i

FACTORS INFLUENCING EFFECTIVE SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT IN MOGADISHU, SOMALIA

MOHAMED OSMAN IBRAHIM

LIIBAAN AHMED-KHAYR ALI

UBEYD ABDIRAHMAN MOHMUD

A SENIOR PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT

FOR THE REQUIREMENT OF THE AWARD OF BACHOLAR’S
DEGREE OF GEO-SCIENCE AND EVIRONMENT AT ALMAAS
UNIVERSITY
 ii

AUGUST, 2022

DECLARATION
This research has been presented to Almaas University Somalia for the award of
Bachelor science of geoscience and Environment.

This is our original work and to the best of our knowledge has never been presented for
any other award in any other university.

ENG- MOHAMED OSMAN IBRAHIM

Signature: ------------------------- Date: ------/-------/2022

ENG: - LIIBAAN AHMED-KHAYR ALI

Signature: ----------------------------- Date: ----/--------/2022

ENG: - UBEYD ABDIRAHMAN MAHMUD

Signature: ----------------------------- Date: ----/--------/2022

 iii

APPROVAL

Factors does influence the effective of solid waste management Mogadishu Benadir
region Submitted by: Ubayd Abdirahman Mahmud, Liibaan Ahmed-Khayr Ali, and
Mohamed Osman Ibrahim.
In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of bachelor’s degree in
Geoscience & Environment has been examined and accepted by examining panel.

Name and Signature of Chairman of Examining Panel

_____________________________________________________________
Name and Signature of Panelist
_____________________________________________________________
Name and Signature of Panelist
_____________________________________________________________
Name and Signature of Panelist
_____________________________________________________________
Name and Signature of Panelist
_____________________________________________________________

Date: __________/_________/________________

SUPERVISOR
ENG…………………………………………………………
Signature ………………………………………………….
Date……/……./2022
Dean faculty
ENG………………………………………………………………….
Signature …………………………………………………………….
Date……./……/2022
 iv

DEDICATION
We dedicated this thesis to our beloved and dearest parents, our dearest brothers, our dearest
sisters and all our close friends.
 v

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Many thanks to Allah, who created us, made us Muslim and gave us the ability to complete our
thesis successful. Secondly, we would like to express our deep gratitude to our dear parents our
dear brothers and sisters for their unforgettable help and support during our educational period
and our whole life. We would like to express our deep appreciation to our dear supervisor
ENG. Hassan Osman Hassan or his valuable suggestions, support, and guidance in completing
this thesis successfully.
Special thanks go to our dear friends for their unforgettable hand during our research in data
arranging and designing.
We are also very much grateful to all owners who have helped us to get accurate data, without
them, we could not have accomplished our assigned duty. Many thanks to our all friends and
classmates for their restive support many thanks to our dean of faculty of Geosciences and
Environment.
ENG. Ahmed Sheikh Ibrahim Nur and Depute dean ENG Abdullah Daa’ud Mohamed. Also, all
our lecturers for their support and guidance during university educational period Thanks to all
our friends, relatives and classmates who gave us their help directly or indirectly thank you all.
 vi

ABSTRACT
The management of municipal solid waste has become a problem in Howlwadaag. This is easily
identified by the persistent heaps of uncollected waste found on the street sides or ubiquitous
illegal dumps. The purpose of the study was to determine the factors influencing effective solid
waste management in Howlwadaag.

In order to improve the strategy for managing solid waste, a better understanding of both
technological and managerial aspects is needed. While various reports, projects and policy
documents on the subject of solid waste management are available, the factors affecting effective
solid waste management tends to be overlooked. The study focused on technology, availability
of financial resources, community participation and the intuitional affecting solid waste
management by the Municipal Council of Howlwadaag. The sample of this study consisted of
248 respondents; 240 of whom were randomly selected household heads drawn from Ahmed
Gurey division in Howlwadaag. And 8 were purposively selected key informants from the
Howlwadaag district.

Analysis of the data was done using descriptive statistics which included frequencies and
percentages.

The first concern of this study was to establish of technical factors for SWM in Howlwadaag
district. Technical factor were measured from knowledge of waste collection, knowledge of
waste transfer and knowledge of waste disposal. The survey result indicated that the status of
technical condition for SWM in Howlwadaag is low. This was observed from the analysis where
63 per cent of the respondents rated good and agreed the training and skills required for the
collection, transport, and disposal of wastes are possessed by all those participating in SWM.
The findings demonstrated that there is poor storage, transportation vessels and disposal
equipment’s. SWM of municipality of Hamar are very poor the technical aspects differences in
the planning, development, and operations due to poor skills.

The second research question was to determine the financial resources for Solid waste
management in Howlwadaag district. To accomplish this research question, several possible
indicators about the financial resources with reference to financial cost and operating cost,
management of funds, and cost recovery where asked the respondents. The survey result
indicated that the status of financial resources of solid waste management in Howlwadaag is
 vii

agree with about 74.1%. Firstly, 66.1 per cent of the respondents agreed and rated good that the
improving of good sanitation through collecting funds for each household.

The third research question was In order to determine whether communities in the Howlwadaag
district are involved in SWM, the researcher first asked about the social situation of those who
would benefit from waste management. Respondents were asked to respond to a number of
statements regarding these indicators, and the results show that while only 34.3 percent of
respondents in Gabiley city were actually engaged in SWM, 53.2% of respondents believed that
the communities were not engaging in SWM. As depicted in.

The final of the institutional aspects for SWM in Howlwadaag was also defined by this study.
The majority of respondents (69.1 %) gave the institutional status a poor rating, while only 2.6 %
gave it a good rating. This implies that the institutional aspects of the SWM unit in the
Mogadishu municipality are in unsatisfactory condition. The descriptive analysis provided to
support this position much more. The study concluded that one of the significant factor facing
SWM in Mogadishu municipality, particularly in Howlwadaag district, is the poor status of
institutional factors.
 viii

ABSTRACT (SOO KOOBID)

Maareynta Qashinka Adag ee Dowladda Hoose ayaa dhibaato ku noqotay Howlwadaag. Tan
waxa si fudud lugy garan kara qashinka aan la ururin ee joogtada ah ee laga helo hareeraha
waddooyinka ama qashin-qubka sharci-darrada ah ee meel walba yaal. Ujeedada daraasadda
ayaa ahayd sidii loo ogaan lahaa arrimaha saamaynta ku leh maaraynta qashinka adag ee
Howlwadaag.

Si loo hagaajiyo istaraatiijiyada lagu maareeyo qashinka adag, waxaa loo baahan yahay in si
fiican loo fahmo dhinacyada tignoolajiyada iyo maamulka labadaba. Iyadoo ay jiraan warbixino
kala duwan, mashruucyo iyo dukumeenti siyaasadeed oo ku saabsan mawduuca maaraynta
qashinka adkaha ah, arrimaha saameeya maaraynta qashinka adag waxay u egtahay in la iska
indho tiray. Daraasadda ayaa diiradda lagu saaray farsamada, helitaanka ilo dhaqaale, ka
qaybgalka bulshada iyo wacyigelinta saamaynta ku leh maaraynta qashinka ee ay wadaan golaha
hoose ee degmada Howlwadaag. Tusaalaha daraasaddan ayaa ka koobnaa 248 jawaabe; 240 ka
mid ah ayaa si bakhtiyaa nasiib ah loo soo xulay madaxda qoyska oo laga soo kala xulay qeybta
Axmed Gurey ee Howlwadaag. 8 ayaa si ula kac ah loo soo xulay xog-ogaaliyaasha degmada
Howlwadaag. Falanqaynta xogta waxaa la sameeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo tirokoobyo qeexan
oo ay ku jiraan soo noqnoqoshada iyo boqolleyda. Welwelka ugu horreeya ee daraasaddan ayaa
ahaa in la sameeyo qodobbo farsamo oo ku saabsan SWM degmada Howlwadaag. Qodobka
farsamada waxa lagu cabiray aqoonta ururinta qashinka, aqoonta wareejinta qashinka iyo
aqoonta qashinka. Natiijadii sahanka ayaa muujisay in xaaladda farsamo ee SWM ee
Howlwadaag ay hooseyso. Natiijooyinka ayaa muujiyay in ay jiraan kaydinta liidata, maraakiibta
gaadiidka iyo qalabka qashinka lagu tuuro. SWM ee degmada Xamar aad ayay u liidataa dhanka
farsamada oo ku kala duwan yihiin qorshaynta, horumarinta iyo shaqada taas oo ay ugu wacan
tahay xirfado xumo.

Su'aasha labaad ee cilmi-baarista waxay ahayd in la ogaado ilaha dhaqaale ee maareynta

qashinka adag ee degmada Howlwadaag. Si loo gaaro su'aashan cilmi-baarista, dhowr tilmaame
oo suurtagal ah oo ku saabsan ilaha maaliyadeed iyada oo la tixraacayo kharashka maaliyadeed
iyo kharashka hawlgalka, maaraynta lacagaha, iyo soo kabashada kharashka marka la waydiiyo
jawaab-bixiyeyaasha. Natiijada sahanka ayaa muujisay in heerka ilaha dhaqaale ee maareynta
qashinka adag ee Howlwadaag ay isku raacsan yihiin ilaa 74.1%. Ugu horeyn, 66.1 boqolkiiba
 ix

jawaab bixiyaasha ayaa isku raacay oo si fiican u qiimeeyay hagaajinta fayadhowrka wanaagsan
iyada oo loo ururinayo lacag qoys kasta.

Su'aashii saddexaad ee cilmi-baarista ayaa ahayd si loo ogaado in bulshada ku nool degmada
Howlwadaag ay ku lug leeyihiin SWM, cilmi-baaraha ayaa ugu horreyn weydiiyay xaaladda
bulsho ee dadka ka faa'iideysanaya qashinka. Jawaab bixiyaasha ayaa la waydiistay inay ka
jawaabaan dhawr odhaah oo ku saabsan tilmaamayaashan, natiijaduna waxay muujinaysaa in
boqolkiiba 34.3 jawaab bixiyaasha magaalada Gabiley ay dhab ahaantii ku hawlanaayeen SWM,
53.2% jawaab bixiyaashii waxay rumaysnaayeen in bulshadu aanay ku hawlanayn SWM Sida ku
cad.

Dhammaadka dhinacyada hay'adaha SWM ee Howlwadaag ayaa sidoo kale lagu qeexay
daraasaddan. Inta badan jawaab bixiyaasha (69.1%) waxay siiyeen heerka hay'ad qiimayn liidata,
halka 2.6 % kaliya ay siiyeen qiimayn wanaagsan. Tani waxay tusinaysaa in dhinacyada
hay'adeed ee qaybta SWM ee dawladda hoose ee Xamar ay ku jiraan xaalad aan lagu qancin.
Falanqaynta sharraxaadda ayaa la bixiyay si ay u taageerto booskan in ka badan. Daraasada ayaa
lagu soo gabagabeeyey in mid ka mid ah qodobbada muhiimka ah ee SWM ka haysta dowladda
hoose ee Muqdisho, gaar ahaan degmada Howlwadaag, ay tahay heerka liita ee hay’adaha.
 x

TABLE OF CONTENT

Contents
DECLARATION.......................................................................................................................................ii
APPROVAL.............................................................................................................................................iii
DEDICATION..........................................................................................................................................iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENT...........................................................................................................................v
ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................................................vi
ABSTRACT (SOO KOOBID)...............................................................................................................viii
TABLE OF CONTENT............................................................................................................................x
LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................................................xiii
LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................................xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES.........................................................................................................................xv
CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................1
1.1 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY................................................................................................1
1.3 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM.......................................................................................................4
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY....................................................................................................5
1.4.1 General objective......................................................................................................................5
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY................................................................................................................5
1.5.1 Geographical scope:..................................................................................................................5
1.5.2 Time Scope................................................................................................................................5
1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS.............................................................................................................5
1.7 Definition of key terms....................................................................................................................6
1.8 REPORT ORGANIZATION..........................................................................................................6
1.8.1. CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY...............................................................6
1.8.2. CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE.........................................................................6
1.8.3. CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...................................................................7
1.8.4. CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS....................................................................7
1.8.5 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS............................................7
CHAPTER TWO.......................................................................................................................................8
LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................................................8
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2.1 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................8
2.2 OVERVIEW OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT...................................................................8
2.3 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE...................................................................................11
2.4 TECHNOLOGY IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT............................................................12
2.4.1 Types and Components of Solid Waste Generated..............................................................13
2.4.2 Storage of Solid Waste............................................................................................................14
2.4.3 Collection of Solid Waste........................................................................................................14
2.4.4 Transfer and Transportation of Solid Waste........................................................................15
2.4.5 Recycling and Recovery of Solid Waste................................................................................15
2.4.6 Final Disposal of Solid Waste.................................................................................................16
2.5 FINANCIAL RESOURCES FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT.....................................16
2.6 COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT..............................18
2.7 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICIES...........................................................................20
2.8 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK.................................................................................................22
2.9 LITERATURE GAPS...................................................................................................................23
2.10 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE................................................................................................24
CHAPTER THREE.................................................................................................................................25
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...........................................................................................................25
3.1 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................25
3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN...................................................................................................................25
3.3 TARGET POPULATION.............................................................................................................25
3.4 SAMPLE SIZE..............................................................................................................................26
3.5 SAMPLE PROCEDURE..............................................................................................................28
3.6 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS.....................................................................................................28
3.6.1 Questionnaires.........................................................................................................................28
3.6.2 Interview guide........................................................................................................................28
3.7 RESEARCH PROCEDURE.........................................................................................................28
3.8 DATA ANALYSIS.........................................................................................................................29
3.9 ETHICAL ISSUES........................................................................................................................29
CHAPTER FOUR...................................................................................................................................30
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION..................................................30
4.0 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................30
4.1 Response Rate................................................................................................................................30
4.2. Demographic Data........................................................................................................................31
4.2.1 Characteristics of the Respondents' Demographics.............................................................31
 xii

4.3 section b: Factors influencing effective solid waste management...............................................35

4.3.1 Technical factors.....................................................................................................................35
4.3.2 Financial factors......................................................................................................................38
4.3.3 Community Participation factors..........................................................................................40
4.3.4 Institional factors....................................................................................................................42
CHAPTER FIVE.....................................................................................................................................46
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. . .46
5.0 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................46
5.1 SUMMARY AND DISCUSSIONS OF THE FINDINGS...............................................................46
5.1.1 Factors that influence the effective of solid waste management..............................................46
5.1.1.1 Technical factors..................................................................................................................46
5.1.1.2 Financial Resources.............................................................................................................47
5.1.1.3 Community engagement factors.........................................................................................47
5.1.1.4 Institutional Factors.............................................................................................................47
5.2 DISCUSSION.................................................................................................................................48
5.3 CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................50
5.4 RECOMMENDATIONS...............................................................................................................51
References...............................................................................................................................................53
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LIST OF TABLES
Table2. 1 Solid waste collection in selected cities in developing countries...........................................9

Table3. 1 Krejcie and Morgan............................................................................................................26

Table3. 2Study Respondents...............................................................................................................27
Table3. 3Sampling of Key Informants................................................................................................27

Table4. 2...............................................................................................................................................35
Table4. 3...............................................................................................................................................36
Table4. 4..............................................................................................................................................36
Table4. 5..............................................................................................................................................37
Table4. 6..............................................................................................................................................38
Table4. 7...............................................................................................................................................38
Table4. 8..............................................................................................................................................39
Table4. 9..............................................................................................................................................39
Table4. 10............................................................................................................................................40
Table4. 11............................................................................................................................................41
Table4. 12............................................................................................................................................41
Table4. 13............................................................................................................................................42
Table4. 14............................................................................................................................................43
Table4. 15............................................................................................................................................43
Table4. 16............................................................................................................................................44
Table4. 17............................................................................................................................................45
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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Key Elements of Solid Waste Management Systems............................................................12

Figure 4. 1 shows the gender of the respondents...................................................................................30

Figure 4. 2 shows the age of the respondents.........................................................................................31
Figure 4. 3 shows the marital status of the respondents.......................................................................32
Figure 4. 4 shows the level of education of the respondents the study.................................................32
Figure 4. 5 Shows the periods stay in Mogadishu Somalia...................................................................33
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LIST OF APPENDICE
APPENDECIS i.......................................................................................................................................55
APPENDECIS ii......................................................................................................................................58
APPENDECIS iii.....................................................................................................................................59
APPENDECIS iv.....................................................................................................................................60
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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter dealt with the introduction, background of the study, problem statement, Objective
of the Study, scope of the study, Research Questions, and Definitions of Significant terms.

1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Solid waste refers to the range of garbage materials—arising from animal and human activities—
that are discarded as unwanted and useless. Solid waste is generated from industrial, residential,
and commercial activities in a given area, and may be handled in a variety of ways. As such,
landfills are typically classified as sanitary, municipal, construction and demolition, or industrial
waste sites. Waste can be categorized based on material, such as plastic, paper, glass, metal, and
organic waste. Categorization may also be based on hazard potential, including radioactive,
flammable, infectious, toxic, or non-toxic wastes. Categories may also pertain to the origin of the
waste, whether industrial, domestic, commercial, institutional, or construction and demolition.
Regardless of the origin, content, or hazard potential, solid waste must be managed
systematically to ensure environmental best practices. As solid waste management is a critical
aspect of environmental hygiene, it must be incorporated into environmental planning.

In the United States, the modern concept of solid waste management first emerged in the 1890s.
By the turn of the 20 th century, a growing number of American cities provided at least a
rudimentary level of solid waste collection and disposal, and around 1930 virtually all cities
offered garbage collection services.

Waste management is a global issue that requires a lot of attention. The collection, recycling,
treatment, and disposal of rising volumes of solid waste remains a serious concern for
municipalities in most developed and developing nations with expanding population, affluence,
and urbanization (UN-HABITAT, 2010). The construction of inexpensive, effective, and really
sustainable waste management systems is a cornerstone of sustainable development (Bogner, et
 2

al., 2007). In a number of developing nations, solid waste management is one of the duties that
has been delegated to local government (Dijk, 2006). Its effective completion of this duty is
frequently used as a barometer of urban reform achievement.

Cities solid waste management is one of the most pressing environmental issues that developing
nations, like Somalia, face as a result of rising urbanization. As a result of increased population,
improving living standards, and technological advancements, solid waste generated by human
household, social, and industrial activities is increasing in amount and diversity (Baabereyir,
2009). The total quantity of municipal solid waste (MSW) created worldwide in 2006 was
predicted to be 2.02 billion tons, reflecting a 7% yearly growth since 2003. (UNEP, 2009).
Furthermore, it is predicted that between 2007 and 2011, worldwide municipal garbage output
would increase by 37.3 percent, or around 8% each year.
The necessity to handle this growing trash in an environmentally effective, technologically
possible, economically affordable, and socially acceptable manner is an issue that all countries
throughout the world are currently facing. Waste management isn't attractive either, yet without
it, no city would exist (Zurbrugg, 2002). As a result, every city in the globe has devised a
solution to the problem. However, the degree of success with which industrialized and
developing nations, including Somalia, are dealing with the problem differs dramatically.
While the industrialized world has sought effective solutions by increasing efforts to progress up
the "solid waste hierarchy," poor nations are simply overwhelmed by the waste problem or can
only cope with the most basic phases of it. The solid waste hierarchy is a ranked priority system
for waste management that is internationally recognized and recommended. It uses the following
increasing order of preference: open burning, landfill, and recycling, landfill, incineration,
recycling, reuse, and prevention are all options (Kreith, 1994). Even though many
underdeveloped nations adopt these methods, the first two (open burning and dump) are the least
desired and are not encouraged.
Typically, one to two thirds of the solid trash created in most poor nations is not collected
(Zerbock, 2003). As a result, uncollected garbage is deposited indiscriminately in streets and
drains, contributing to floods, insect and rodent vector breeding, and disease transmission.
Africa's predicament, particularly in its main cities, is dire. In many nations, the public sector is
unable to deliver services efficiently, private sector regulation is inadequate, and unlawful
 3

dumping of home and industrial trash is frequent. Solid waste management is accorded a low
priority in these nations in general. As a result, governments allocate relatively little budgets to
the solid waste management industry, and the level of services necessary to preserve public
health and the environment is not met. The issue is particularly significant at the local
government level, where the local taxation system is underdeveloped, resulting in a weak
financial foundation for public services, including solid waste management.
The following are the initiatives carried out in the State Government of Puntland to enhance
municipal solid waste (MSW) management. Since 2005, CeTAmb has been doing research in
Somalia to optimize MSW collection, recycling, and disposal. From 2005 to September 2008,
the study was conducted in conjunction with UNA Consortium as part of the "Somalia Urban
Development Programme (SUDP)," and subsequently continued with Cesvi NGO as part of the
"Support to Improve Service Delivery in Somali Cities (SISDISC)" project.
Solid waste management in the city was mostly poor at the start of the project; as a result,
various activities were planned to enhance the service, with good repercussions for public health
and well-being as well.

All garbage and trash collected from major cities and towns is thrown in enormous pits dug
several kilometers away from the town, with no hazardous and non-hazardous waste separating
process, Instead, everything is dumped in one location, which is not environmentally friendly.
Tankers collect and dispose of wastewater outside of the city. Although Mogadishu has large
enterprises that create hazardous waste that is detrimental to humans, foreign corporations have
been caught dumping hazardous garbage near the coast. Used motor oil cannot be dumped in the
sea or near ports, according to norms and regulations. Violators are penalized significantly and
compelled to clean up their mess. Friendly nations and international organizations have been
aiding Somalia in monitoring and preventing rubbish dumping until the government is capable of
dealing with these issues (Heinelt, H., and Stewart, M.) (2005). Waste is collected mostly in
dumping pits dug outside of towns and cities. The Mogadishu Municipality has attempted to
manage and collect rubbish, however there are only two disposal locations outside of the city.
Mogadishu also has many trash collection businesses, DHIS Rubbish Management and Hilwa
Waste Management, ifi waste management, and green life waste management, who collect waste
from the city and dispose it at unplanned temporary dumping sites. Mogadishu Municipality has
 4

four garbage-burning disposal sites, all of which are located around seven kilometers outside of
the city.
In general, Somalia lacks a recycling scheme, therefore two regularly used commodities, plastic
bags and bottles, are discarded or occasionally burnt (Eshet, 2005). As a result of the above, the
research team decided to conduct a study on public officials and garbage management in
Mogadishu.

1.3 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The challenge of solid waste management in urban settings must be seen in the context of other
issues brought on by rapid urbanization. Most local governments in emerging nations have failed
to offer effective solid waste management services to their growing populations (Abduli et al,
2007). The lack of attention devoted to waste management by government officials and other
stakeholders at all levels, from national to local, as a way of achieving decent living
environmental conditions in districts has resulted in the districts of Mogadishu Somalia being
unappealing. This is even mentioned in the local media about how, if given attention, urban
planning in Mogadishu, Somalia, might help with waste management and the construction of
orderly growth in metropolitan areas. The town administration plans and manages Mogadishu's
waste management, which has continued to deteriorate urban conditions like as ever-running
water, air pollution, bad sanitation, improper disposal, encroachment on environmentally
sensitive regions with damping's, inadequate drainage, and more Accessibility issues (Ntiamoa-
Baidu, 2012). Mogadishu's waste management difficulties represent a significant threat to the
city's long-term viability. Officials from the Mogadishu Local Government (LG) are responsible
for providing services to the local populations in a faster, simpler, and more effective manner. In
Somalia, service delivery failures by the service providers such as lack supply of trash skips,
garbage trucks, waste dumping locations, and regular supervision were caused by a breakdown
in the interaction between people, government leaders. Despite the Somali government's new
public engagement to involve citizens, civil society organizations, and nongovernmental
organizations in managing the city's urban waste management problems, little progress has been
made, and their approach to the garbage problem was not convincing enough to improve public
health and poor environmental concerns in Mogadishu's urban areas. As a result, it is necessary
to examine the factors influencing effective solid waste management in Mogadishu, Somalia.
 5

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.4.1 General objective
The overall objective of the study was to determine the factors influencing effective solid waste
management in Mogadishu, Somalia.
The specific objectives of this study were:
1. To investigate how technology affects solid waste management in Mogadishu, Somalia.
2. To determine how the availability of financial resources affects solid waste management
in Mogadishu, Somalia.
3. To determine the extent to which community engagement has an impact on solid waste
management in Mogadishu, Somalia.
4. To determine how policies affect the management of solid waste in Mogadishu, Somalia..

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

1.5.1 Geographical scope:
This study was conducted in Mogadishu -Somalia. Somalia which is located in horn of Africa
And Mogadishu is the capital city of Somalia, where the federal government of Somalia is based.

1.5.2 Time Scope

The research was evaluate at how much time factors influencing effective solid waste
management in Mogadishu, spent on it. Between June 2022 and august 2022. The researcher felt
that by analyzing data throughout this time spent, he would be able to come up with findings,
conclusions, and viable solutions to the waste management problem.

1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The study's purpose is to answer the following research questions:

1. How does technology affect the efficiency of solid waste management in Mogadishu, Somalia?

2. How does the availability of financial resources in Mogadishu, Somalia. Affect successful solid
waste management?
3. How does community engagement affect the Mogadishu, Somalia? Successful solid waste
management?
4. What role do policies have in determining effectiveness?
 6

1.7 Definition of key terms

Public officials: is anyone in a position of official authority that is conferred by a state, i.e.
Someone who holds a legislative, administrative, or judicial position of any kind, whether
Appointed or elected.

Waste management: is the precise name for the collection, transportation, and disposal or
Recycling and monitoring of waste. This term is assigned to the material, waste material that is
Produced through human being activity. This material is managed to avoid its adverse effect over
Human health and environment.

Solid waste management: the collecting, treating, and disposing of solid material that is
discarded because it has served its purpose or is no longer useful

Effective Solid waste management: For effective waste management, waste minimization,

reuse, recycle and energy recovery are more sustainable than conventional landfill or dumpsite
disposal technique
Solid Waste Management: Refers to the discipline associated with controlling the generation,
storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of solid waste in a manner
that is in accordance with the best principles of health, economics, engineering, conservation,
aesthetics, and other environmental considerations, and that is also responsive to public attitude.

1.8 REPORT ORGANIZATION

The study has five (5) chapters as outlined below:

1.8.1. CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

This chapter dealt with the introduction, background of the study, problem statement, Objective
of the Study, scope of the study, Research Questions, and Definitions of Significant terms.

1.8.2. CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter presents a three-part review of the literature on solid waste management as a
theoretical framework for the study. The first section discusses the general overview of solid
 7

waste management while the second part focuses on the solid waste problem in developing
countries, discussing the nature and causes of the problem. The third section of the chapter is
devoted to examining the factors influencing solid waste management and how they relate to the
subject of solid waste management.
1.8.3. CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter provides an introduction, the study design, sample selection and size, study
methodology (questionnaire), and how the data analysis was done. It further presents the
credibility, transferability, and dependability of the study.

1.8.4. CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter analyses the data collected from the solid waste management, the study conducted
in the Howlwadaag District through questionnaire survey, interviews, and field observations.

1.8.5 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

This chapter introduces the conclusion and recommendations of the research study.
 8

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents a three-part review of the literature on solid waste management as a
theoretical framework for the study. The first section discusses the general overview of solid
waste management while the second part focuses on the solid waste problem in developing
countries, discussing the nature and causes of the problem. The third section of the chapter is
devoted to examining the factors influencing solid waste management and how they relate to the
subject of solid waste management.

2.2 OVERVIEW OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

The term solid waste has been defined differently by various authors. Solid waste is any material
that arises from human and animal activities that are normally discarded as useless or unwanted
(Tchobanoglous et al 1993). According to Zerbock (2003), solid waste includes non-hazardous
industrial, commercial and domestic waste including:
1. Household organic trash
2. Street sweepings
3. Institutional garbage and
4. Construction wastes.

Operationally, it can therefore be said that, solid waste is any material which comes from
domestic, commercial, and industrial sources arising from human activities which has no value
to people who possess it and is discarded as useless.
While developed countries have largely overcome the problem of waste removal from human
settlements, they still grapple with the difficulties and high costs of collection and struggle with
the implementation of sustainable waste management strategies (Pacione, 2005). Solid waste
management in the developing countries demonstrates daunting problems partly due to this
negligence in international circles, but more as a result of the inability of the national and local
responsible sectors to cope with the problem. The per capita waste generation rates are generally
less than those in the developed nations but are equally increasing in amount and variety.
 9

There is great city, .national and regional variation. The daily average per capita rate for Africa is
0.50-0.87 kg (Hoomweg, 1999). In Asia it varies widely between less industrialized and
industrialized regions, for example, from an average of 0.1-0.6 kg in India (less industrialized) to
5.5 kg in Hong Kong (more industrialized) (Beureking et al. 1999). Latin America and the
Caribbean have averages of 0.3-1.0 kg per capita per day (UNEP, 1996.) The composition is
mostly organic biodegradable waste 70-90% (JICA, 1998).
Management faces many problems as waste management authorities have, in a majority of cases,
experimented with almost every strategy and with high and modern waste management
Technology acquired from the developed countries, with very little success. This failure has been
linked to the acquisition and use of incorrect and ill-adapted technologies with heavy costs of
maintenance, lack of expertise and inadequate funding and staff. According to Kironde (1999)
some authors believe that even more pertinent are corruption and the autocratic ‘command-and-
control’ approach to waste management issues (Kironde et al, 1999). Non-inclusive management
that excludes other stakeholders has also been a crucial issue. Management is concentrated on
collection and transportation of which only 20-80% is collected using 20-50% of the city’s
operational budgets; yet servicing less than 50% of the city population or areas (Hardoy et al.
2001).
According to Johannessen, (1999) landfilling remains the most prominent technique with open
dumps being the common practice. There are also many illegal dumps created in empty spaces,
lakes and ponds, drains, canals, street comers, riversides, estuaries and coasts. Littering is a
common phenomenon. These uncollected solid wastes deface the aesthetics of the city and bring
about serious environmental and health hazards. According to Kironde, (1999) this phenomenon
caused some African cities in the mid- 1980s to be dubbed ‘Garbage Cities’ and ‘Cities of Mess’.
Hardoy et al. (2001) have provided statistics on the levels of waste collection in selected cities
across the developing world (Table 2.1) which shows the collection rates of the cities
Table2. 1 Solid waste collection in selected cities in developing countries

City (Country) Percentage of Solid Waste Year

Collected

Accra (Ghana) 10 1989

Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) 60 1998

 10

Ahmedabad (India) 65 2000

Baroda (India) 05 1994
Kampala (Uganda) 10 1993
Kumasi(Ghana) 30 2000
Latin American cities 50-70 1999
Lusaka and other cities (Zambia) 10 1997
Nairobi (Kenya) 40 2000
Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) 30 1995
Sao Paolo (Brazil) 70 1998
Source: Hardoy et al (1993) pages 59-60; Hardoy et al, (2001) pages 80-H1

The above analysis has shown that even though cities in poor countries generally have low levels
of solid waste collection and disposal, there seems to be great variations in the scale of the waste
problem across regions and countries (Hardoy et al., 2001). Regionally, Latin American cities
appear to have better environmental management than African and Asian cities. This is reflected
in the high waste collection (up to 70 percent in some cases) in Latin American cities compared
with the very low levels of waste collection in African and Asian cities as shown in Table 2.1.
What this means is that while all developing countries cities grapple with solid waste collection
and disposal, some are doing relatively better than others. Regionally, Africa seems to have the
worst situation with regard to urban solid waste management (Hardoy et al., 2001).The Local
Authority, which is the statutory authority to manage wastes in the city, is duty bound to play a
leading role in addressing these critical issues including the organization, coordination and
cooperation with the other actors.

These other waste stakeholders include the national government authorities, nongovernmental
organizations (NGOs), community based organizations (CBOs), formal and informal private
sectors, scavenger and scavengers’ cooperatives, households and individuals. These groups and
individuals are usually termed informal until they are recognized and have been registered
(Akoto, 2011). These groups are involved in waste collection and removal, recycling,
composting and waste recovery for reuse. They are also involved in street sweeping, clearing
drains and repairing, transforming and reusing discarded articles supplying waste collection
 11

equipment. All these groups and individuals do play an important role in municipal solid waste
management.
In cities where they have been recognized and integrated, the waste management situation has
greatly improved as in the cases of the many scavengers’ cooperatives in Latin America and Asia
(Hardoy et al. 2001). Nevertheless the situation of solid waste management in many towns and
cities of the developing countries remains inadequate and inefficient. Schiibeler (1996) describes
the situation as highly unsatisfactory. This suggests that the conventional management system
and the unorganized informal sector in place are not based on sustainable strategies and

methods.

2.3 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Researchers have identified several factors that mitigate against solid waste management efforts.
Linden et al. (1997) identified ten common constraints to be militating against solid waste
management efforts in Asian countries.
These were:
1. Inappropriate technologies/processes
2. Enforcement inefficiencies/non-existent; illegal dumping
3. Lack of financing
4. Lack of training/human resource
5. Lack of intuitional support
6. Lack of legislation
7. Intuitional conflict among levels of government /overlapping responsibilities
8. Rapid increase in waste generation/limited data
9. Lack of awareness among public, and
10. Limited land areas; land tenure issues

These factors, according to the report, frustrated the waste management efforts of Municipal
authorities in Asia and made it difficult for them to keep their city environments clean and safe for
the populations. After studying the solid waste problem in Tanzania, Kironde (1999) has also
attributed the abysmal performance of the waste sector to resource constraints including the
scarcity of financial, physical, human and technical resources for the organization of waste
management operations.
 12

JICA,(1998) identified several causes of the waste problem including the lack of dumping sites,
ignorance of the masses about the need for proper waste disposal, inefficient collection methods,
poor government attitude towards waste management, poverty of the people, corruption among
public officials and lack of trained personnel for waste management. Similarly, Mungai (1998)
points out that the solid waste has become a problem in Mogadishu, due to increasing
urbanization without adequate disposal sites and transportation. These have posed serious
constraints to the waste sector and dampened efforts towards solid waste management in the city.
Many other writers have elaborated on how the factors cited above (plus others) interact to
aggravate the solid waste problem in poor country cities.
In summary the management of municipal solid waste (MSW) presents a major challenge for the
municipal authorities in Mogadishu here rapid growth, social and cultural change, widespread
poverty, inadequate and weak local governance and limited financial resources all contribute to
increasing pollution and waste disposal problems (Zurbrugg et al, 1999).

2.4 TECHNOLOGY IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Given the large number of individual issues and specific problems in various municipal solid
waste management systems, it would seem tempting to address individual issues as they arise
and apply local fixes, so as to keep collection and disposal services operating continuously as
efficiently as possible. Indeed, in the short term, this is likely to be a good approach. In
considering the long term, however, it is apparent from the scope of problems and the external
factors brought to bear upon municipalities that a broader, more integrated set of solutions will
be necessary in order to adequately address municipal solid waste system (MSWM) in the future.
Sound practice is a management system that embodies a reasonable balance of feasible, cost-
effective, sustainable, environmentally beneficial, and socially sensitive solutions to SWM
problems (UNEP, 1996). In other words, sound practices function together to achieve defined
solid waste institional goals while appropriately responding to the entire set of conditions that
constrain the choices available in specific MSWM decisions (UNEP, 1996).

Therefore, if solid waste management is to be accomplished in an efficient and orderly manner,

the fundamental aspects and relationships involved must be identified and understood clearly
(Tchobanoglous et al, 1993). On the basis of this solid waste management incorporates the
following: source separation, storage, collection, transportation and disposal of solid waste in an
 13

environmentally sustainable manner. These are some of the six key elements illustrated in Figure
2.1 below.

As shown in figure 1 above, the key elements in solid waste management include: waste
generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, recycling and recovery and final disposal.
This means that when waste is generated it is first stored in either dustbins or skips. It is then
collected and finally disposed of in landfill. Also, when waste is collected it can be transferred
from small collection equipment like the tricycle to a bigger truck for final disposal. On the other
hand, waste collected can be processed or recycled and recovered for materials to be reused.
These elements are further elaborated below.

2.4.1 Types and Components of Solid Waste Generated

Solid waste consists of many different materials. Some can bum, some cannot. Some can be
recycled, some cannot. Therefore, a detailed understanding of the composition of solid waste will
indicate the management methods that will be used. Solid waste is composed of combustibles
and non-combustible materials. The combustible materials include paper, plastics, yard debris,
 14

food waste, wood, textiles, disposable diapers, and other organics. Non-combustibles also
include glass, metal, bones, leather and aluminum (Zerbock, 2003).
Waste generation encompasses those activities in which materials are identified as no longer
being of value and are either thrown away or gathered together for disposal (Hoomweg et al,
1999). According to UNEP (2009), in 2006 the total amount of municipal solid waste (MSW)
generated globally reached 2.02 billion tones, representing a 7 percent annual increase since
2003. It is further estimated that between 2007 and 2011, global generation of municipal waste
will rise by 37.3 per cent, equivalent to roughly 8 per cent increase per year (UNEP, 2009). The
Programmer also says that, as per WHO estimations, the total health-care waste per person per
year in most low income countries, is anywhere from 0.5 kg to 3 kg.

2.4.2 Storage of Solid Waste

Tchobanoglous et al (2002) explain storage to mean where solid waste is stored before it is
collected. It could be stored in a skip or dustbins and not thrown away indiscriminately.
According to them, storage is of primary importance because of the aesthetic consideration.
Appropriate storage containers are required to save the energy and labor and increase the speed
of collection and reduce the crew size. It is important that the containers should be functional to
the type of materials and the collection vehicles used. Containers should also be durable, easy to
handle, economical as well as resistant to corrosion, weather conditions, and metals, glass tips
etc. Usually these are made up of thick plastics. When mechanized collection system is used the
containers are specially designed to fit the truck mounted loading mechanisms.

2.4.3 Collection of Solid Waste

Collection is a key link in the MSWM system and it is usually undertaken by the municipality or
contracted out to private companies. In either situation waste collection coverage is inadequate as
it ranges from 20-80% with a mid-range of 40-50% (UNEP 1996). Collection accounts for a very
high fraction of the total waste management budgets with Asia having as much as 80% (World
Bank, 1999). With the inability of the official waste delivery teams to serve the whole city
efficiently, waste generators further arrange with informal and informal private groups to collect
their waste for a negotiated fee. For most of the areas house-to-house collection is rare. The
 15

official waste collectors are responsible for collecting waste disposed of in public moveable
containers placed at strategic spots of the city (Kreith, 1994).

2.4.4 Transfer and Transportation of Solid Waste

According to Kreith (1994), transfer and transport involves two steps: (1) the transfer of wastes
from the smaller collection vehicle to the larger transport equipment and (2) the subsequent
transport of the wastes, usually over long distances to the final disposal site. Various types of
transportation equipment are applied to carry waste. These range from locally adapted equipment
such as human or animal drawn carts (wheel barrows, tricycles, push carts) to conventional open-
back trucks, side and rear compactors and trailers. These conventional trucks are often acquired
from foreign friendly cities, governments and international non-governmental organizations
(NGOs).

2.4.5 Recycling and Recovery of Solid Waste

Recycling is the process of separating, collecting, processing, marketing and ultimately using a
material that would have been discarded. It also helps in the source reduction and reduces the
municipal and commercial costs involved in waste collection and disposal and helps in
protecting the local environment. However a successful implementation of source reduction
program requires the cooperation of stakeholders: businessmen, industrialists, consumers and
state and local governments. The element of processing and recovery includes all the technology,
equipment, and facilities used both to improve the efficiency of other functional elements and to
recover usable materials, conversion products or energy from solid wastes (Tchobanoglous et al,
2002). In the recovery, separation operations have been devised to recover valuable resources
from the mixed solid wastes delivered to transfer stations or solid waste processing plants
(Tchobanoglous et al, 1993). Therefore recycling and recovery reduces reliance on landfills and
incinerators. It protects human health and the environment by removing the harmful substances
from the waste stream. It also conserves natural resources by reducing the demand for raw
materials. Recycling reduces the volume of the waste that has to be finally dumped, which means
a reduction in pollution at the waste sites.
 16

2.4.6 Final Disposal of Solid Waste

It is the ultimate fate of all solid wastes whether they are residential wastes collected and
transported directly to landfill site. The dumping of solid waste in landfills is the probably the
oldest and definitely the most prevalent form of ultimate garbage disposal. Many “landfills” are
nothing more than open, sometimes controlled, dumps. The difference between landfills and
dumps is the engineering, planning, and administration involved. Open dumps are characterized
by the lack of engineering measures, no leachate management, no consideration of landfill gas
management, and few, if any, operational measures such as registration of users, control of the
number of ‘dipping fronts” or compaction of waste. In an examination of landfills throughout the
developing world in 1997-1998, Johannessen (1999) found varying amounts of planning and
engineering in MSW dumping; among the various regions visited, African nations (with the
exception of South Africa) had the fewest engineered landfills, with most nations practicing open
dumping for waste disposal.

2.5 FINANCIAL RESOURCES FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Developing countries have solid waste management problems different than those found in fully
industrialized countries; indeed, the very composition of their waste is different than that of
developed’ nations. Although low-income countries’ solid waste generation rates average only
0.4 to 0.6 kg/person/day, as opposed to 0.7 to 1.8 kg/person/day in fully industrialized countries,
Cointreau (1982) and others (Blight and Mbande 1996, Arlosoroff 1982) noted several common
differences in the composition of solid waste in developing nations. In most developing countries
local governments have the primary responsibility to provide solid waste management services.
Local governments must rely on a variety of financial resources to fund the services. In most
cases, different resources are used to finance capital investments than to finance operating and
maintenance costs (Cointreau, 1982). Furthermore, a mixture of resources may be used for
financing of the various components of a waste management system (i.e., collection, transfer,
resource recovery, and final disposition).

General municipal revenue, raised by means of municipal taxes which are normally assessed on
the size or value of the property being served, is the usual source of funds for the operation of
solid waste management services (Cointreau, 1982). The central government generally finances
 17

MSWM and other municipal activities through taxes collected by the Treasury. Even municipal
property taxes and direct taxes on household refuse collection flow to the coffers of the central
government. These funds are then allocated across the different central government ministries
and to the municipalities. MSWM is then funded by allocations from the responsible ministry for
capital projects and special projects (such as public education) and by municipal allocations for
operation and maintenance.

Before one can examine individual problems in MSW management, it is important to understand
the institional and economic framework in which governments must frequently work in
developing countries. Municipal authorities spend up to 50% of their revenues on waste-related
issues. With increased urbanization, demand for services will undoubtedly increase. Municipal
tax and fee revenues, however, are not likely to rise as quickly as the population. This is due to
the fact that of the people moving to the city, the majorities are likely to be poor migrants from
rural areas in search of employment, unable to contribute significantly to the revenues of the
municipality. Although they may demand marginally less services due to their lower
consumption, they are likely (at least at first) to congregate in the poorer, more densely settled
areas, exacerbating the health and sanitation problems posed by these often-unplanned
communities.

Meeting the financial demands of MSW management will continue to be a problem in the cities
of developing countries. In areas where residents are assessed fees for waste removal, the rate of
collection can be quite poor (Schiibeler, 1996). Further, fewer, and fewer people will be willing
to pay in the face of poor or declining service. Many municipalities may not even be aware of the
degree to which revenues are collected, or the true costs of their entire MSW operations. The
problems are compounded when revenues from MSW collection are simply rolled into the
general treasury, as opposed to returning to waste-related operations. Many municipalities have
turned to privatization as a potential solution; certainly, the financial picture is cleared somewhat
when the entire system is turned over to outside contractors. However, local governments will
still be held to account if service declines.
 18

Solid waste management services are generally a low-priority item in government budget
allocations, thus the financial base for these activities is weak. This is particularly true of local
governments who are the real overseers of solid waste management programs. To make up for
deficiencies in the budget allocations, municipalities have tended to switch from collective
municipal garbage disposal to outsourcing contracted services. However, in developing
countries, there is a wide disparity in the ability of residents to pay user fees for garbage
collection, and as a result the municipal fiscal situation has often hardly improved. This poses a
challenge for those involved in trying to establish sustainable waste management systems
(Zerbock, 2003).

The development of responsible and responsive local government is thus dependent on local
government having at least some degree of freedom with respect to local revenues, including the
freedom to make mistakes and be held accountable for them(Cointreau 1982). This means that
local government must have control over the rates of some significant revenue source if they are
to be fiscally responsible and able to innovate as to the way they finance basic services.

Financial management is an enduring problem for local authorities of all sizes. Not only is this
problem related to the failure to account for all the revenue received from the central government
on the one hand and the rates phy6rs on the other, but they are often unable to efficiently collect
all revenues that are due to them (Zerbrock, 2003). Depending on the size of the local authority
and the* number of people to whom it renders services, a large proportion of the money
generated by local authorities comes from the provision of water services, licensing fees and
issuance of permits for developments of land (UN-HABITAT, 2010). Other opportunities for
generating revenue such as the collection of rates on agricultural produce or from the fees from
natural reserves and game parks are available to select local authorities because these are
dependent on the resource endowments of the regions in which they are situated(United Nations
Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT, 2010). Under this system, MSWM is just one
of many ministerial and municipal responsibilities. Funding for MSWM reflects the priorities of
the responsible ministry and of the municipal council. It does not accommodate the actual budget
required for the MSWM program, projects, and operations.
 19

2.6 COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Community-based urban waste management involves neighborhood communities, households,
commodity-based organizations and small, informal enterprises engaged in collection and
disposal, re-use and recycling of waste materials. Women and men, girls and boys are involved
in different waste- related activities, partly because of cultural

Traditions and conventions, partly because of practical interests, such as earning income and
maintaining a healthy living environment and partly because of the wish to gain recognition as a
worthy community member. Such waste activities range from managing the resources within the
household or family to the more formal municipal activities of collection. They include disposal,
re-use and recycling; as well comprising community decision making and management and the
ways in which individuals, communities and governments arrange and negotiate the diverse
interests of the public and private sectors (Kreith, 1994).

Recent research on urban solid waste management in developing countries shows that
community participation in waste management yields several benefits, including health and
social benefits such as: proper disposal of waste in special bins outside the homes; reduction in
the quantity of refuse dumped in rivers, on streets or burned; and reduction of odor generated
from uncontrolled dumping of refuse in the neighborhood. Other benefits include empowerment
of residents for active participation in municipal affairs, noticeable decline in childhood diseases,
increased use of toilets and public lavatories, and a drop in the number of children begging near
of dump sites.
Community participation in urban waste disposal means involving key institutional actors in the
process, such as district committees, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), local authorities
and market women associations. Others are traditional rulers, district heads, religious leaders,
teachers, politicians, and youths.

Syagga (1992) supports the involvement of the community sector as an effective way of
increasing access of the poor to urban services, including waste management. Indeed Karanja
(2005) led credence to this, when he observed that in Nairobi, organizations in the community
sector, such as charitable organizations, ethnic associations, professional "support" NGOs,
 20

welfare societies, village committees, self-help groups, and security committees are already
providing many of these services. Zerbock (2003) further supports this; any potential change to
the waste disposal framework must take into account the urban poor, many of whom dependent
on waste scavenging for their entire subsistence.

2.7 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICIES

A major problem and development constraint in developing countries is the lack of overall plans
for solid waste management at the local and national levels (Ogawa, 1995). Solid waste
management in developing countries has received less attention from institional makers and
academics than that paid to other urban environmental problems, such as air pollution and
wastewater treatment. Nevertheless, the improper handling and disposal of solid wastes
constitutes a serious problem: it contributes to the high morbidity and mortality rates in many
Third World cities.

The management of solid waste is dealt with under several laws, By-laws, regulations, and Acts
of parliament, as well as institional documents. In Somalia there is no statute or national
institional or organization established to regulate the management of solid waste. The policies,
laws and organizations relevant to solid waste exist under different statutes including the
Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act 1999, the Local Authorities Act Cap 265 and
the Water Act and the Physical planning Act among others.

The Acts however neither set the standards for the service nor require waste reduction or
recycling. In addition to this the Acts do not classify the waste into municipal, industrial and
hazardous types or allocate responsibility over each type (UNEP, 2009).
Though municipal authorities have held the responsibility of managing solid waste from their
inception over three centuries ago, the issue seldom got the attention it deserved. Elected
representatives as well as the municipal authorities generally relegate the responsibility of
managing municipal solid waste (MSW) to junior officials such as sanitary inspectors. Systems
and practices continue to be outdated and inefficient (UNHABITAT, 2010). No serious efforts
are made to adapt latest methods and technologies of waste management, treatment and disposal.
 21

Though a large portion of the municipal budget is allotted for solid waste management, most of it
is spent on the wages of sanitation workers whose productivity is very low. There are no clear
plans to enhance their efficiency or improve working conditions through the provision of modem
equipment and protective gear. Unionization of the workers, politicization of labour unions and
the consequent indiscipline among the workforce are all results of bad working conditions and
inept handling of lab our issues (UN-HABITAT, 2010).
It’s commendable that considerable progress has been made with respect to the institional and
legal/regulatory framework for SWM over the last few years. Thus, EMCA 1999 allocates
considerable property rights as far as various aspects of environment management are concerned.
However, comprehensive legislation which fills in the gap of important regulatory functions and
is enforceable is required for sustainable development of SWM systems (Gombya et al, 2006).
 22

2.8 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Independent variable

Financial resource in SWM

 Mode of solid waste
management financing.
 Sustainability of the mode of
solid waste management
financing.

Technology in SWM
 Types and components of solid
waste generation Dependent variable
 Collection, transportation, and
disposal of solid waste.
 Final disposal of waste. SWM Effectiveness
 Integration of the solid
waste management
principles
SWM policies
Community participation
 Regulatory and economics
instrument for SWM  Awareness of public of solid
 Shortfall of the SWM institional. waste management policies.
 Role of CBOs in SWM
 23

2.9 LITERATURE GAPS

The facts and literature on the factors that influencing effective solid waste management are
substantial but not exhaustive. There is a corpus of information on the many factors of study, but
they have not been fully addressed in relation to solid waste management in Mogadishu. This
literature has not been thoroughly published and has not been shifted from grey literature into
peer journals. While research and evaluation will assist to define what comprises the best
practices in solid waste management, using current program experience can help advance
towards establishing a more substantive body of knowledge and, eventually, proof of effective
program practice. The most crucial issue in this review is that financial resources have a
significant impact in solid waste management. The vertical imbalance, on the other hand,
generates serious financial challenges for local government, which is aggravated by the rising
decline in central government payments along with the absence of assignment of new income
sources and limited authority to alter the existing sources.

Second, while technology is important in solid waste management, there is a gap in which there
are solid waste management practices that emphasize collection, transportation, and final
disposal with variations in planning, development, and operations in the choice of solid waste
management systems used in developing countries with little recycling and reuse. Third, public
participation is critical to good solid waste management; however, the importance of
community-based groups in solid trash collection, as well as their shortcomings in garbage
collection, has not been well discussed in the literature analysis. As a result of this gap, the
majority of stakeholders are ignorant of their responsibilities in the solid waste management
industry.

Finally, solid waste management policies are critical for efficient solid waste management; yet
there are institional gaps in which most local governments' service delivery is impacted by
 24

central government legislations over which they have little authority. Furthermore, most solid
waste management rules, particularly in developing countries, lack measures to promote solid
waste recovery and recycling businesses, as well as a lack of coordinated efforts in enforcing
current solid waste management policies. Finally, this demonstrates the absence of integration
and coordination of solid waste management techniques, which results in ineffective and
unsustainable solid waste management procedures. This tends to indicate the fact that there
appears to be a gap in research and documentation of good solid waste management, with
emphasis placed on the study's major factors of investigation.

2.10 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE

This chapter will be evaluated. The literature on the study's various subjects. These include
financial resources, technological factors, solid waste management policies, and community
participation in solid waste management. Mogadishu, Somalia's capital, has a major solid waste
management problem. The city's urban settlements are characterized by deteriorating garbage
disposal issues that municipal officials are unable to address. A review of the literature on the
variables impacting good solid waste management in the city reveals that no major research has
been conducted on the issue, and the necessity to explore the problem has inspired me to conduct
this research.
 25

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter the strategies and procedures that will be used to resolve the research challenge
are discussed. It describes the research design, target population, sampling, sample procedure,
research instruments, research procedure, data analysis, ethical issues that will be used in the
study.

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN

Descriptive research design will be used to explore the correlation between the dependent and
the independent variables and to collect any relation between these variables. This type of
research design selected for this study is denominated descriptive research. This descriptive
design is often used to investigate "what is" by combining quantitative and qualitative research
methodologies Descriptive studies employ observational and survey methods to collect
descriptive data (Pereira & Gheisari, 2017). This method is suitable for the study because it help
the collection of a large amount of data from a sizable population.

3.3 TARGET POPULATION

This study will be carried out at Howlwadaag. Howlwadaag is located in the heart of Mogadishu,
encompassing an area of 3 kilometers square. Ifi waste management households, according to
2022; Howlwadaag (Ahmed Gurey) has a total of 700 households. Howlwadaag district is
divided into four divisions namely; Haawo Taako, Ahmed gurey, Sakawudeen, and Sayidka. Our
study will be a base on Ahmed Gurey because of limited time and security.
Table 3.3 householders of Howlwadaag
Categories Frequency
 26

Saqaawudiin 1700
Haawo Taako 1600
Sayidka 1070
Ahmed gurey 700
Total 5063
Source: Primary Data (2022)

3.4 SAMPLE SIZE

Sampling is collecting a group of people and asking them the same questions about their
qualities, lifestyle, and attitudes. It also entails gathering pertinent information (O Leary, 2004).
The sample size will be calculated by using the formula:
Table3. 1 Krejcie and Morgan
 27

As a result, the sample size will be 248 households, but owing to limited resources and time, and
security the researcher will choose a sample size of 248, which is 100% of the sample size.

Table3. 2Study Respondents.

Respondents Category Number in Each Category Percentage

Heads the Household 248 100%

Key Informants 8 100%
 28

Total 248 100%

Source: Primary data 2022
The sample for this study will include 248 people, 240 of whom will be household heads from
the greater Howlwadaag district, and 8 key informants will be chosen at random. This is the
greatest choice for the research because it is representative of the entire population Howlwadaag.
The sample for this study will be chosen using the cluster sampling technique. This technique
refers to a type of sampling in which the population is split into relatively small groups (clusters)
and parts of the clusters are chosen at random as the sample. The members of the different
subgroups will thereafter study together. This strategy ensures that all individuals of the
population have an equal probability of being chosen for the research.
The whole Howlwadaag district is separated into four zones, The researcher will pick
respondents (household heads) from each of these zones using a simple random sample
procedure based on the houses that will be visited, such that the total number of respondents is
150. Tables indicate how the researcher will sample respondents based on their position in the
zones. The researcher prefers this sample strategy because he will employ zones rather than
individual members because a factual sampling frame cannot be built. This is because the
population under investigation is so vast and distributed. This is because the population under
investigation is vast and spread out across a broad geographical area. Another reason for
choosing this method is for pragmatic factors such as the resources and time required for the
investigation.

Table3. 3Sampling of Key Informants

Key informants in the study Number of Samples

Local Private Waste Companies 3

Businesses 4

Other authorized persons with the knowledge about the 1

study
Total Number of Key Informants 8

Source: Primary Data (2022)

 29

The researcher will purposefully choose the following persons to serve as key informants in the
study: businesses and firms, other authorized persons with the knowledge about the
Study and ultimately private waste collection companies in Mogadishu. The primary reason for
picking these individuals is for methodological reasons.

3.5 SAMPLE PROCEDURE

This study will be used probability sampling method, because of finite and registered population.
The procedure selected in this study will be simple random sampling method, because Simple
random sampling is a sampling technique where every item in the population has an equal
chance of being selected in the sample Sampling method is one of the important factors which
determines the correctness of survey results (Samaddar et al, nd 2020).

3.6 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS.

The researcher obtained data from the field using the following important instruments.
3.6.1 Questionnaires
These will be inter-relating questions designed by the researcher and given to the respondent’s in
order to fill in the data and information. Here, self-administered questionnaires are employed,
containing both are close questions. This is intended to reduce the cost of movement and also
because the researcher will be dealing with literate people who have the capacity to fill out the
form.
3.6.2 Interview guide
There will be an interview guide with a predetermined list of open-ended questions.
The instrument will be used during the interview to allow the researcher to cover the variables
under research. The researcher then will be exam IFI WASTE MANAGEMENT using questions
to elicit answers.

3.7 RESEARCH PROCEDURE

The study's data gathering methodologies will involve questionnaire forms, face-to-face
interviews, and taking notes from a document reviews. Protocol may be observed in all data
collection techniques.
 30

3.8 DATA ANALYSIS

This section concerns data processing. The data will be acquired by descriptive analysis. Data
from the study area will be gathered, edited, processed, and computed. A questionnaire and an
interview will be used to collect data, and an A-4 point liker scale will be used to measure the
output of each item response by the respondent. The SPSS statistical computer application will
be used to tabulate the data.

3.9 ETHICAL ISSUES

Respondents will be notified that participation is entirely voluntary, allowing them to make an
educated decision about whether or not to participate. In addition, the researcher sends an
introductory note. Protecting respondents through data confidentiality also reduces ties between
replies and identifiers, preventing respondents from getting into problems. Furthermore, the
researcher avoids making based on ethnicity statements that are not gender sensitive.
 31

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION

4.0 Introduction
This chapter analyses the data collected from the solid waste management, the study conducted
in the Howlwadaag District through questionnaire survey, interviews and field observations.
Data was collected on the following issues:

1. Technical in Solid Waste Management

2. Sources of Finance for Solid Waste Management
3. Community Participation on Solid Waste Management
4. Effect of Policies on Solid Waste Management

4.1 Response Rate

The frequency table 4.1 below provides an explanation of the response profile of the sample
population utilized for this investigation. 240 of the 248 respondents that were identified for the
survey responded. This indicated a response rate of 100%, which is a recognized value for a
geoscience and environment study. Eight of the key informants who were identified by the
respondents for the interviews replied and agreed to be interviewed. This comprised the entire
sample in its entirety. Second, 240 of the questionnaires that the families returned were deemed
full and usable, accounting for 100% of the response rate.

Table4. 1 shows the study respondents' response rates.

Respondent Category Number of each category Response Percentage

Rate
Household respondents 240 240 100%
Key Informants 8 8 100%
total Number of respondents 248 248 100%
SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA 2022
According to the findings in Table 4.1, all 248 respondents who participated in the study
provided positive feedback, giving a response rate of 100%, which is a very good response rate
 32

in the opinion of Mugenda and Mugenda. This suggested that the vast majority of respondents
took part in the research. The total number of respondents used to describe the variable in the
conceptual framework was therefore 248 respondents who had completed and returned the
questionnaires, together with the eight (8) key informants interviewed.

4.2. Demographic Data

4.2.1 Characteristics of the Respondents' Demographics
Figure 4. 1 shows the gender of the respondents

Source: Primary Data (2022)

Figure 4.1 shows that the majority of respondents, or 54% of the total, were male, whereas the
majority of respondents 46% were female. This suggested that there were more male respondents
than female respondents who actively participated in the study.
 33

Figure 4. 2 shows the age of the respondents

Source; Primary Data (2022)

Figure 4.2 from the research shows that respondents under the age of 25 made up 48.4% of the
sample, followed by those between the ages of 25-34 average about 18.5%, 35-45, 15.% and
those over 45 years 17.3% According to the preceding figure above, which indicated a majority
of under the age of 25.
 34

Figure 4. 3 shows the marital status of the respondents

Source; Primary Data (2022)

The research's findings show that 50.8% of respondents said that they were married, followed by
49.2% of the respondents in figure 4.3 regarding marital status. This suggests that married
participants in the research were almost similar.
Figure 4. 4 shows the level of education of the respondents the study
 35

Source; Primary Data (2022)

According to the research findings in figure 4.4 regarding the level of education of respondents,
Results showed that those who had attained the certificate were 37.5% and for those who had
attained diplomas were 10% whereas degree holders were 25.8%, master’s degree were 8.1%
and lastly none educated accounted for 17.7%. This implies that certificate respondents who
were among those who took part in the study were more than any other Certificate that
participated in the study.

Figure 4. 5 Shows the periods stay in Mogadishu Somalia

Source; Primary Data (2022)

According to figure 4.5, it was found out that the biggest percentage of the respondents
represented by 61.7% were found to have stayed in Mogadishu Somalia for over 9 years whereas
these were followed by 14.9% of the respondents who had stayed in Mogadishu Somalia for
years between 4-6 years, and 10% of the respondents revealed that they had stayed in Mogadishu
Somalia for years between 7-9, and lastly 12.5% of the respondents said they had stayed in
 36

Mogadishu Somalia for between 0-3 years. This implying that the biggest percentage had leaved
in Mogadishu Somalia and had settled with their families.

4.3 section b: Factors influencing effective solid waste management

4.3.1 Technical factors
First question of objective one; the training and skills required for the collection, transport, and
disposal of wastes are possessed by all those participating in SWM.

Table4. 2

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Strongly 157 63.3 65.4 65.4
Agree.
Agree 32 12.9 13.3 78.8
Neutral 16 6.5 6.7 85.4
disagree 27 10.9 11.3 96.7
strongly 8 3.2 3.3 100.0
disagree
Total 240 100.0 100.0

Source: Primary Data (2022)

According to the above Table 4.2.1.1 presented that the level of the technical factor.
First question of objective one; The training and skills required for the collection, transport, and
disposal of wastes are possessed by all those participating in SWM, was recorded by Strongly
Agree average 63.3% and Agree recorded 12.9% while was Neutral 6.5%, forth disagree were
recorded 10.9%, and the final was strongly disagree 3.2%. So this factor indicates the majority of
the community of Howlwadaag strongly agree 63.3% that need the one participates solid waste
management required training and skills, while other hand of the society 3.2% denied that don’t
need a training and skills, and everyone can participate the solid waste management.

Second question of objective one; the company has the equipment and tools required for waste
transport, and no litter is dropped by passing cars in the town.
 37

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid strongly 65 26.2 27.1 27.1
agree
agree 41 16.5 17.1 44.2
Neutral 20 8.1 8.3 52.5
disagree 72 29.0 30.0 82.5
strongly 42 16.9 17.5 100.0
disagree
Total 240 100.0 100.0
Table4. 3
Source: Primary Data (2022)
According to the above Table 4.2.1.2 presented that the level of the technical factor.
Second question of objective one; the company has the equipment and tools required for waste
transport, and no litter is dropped by passing cars in the town. , was recorded by Strongly Agree
average 26.2%, Followed by that respondents agree 16.5%, and third Neutral recorded 8.1%, and
while other hand 29.0% disagree, and the final showed by 16.9 by strongly disagree. This
statements indicates that majority of the community 29.0% believes the companies collect solid
waste don’t have the equipment designed for waste collection, and truck waste or truck garbage
because they usually use normal trucks like the construction truck to transport the waste to
disposal site during the transportation they drop some waste on the streets. And some households
26.2%, believes they don’t drop any waste during the transportation.

Third question of objective one ; the company is experienced and knowledgeable enough to
manage and supervise the dump sites.
Table4. 4

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Strongly 49 19.8 20.4 20.4
 38

Agree
Agree 34 13.7 14.2 34.6
Neutral 33 13.3 13.8 48.3
Disagree 43 17.3 17.9 66.3
Strongly 81 32.7 33.8 100.0
Disagree
Total 240 100.0 100.0

Source: Primary Data (2022)

According to the above Table 4.2.1.3 presented that the level of the technical factor.

Third question of objective one; the company is experienced and knowledgeable enough to
manage and supervise the dump sites. Was recorded by Strongly Agree average 19.8%, %,
Followed by that respondents agree 13.7%, and third Neutral recorded 13.3%, and while other
hand recorded 17.3%, and finally recorded by 32.7% Strongly Disagree. This statements
indicates that majority of the community believes 32.7% strongly Disagree, because the landfill
needs to manage and supervise the dump sites but companies working in Mogadishu don’t have
experienced and knowledgeable enough to manage and supervise the dump sites. While the
others believe 19.8%, the company is experienced and knowledgeable enough to manage and
supervise the dump sites.

Forth question of objective one; Waste management companies give their employees the
necessary training.

Table4. 5

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Strongly 65 26.2 27.1 27.1
Agree.
Agree. 60 24.2 25.0 52.1
Neutral 39 15.7 16.3 68.3
disagree 35 14.1 14.6 82.9
Strongly 41 16.5 17.1 100.0
disagree.
 39

Total 240 100.0 100.0

Source: Primary Data (2022)
According to the above table 4.2.1.4 presented that the level of the technical factor.
Forth question of objective one ; Waste management companies give their employees the necessary
training. Was recorded by Strongly Agree average 26.2%, %, Followed by that respondents agree
24.2%, and third Neutral recorded 15.7%, %, and while other hand recorded 14.1% disagree, and
finally recorded by 16.5%. This statements indicates that majority of the community believes
26.2% strongly Disagree, that Waste management companies give their employees the necessary
training. While the others believe 16.5% Waste management companies don’t give their
employees the necessary training.

4.3.2 Financial factors

First question of objective two; the improving of good sanitation through collecting funds for
each household
Table4. 6 the improving of good sanitation

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Strongly 164 66.1 68.3 68.3
Agree
Agree 63 25.4 26.3 94.6
Neutral 13 5.2 5.4 100.0
Total 240 100.0 100.0
Table4. 7

Source: Primary Data (2022)

According to the above Table 4.3.2.1 presented that the level of the financial factor.
First question of objective two; the improving of good sanitation through collecting funds for each
household. Was recorded by Strongly Agree average 66.1%, Followed by that respondents agree
25.4%, and finally recorded by 5.2%. This statement indicates that majority of the community
believes 66.1% Strongly Agree. While other hand 25.4%, the finally recorded 5.2% Neutral.
 40

Second question of objective two; Government should invest inside or establish organizations to
grow in sanitation.

Table4. 8 establish organizations to grow in sanitation.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Strongly 109 44.0 45.4 45.4
Agree
Agree 119 48.0 49.6 95.0
Neutral 12 4.8 5.0 100.0
Total 240 100 100.0

Source: Primary Data (2022)

According to the above table 4.3.2.2 presented that the level of the financial factor.
Second question of objective two; Government should invest inside or establish organizations to
grow in sanitation. Was recorded by Strongly Agree 44%, %, Followed by that respondents agree
48.0%, and finally recorded by 4.8%. This statements indicates that majority of the community
believes 48.0% Agree. While other hand believes 44% strongly agree.

Third question of objective two; Financial investment by the public and private sectors in
environmentally friendly garbage disposal methods.

Table4. 9

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Strongly 144 58.1 60.0 60.0
Agree
Agree 51 20.6 21.3 81.3
Neutral 13 5.2 5.4 86.7
Disagree 16 6.5 6.7 93.3
Strongly 16 6.5 6.7 100.0
Disagree
 41

Total 240 100 100.0

Financial investment by the public and private sectors in environmentally friendly garbage
disposal methods. . Was recorded by Strongly Agree 58.1%, Followed by that respondents agree
20.6%, while other hand Neutral recorded 5.2%, and forth disagree recorded 6.5%, and finally
recorded by 6.5%. This statement indicates that majority of the community believes 58.1%,
strongly Agree. While other hand believes 20.6% agree.
Forth question of objective two; there are none - governmental organizations that receive
support for waste collection throughout the municipality.

Table4. 10

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Strongly 43 17.3 17.9 17.9
Agree
Agree 20 8.1 8.3 26.3
Neutral 22 8.9 9.2 35.4
Disagree 32 12.9 13.3 48.8
Strongly 123 49.6 51.3 100.0
Disagree
Total 240 100 100.0

Source: Primary Data (2022)

According to the above table 4.3.2.4 presented that the level of the financial factor.

Forth question of objective two; there are none - governmental organizations that receive support
for waste collection throughout the municipality. Was recorded by Strongly Agree 17.3%,
Followed by that respondents agree 8.1%, while other hand Neutral recorded 8.9%, and forth
disagree recorded 12.9%, and finally recorded by 49.6%. This statements indicates that majority
of the community believes 49.6%, strongly disagree. While other hand believes strongly Agree
17.3%.

4.3.3 Community Participation factors

First question of objective three; People who benefit treat waste workers with respect.
 42

Table4. 11

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Strongly 132 53.2 55.0 55.0
Agree.
Agree. 49 19.8 20.4 75.4
Neutral 19 7.7 7.9 83.3
Disagree 26 10.5 10.8 94.2
Strongly 14 5.6 5.8 100.0
Disagree.
Total 240 100.0 100.0

Source: Primary Data (2022)

According to the above table 4.3.2.1 presented that the level of the Community Participation
factors First question of objective two; People who benefit treat waste workers with respect. Was
recorded by Strongly Agree average 53.2%, Followed by that respondents agree 19.8%, and third
Neutral recorded 7.7%, and while other hand recorded 10.5% disagree, and finally recorded by
5.6%. This statement indicates that majority of the community 53.2%, believes Strongly Agree
average 53.2%, that; People who benefit treat waste workers with respect. While the others
believe 5.6% People who benefit treat waste workers with no respect.

Second question of objective two;

the company is running efforts to promote public awareness of
environmental, waste management, and general health issues.
Table4. 12

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Strongly 56 22.6 23.3 23.3
Agree
Agree 45 18.1 18.8 42.1
Neutral 20 8.1 8.3 50.4
Disagree 34 13.7 14.2 64.6
Strongly 85 34.3 35.4 100.0
Disagree
 43

Total 240 100.0 100.0

Source: Primary Data (2022)

According to the above table 4.3.2.3 presented that the level of the Community Participation
factors.
Second question of objective two; the company is running efforts to promote public awareness of
environmental, waste management, and general health issues. Was recorded by Strongly Agree
22.6%, %, Followed by that respondents agree 18.1%, and third Neutral recorded 8.1% and while
other hand recorded 13.7% disagree, and finally strongly agree recorded by 34.3%. This
statements indicates that majority of the community believes 34.3% strongly Disagree, that the
company is running efforts to promote public awareness of environmental, waste management,
and general health issues.
While the others believe 22.6% that Strongly Agree the company is running efforts to promote
public awareness of environmental, waste management, and general health issues,

Third question of objective two; It is illegal to throw waste into drains, open areas, water bodies,
etc.

Table4. 13

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Strongly 198 79.8 82.5 82.5
Agree
Agree 42 16.9 17.5 100.0
Total 240 100.0 100.0

Source: Primary Data (2022)

According to the above table 4.3.2.3 presented that the level of the Community Participation
factors.
Third question of objective two; It is illegal to throw waste into drains, open areas, water bodies,
etc.
 44

Was recorded by Strongly Agree 79.8%, Followed by that respondents agree 16.9%. This
statements indicates that majority of the community believes 79.8%, strongly agree, Followed by
that respondents agree 16.9%.

4.3.4 Institional factors

First question of objective four; there are enough laws and regulations that support effective
SWM.

Table4. 14

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Strongly 42 16.9 17.5 17.5
Agree
Agree 40 16.1 16.7 34.2
Neutral 45 18.1 18.8 52.9
Disagree 27 10.9 11.3 64.2
Strongly 86 34.7 35.8 100.0
Disagree
Total 240 100 100.0

Source: Primary Data (2022)

According to the above Table 4.4.4.1 presented that the level of the Institional factors.
First question of objective four; there are enough laws and regulations that support effective
SWM. Was recorded by Strongly Agree 16.9%, Followed by that respondents agree 16.1%. And
third Neutral recorded 18.1%, and while other hand recorded 10.9% disagree, and finally
strongly disagree recorded by 34.7%. This statement indicates that majority of the community
believes 34.7%. While the others believe 16.9% strongly agree.

Second question of objective four; the municipality lacks institutional authorities and sanitary
regulations.
 45

Table4. 15

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid strongly 93 37.5 38.8 38.8
agree
agree 57 23.0 23.8 62.5
Neutral 25 10.1 10.4 72.9
disagree 37 14.9 15.4 88.3
strongly 28 11.3 11.7 100.0
disagree
Total 240 100 100.0
Source: Primary Data (2022)
According to the above Table 4.4.4.2 presented that the level of the Institional factors.
Second question of objective four; the municipality lacks institutional authorities and sanitary
regulations. Was recorded by Strongly Agree 37.5%, Followed by that respondent 23%. And third
Neutral recorded 10.1%, and while other hand recorded 14.9% disagree, and finally strongly
disagree recorded by 11.3%. This statement indicates that majority of the community believes
strongly agree 37.5%, While the others believe 14.9% disagree.

Third question of objective four; the community's residents only have a minimal level of
awareness about waste management.

Table4. 16

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Strongly 100 40.3 41.7 41.7
Agree
Agree 54 21.8 22.5 64.2
Neutral 16 6.5 6.7 70.8
Disagree 32 12.9 13.3 84.2
Strongly 38 15.3 15.8 100.0
Disagree
Total 240 96.8 100.0
 46

Source: Primary Data (2022)

According to the above Table 4.4.4.3 presented that the level of the Institional factors.
Second question of objective four; the municipality lacks institutional authorities and sanitary
regulations. Was recorded by Strongly Agree 40.3%, Followed by that respondent 21.8%. And
third Neutral recorded 6.5%, and while other hand recorded 12.9% disagree, and finally strongly
disagree recorded by 15.3%. This statement indicates that majority of the community believes
strongly agree 40.3%, %, While the others believe 15.3% strongly disagree.

Forth question of objective four; SWM is given high priority by then administration.

Table4. 17

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid strongly 52 21.0 21.7 21.7
agree
agree 22 8.9 9.2 30.8
no 15 6.0 6.3 37.1
comment
disagree 28 11.3 11.7 48.8
strongly 123 49.6 51.3 100.0
disagree
Total 240 100.0 100.0

Source: Primary Data (2022)

According to the above Table 4.4.4.4 presented that the level of the Institional factors.
Second question of objective four; the municipality lacks institutional authorities and sanitary
regulations. Was recorded by Strongly Agree 21.0%, Followed by that respondents 8.9%. And third
Neutral recorded 6.0%, and while other hand recorded 12.9% disagree, and finally strongly
 47

disagree recorded by 49.6%. This statements indicates that majority of the community believes
strongly disagree 49.6%, While the others believe 21.0% strongly agree strongly disagree.

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents summaries of the study objectives, conclusions based on the findings and
recommendations which are based on both the study findings and the researcher’s points of view
considered necessary and viral to be used in the future to improve the situation and finality,
recommendations for further summary.

5.1 SUMMARY AND DISCUSSIONS OF THE FINDINGS

This section is a summary of major findings of the study and relates to the findings of previous
research studies when it possible and will discuss each findings more on the next section. The
purpose of this study was to identify the relation between influencing factors and the efficiency
of solid waste management. However, this study's primary objectives are to determine the
technical factors, to determine the financial resources for Solid waste management in
Howlwadaaag. To determine the institional factors for Solid waste management in
Howlwadaaag.
 48

5.1.1 Factors that influence the effective of solid waste management

5.1.1.1 Technical factors
The first concern of this study was to establish of technical factors for SWM in Howlwadaag
district. Technical factors were measured from knowledge of waste collection, knowledge of
waste transfer and knowledge of waste disposal. Technical condition was measured with
indicators like the company has the equipment and tools required for waste transport, and no
litter is dropped by passing cars in the town. Table 4.2.1.2. The survey result indicated that the
status of technical condition for SWM in Howlwadaag is low. This was observed from the
analysis where 63 per cent of the respondents rated good and agreed the training and skills
required for the collection, transport, and disposal of wastes are possessed by all those
participating in SWM. The findings demonstrated that there is poor storage, transportation
vessels and disposal equipment’s. SWM of municipality of Hamar are very poor the technical
aspects differences in the planning, development, and operations due to poor skills.

5.1.1.2 Financial Resources

The second research question was to determine the financial resources for Solid waste
management in Howlwadaag district. To accomplish this research question, several possible
indicators about the financial resources with reference to financial cost and operating cost,
management of funds, and cost recovery where asked the respondents. The survey result indicated
that the status of financial resources of solid waste management in Howlwadaag is agree with about
74.1%. Firstly, 66.1 per cent of the respondents agreed and rated good that the improving of good
sanitation through collecting funds for each household. A study that was done by Muche (2016)
discovered the status of financial conditions at the SWM in Addis Ababa is poor because of lack of
financial resources. Furthermore, If a system is to be fully sustainable it is very important that
long term financial costs as well as short term operating costs are taken into account (Coffey&
Coad, 2010). Financial aspects for Solid waste Management concern budgeting, cost accounting,
capital investment, cost reduction, and cost recovery (Schübeler, 1996). Therefore, adequate
budgeting, cost accounting, financial monitoring and financial evaluation are very important to
the effectiveness of the management of solid waste systems (Schubeler, 1996).
 49

5.1.1.3 Community engagement factors

The third research question was In order to determine whether communities in the Howlwadaag
district are involved in SWM, the researcher first asked about the social situation of those who would
benefit from waste management. Respondents were asked to respond to a number of statements
regarding these indicators, and the results show that while only 34.3 percent of respondents in
Gabiley city were actually engaged in SWM, 53.2% of respondents believed that the communities
were not engaging in SWM. as depicted in. The results of the municipality's key informants indicated
that community involvement is good, and the municipality also noted that because of the community,
we frequently need truck maintenance. This is because the community doesn't separate its solid
waste, so instead of recycling it, people only throw it away because they don't know any better.).

5.1.1.4 Institutional Factors

The status of the institutional aspects for SWM in Hoolwadaag was also defined by this study. The
majority of respondents (69.1 %) gave the institutional status a poor rating, while only 2.6 % gave it
a good rating. This implies that the institutional aspects of the SWM unit in the Mogadishu
municipality are in unsatisfactory condition. The descriptive analysis provided to support this
position much more. The study concluded that one of the significant factor facing SWM in
Mogadishu municipality, particularly in Hoolwadaag district, is the poor status of institutional
factors.

5.2 DISCUSSION
In this study most of the objectives agree with the literature review but there were minor
deviations from the expected results. Firstly, when looking at the influence of technology in
effective solid waste management. The researcher notes that the lack of recent data on waste
characterization especially in terms of composition was one of the major factors influencing
planning and development of an effective solid waste management system since the municipality
only characterized wastes in terms of quantities thereby discouraging formal recycling efforts.
In terms of the predominant waste collection systems in the city are door-to-door (home
collection), communal collection and waste dumps (no collection) with a majority of household
respondents preferring home collection followed by waste dumps and communal containers or
skips This further indicates that the collection is inadequate with only of wastes being collected.
 50

Additionally, in terms of operations there is no institional for standardization of solid waste

vehicles and equipment used by municipal and this one of the main reasons for frequent
breakdowns and delays in service delivery. Thus, researcher noted that there was irregular and or
lack of routine collection of waste by MCM with the services offered either daily or twice a
week or even at times on a weekly basis and intermittently. This view is shared by
UNHABITAT, 2010 who indicate that in the absence of a regular waste collection service, waste

is dumped in open spaces, on access roads and along water courses.

In regard to final disposal the researcher was able to establish that there one commissioned
dumping site in the city and approximately 75% of wastes from the city are disposed through
open dumping at the disposal sites. Environmental factors were not taken into account throughout the
siting, operating, or planning processes of any of the disposal sites, and the circumstances on the site were
found to be fairly deplorable and inadequate . Additionally, there are no measures or efforts put in place by
the local authority to encourage the adoption of the (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle).
This view was similar to those of johannessen 1999 who found varying amounts of planning and
engineering in MSW dumping among various African nations, with most nations practicing open
dumping for waste disposal.

Secondly when looking at the influence of financial resources in effective solid waste
management the results reveal that there is an almost universal conviction that MCM should
Provide waste collection service without charging directly for it. This point of view was made
clear by survey results from Ahmed Gurey, where 85% of respondents decided against collection
since they had to pay for waste collection. This observation concurred with that of Schubeler,
1996 who indicated that areas where residents are assessed fees for waste removal, the rate of
collection can be quite poor. However other communities within the city are accustomed to
making their own arrangements for waste collection and paying for the service directly. Zerbock
2003 corresponds with the views of the researcher in that there is a wide disparity in the ability
of residents to pay user fees for garbage collection, and as a result the municipal fiscal situation
often hardly improved.
 51

Lack of systematic SWM strategies at the local and national levels is a development barrier in
developing nations. As would be expected of any legislation there are several shortfall in the
both the local and national legislation on SWM. MCM’s service delivery is influenced by the
Central government legislations beyond its control e.g. the Local Government Act, the Public
Health.. This situation denies MCM the liberty to choose its SWM programs. An example is the
1984 Local Government Act which makes it difficult for the MCM to hire and fire its own
employees. Similarly, there are no by-laws to facilitate solid waste recovery enterprises in the
town. This view is similar to observation made by UNEP, 1996 that the Acts neither set the
standards for the service nor require waste reduction or recycling.

These limitations for the MCM have led to understaffing problems with incompetent and
unskilled staff thereby influencing service delivery. Under such conditions, non-compliance has
been common due to lack of awareness and ‘I don't care' attitude. The situation is poor due to
limited human and financial capacity to enforce legislation and an uncoordinated enforcement by
municipal and the Council without clear defined roles and responsibilities. This view is similar to
UNHABITAT, 2010 which observed that unionization of the workers, politicization of labor
unions and the consequent indiscipline among the workforce are all results of bad working
conditions and inept handling of labor issues.

5.3 CONCLUSION
The study investigated the factors influences effective of solid waste management in Mogadishu
by observing in Howlwadaag District. The target population was the community in Howlwadaag.
The researcher concluded according to finding of 248 respondents. The findings show that
technical influences the effectiveness of solid waste management The findings demonstrate that
there are variances in the design, development, and operations of the technological choices made
by MCM, with no official recycling or recovery activities and an insufficient collection rate that
results in no waste being collected. Secondly the results show that the availability of financial
resources influence effective solid waste management The results reveal that there is an almost
universal conviction that MCM should provide waste collection service without charging directly
for it. Thirdly, the results show that community participation influences the effectiveness of solid
waste The findings reveal that 87% of respondents were aware of the environmental issues
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caused by indiscriminate dumping but did not care whether their garbage was illegally disposed
of or transported to a permitted disposal location as long as it was transferred outside of their
immediate neighborhood.

Finally, the findings demonstrate how effective solid waste management is influenced by
policies. However, there are gaps in the law that have resulted in a lack of resources and human
capacity to enforce the law, as well as an uncoordinated enforcement effort by MCM and the
Council without clearly defined roles and responsibilities. In order to raise awareness of the
significance of solid waste management and its contribution to a healthy living environment, it is
vital for the MCM to strengthen community activities and collaborations.

5.4 RECOMMENDATIONS
The following actions are suggested for the effective management of solid waste in MCM based
on the study's findings. These consist of:
1. The following improvements to solid waste management systems (technical) should be
able to be included into the MCM:

a) Storage
The waste storage pits should be deep enough to avoid spillage of waste. The council
should also provide enough storage material and frequent collection of waste. Standard
litter bins should be provided at strategic points not only in the CBD area but also in the
estates. The bins should also be compatible with planned recycling systems.

b) Collection
MCM should ensure frequent and timely collection and proper disposal of waste. In some
cases landlords and caretakers should also help in the collection and disposal. Transfer
stations and skips should be provided in slum areas especially where accessibility is
possible to avoid illegal dumping.
 53

c) Disposal
Waste burning ought to be avoided. Finding a new location for trash disposal is urgently
needed since the Gubadley dumpsite has already run its course. Disposal techniques
should take into account health factors. Furthermore, new transfer stations should be
located as the placement of the current ones poses environmental problems and has
turned them into eyesores in the city.

d) Recycling and Re-use

The majority of the city's waste management procedures have been centered on how to
gather and dispose of garbage at the disposal site. However, there should now be a bigger
focus on methods and strategies that, through diversion and recovery, eliminate or
significantly reduce the need for waste disposal in dumping sites. Reusing and recycling
will save a lot of materials from being disposed of in the end. This requires for:
i. establishing drop-off locations for recyclables
ii. personnel deployment and waste segregation at source training
iii. Provide containers designed for waste separation
2. The MCM should be able consolidate its revenue' and expenditure from solid waste
management so that it can be able to estimate the true costs of their entire SWM
operations and hence become self-financed and be able have sufficient funds to provide
environmentally acceptable level of sundae to the city’s residents.
3. The problem should be solved by the community working together. When the various
communities band together and plan regular cleanup events, much may be accomplished.
The inhabitants can also serve as watchdogs by making financial contributions to support
the event and ensuring that they themselves follow correct garbage disposal techniques.
Given that women handle and dispose of a larger portion of the community's solid waste,
they should be given a significant role.
4. The MCM should make sure that rules are strictly enforced and that administrative
sanctions for minor infractions are swiftly implemented. It is intended that these
suggestions, if implemented by the government, the municipal council of Hamar, and the
people themselves, will aid in resolving the city's challenges with solid waste
management and related concerns.
 54

References
1. There are no Ejaz, N., N. Akhtar, H. Hashmi, and U. Ali Naeem. "Environmental impacts
of improper solid waste management in developing countries: A case study of
Rawalpindi city." The sustainable world 142 (2010): 379-387
2. Choi, Hye Jung. "The Environmental Effectiveness of Solid Waste Management."
Master's thesis, 2016.
3. Maloba, Nelson I. "Factors influencing effective solid waste management: The case of
Municipal Council of Mombasa, Kenya." PhD diss., University of Nairobi, Kenya, 2012.
4. Guerrero, Lilliana Abarca, Ger Maas, and William Hogland. "Solid waste management
challenges for cities in developing countries." Waste management 33, no. 1 (2013): 220-
232.
5. Ali, Nor Eeda Haji, and Ho Chin Siong. "Social factors influencing household solid
waste minimisation." In MATEC Web of Conferences, vol. 66, p. 00048. EDP Sciences,
2016.
6. Sichiweza, Elison. "Participation of households in solid waste management and circular
economy towards sustainability: a case study of Kabwe Town, Central Province of
Zambia." Master's thesis, University of Twente, 2017.
7. Thompson, Richard C., Charles J. Moore, Frederick S. Vom Saal, and Shanna H. Swan.
"Plastics, the environment and human health: current consensus and future
trends." Philosophical transactions of the royal society B: biological sciences 364, no.
1526 (2009): 2153-2166.
8. Nyanza, J. Masakilija. "The impact of improper solid waste management in Kahama
township authority, Kahama district Tanzania." (2010).
9. World Bank. "Project information document (PID)—Concept stage." (2015).
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10. Shegow, Ibrahim Abukar, and Atanga Desmond Funwie. "Impacts of Solid Waste
Management Practices on Environment and Public Health: A Case Study Wadajir District
in Benadir Region of Somalia." Journal homepage: http://www. ijcmas. com 9, no. 7
(2020): 2020.
11. Mohamed Jama, Mahad. "Public officials and waste management in Mogadishu
Somalia." PhD diss., Kampala International University, 2018.
12. Hufane, M. A. "Challenges Facing Solid Waste Management in Borama Town,
Somaliland." (2015).
13. Priyadarshi, Harit, Sarv Priya, Ashish Jain, and Shadab Khursheed. "A Literature Review
on Solid Waste Management: Characteristics, Techniques, Environmental Impacts and
Health Effects in Aligarh City”, Uttar Pradesh, India." In International Congress and
Exhibition" Sustainable Civil Infrastructures”, pp. 79-90. Springer, Cham, 2019.
14. Farah, Mohamed Jama. "Challenges of Solid Waste Management and factors influencing
its effectiveness: A case study in Burao Municipality." (2019).
 56

APPENDECIS i
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR HOUSEHOLDERS IN HOWLWADAAG DISTRICT
MOGADISHU SOLID MANAGEMENT.

This research is being carried out by students as part of the requirements for the Bachelor of
Geoscience and Environment degree at Almaas University. The study's goal is to identify the
factors that influence effective solid waste management in Mogadishu. Your perspectives as a
householder, municipal, worker in a local private Mogadishu solid waste management company
are considered as part of this study. Please complete the questionnaire to the best of your abilities
and return it to the researcher. Any information submitted will be kept absolutely secret and will
not be shared with a third party or used for any other purpose other than the creation of this
academic report for this project.

Section A: Demographic data (Tick in the appropriate box provided)

1. Your age

a) Under 25 b) 25-34 c) 35-45 d) Above 45

2. Gender

b) Male b) Female

3. Marital status

a) Single b) Married

4. For how long have you been in Mogadishu Somalia?

 57

a) 0-3 years b) 4-6 years c) 7-9 years d) over 9 years

5. What is your highest level of education?

a) Certificate b) Diploma c) degree d) Masters e) PHD d) non

Technical factors

Statements 1 2 3 4 5
1. The training and skills required for the collection,
transport, and disposal of wastes are possessed by
all those participating in SWM.

2 The company has the equipment and tools

required for waste transport, and no litter is
dropped by passing cars in the town.

3 The company is experienced and knowledgeable

enough to manage and supervise the dump sites.

4 Waste management companies give their

employees the necessary training.
1= Strongly Agree. 2= Agree, 3= neutral, 4= Disagree, 5= Strongly Disagree

Financial factors
Statements 1 2 3 4 5

1 the improving of good sanitation through

collecting funds for each household

2 Government should invest inside or establish

organizations to grow in sanitation.

3 Financial investment by the public and private

sectors in environmentally friendly garbage
disposal methods

4 There are none - governmental organizations that

receive support for waste collection throughout
the municipality.
 58

1= Strongly Agree. 2= Agree, 3= neutral, 4= Disagree, 5= Strongly Disagree

Community factors
Statements 1 2 3 4 5
1 People who benefit treat waste workers with
respect

2 The company is running efforts to promote public

awareness of
Environmental, waste management, and general
health issues.

3 It is illegal to throw waste into drains, open areas,

water bodies, etc.

1= Strongly Agree. 2= Agree, 3= neutral, 4= Disagree, 5= Strongly Disagree

Institional factors
Statements 1 2 3 4 5
1 There are enough laws and regulations that support
effective SWM.

2 The municipality lacks institutional authorities and

sanitary regulations.

3 The community's residents only have a minimal level

of awareness about waste management.

4 SWM is given high priority by then administration.

1= Strongly Agree. 2= Agree, 3= neutral, 4= Disagree, 5= Strongly Disagree

 59

APPENDECIS ii

QASHIN WAYNE at gubadley

Dumpsite at gubadley
 60

APPENDECIS iii
Research Budget
1 tem Description Unit cost

2 Stationary Papers, pens, printing 15 dollars

3 Personal expenses Transportation and refreshment 45 dollars

4 Total 60 dollars

APPENDECIS iv
 61

Time framework
Year 2022
Months number February March April May June July August

Proposal Writing &

acceptance

First meeting with

supervisor
Read literature review

Finalize chapter two

readings

Draft literature review

Chapter submission to
supervisor

Develop questionnaire

Data collection

Data analysis

Meeting with
supervisor

Writing chapter 4,5

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Submit all chapters

Revise supervisors
instruction

Finalizing and binding

Degree Defense