Submitted By Dangi Ankit L. Yavalkar Sanket S. Guided By Prof. Mrs. R. P.

Labade Facilitator - ETC

And Radar measurement of range, Ranging or distance, is made possible because of the properties of radiated electromagnetic energy: Radio normally travels through space in a This energy straight line, at a constant speed, and will vary only Detection slightly because of atmospheric and weather

conditions. The electromagnetic waves are reflected if they meet an electrically leading surface. If these reflected waves are received again at the place of their origin, then that means an obstacle is in the propagation direction. These principles can basically be implemented in a radar system, and allow the determination of the distance, the direction and the height of the reflecting object.

The electronic principle on which radar operates is very similar to the principle of sound-wave reflection. If you shout in the direction of a sound-reflecting object (like a rocky canyon or cave), you will hear an echo. If you know the speed of sound in air, you can then estimate the distance and general direction of the object. The time required for an echo to return can be roughly converted to distance if the speed of sound is known. Radar uses electromagnetic energy pulses in much the same way, as shown in Fig.

Manpack Radar:
A portable manpack radar can be used for detecting moving targets as people and vehicles. It is designed on th basis of pulse Doppler mode of operation. An X-band radar with a half power bandwidth about 45 deg and gain of 30 dB that weights about 2kg. It is constructed with 16 center-fed franklin type microstrip line standing wave antennas.

Marine Radar:
Microstrip array have been used in low-power radars. An antenna array consisting of 48 (3 x 16) circular patches mounted on a rotating pedestal. The antenna operates in Xband, generating a gain of 22 dB, 6 deg beamwidth in azimuth and 25 deg in elevation.

Secondary Antenna:

Surveillance

Synthetic Aperture Radar:

For remote sensing applications, SAR techniques have been used o determine ground soil grades, vegetation type, ocean wave speed and direction and so on. An SAR consists of two identical microstrip array, separated by a prescribed distance to properly perform the interferometric function. Each array generates a fan-shaped beam in broadside direction

For the purpose of improving the data rate, a cylindrical electronic scanning antenna which can be turned instantaneously in any direction and aimed at any target, is believed to be more promising than a mechanically rotated antenna. A cylindrical array of onethird arc and 90 deg active sector. Its radiating elements are vertically polarized circular patches.

Antenna is transducers (it converts one from of energy in to another) that transmit or receive electromagnetic waves (has electric and magnetic field component which oscillate in phase perpendicular to each other and to the direction of energy propagation).

Radiated field nearest to the antenna

Only radiation field exist in this region

 Radiation

Pattern Directivity Gain Input Impedance Voltage Standing Wave Ratio Efficiency Polarisation Bandwidth

 Dipole

Antenna Multiple Element Dipole Antenna Yagi Antenna Flat Panel Antenna Parabolic Antenna Slot Antenna Microstrip Antenna

Radiation Patterns Dipole Multi Element Dipole Flat Panel antenna Broadside Broadside Broadside

Power

Gain

Polarization

Low Low/medium

Low Low

Linear Linear

Medium

Medium/high

Linear/circular

Parabolic Dish Antenna Yagi Antenna Slotted Antenna

Broadside

High

High

Linear/circular

Endfire Broadside

Medium/high Low/medium

Medium/high Low/medium

Linear Linear

Microstrip antenna

Endfire

Medium

Medium

Linear

 Contacting

Microstrip Line Feed Coaxial Probe

Non-Contacting

Proximity Coupling Aperture Coupling

 Aperture Coupling Coaxial Proximity Microstrip Coaxial Probe Feed Microstrip Coupling Line
Feed Antenna More Better Cable More Poor due to soldering Soldering and drilling Easy 25%

Characteristics

Aperture Coupled Less Good

Proximity Coupled Minimum Good

Spurious Feed Radiation Reliability

Ease of Fabrication

Easy

Alignment Required Easy 25%

Alignment Required Easy 13 %

Impedance Matching Bandwidth

Easy 25%

 The

surface currents are used to model the microstrip patch and the volume polarization currents are used to model the fields in the dielectric slab. It has been shown by newman and tulyathan how an integral equation is obtained for these unknown currents and using the method of moments, these electric field integral equations are converted into matrix equations which can then be solved by various techniques of algebra to provide the result.

 Surface

Waves

Leaky

Waves

Thick Substrate Stacked Patches Use of different shape slots i.e. U Use of different shape probes i.e. L, T Use of substrate with low dielectric constant Air gap or electromagnetically coupled patches

 High

dielectric substrate pin wall

Shorting Shorting

IE3d software was used to simulate the structure of the antenna. IE3D is an integrated full-wave electromagnetic simulation and optimization package for the analysis and design of 3D and planar microwave circuits, MMIC, RFIC, RFID, antennas, digital circuits and high-speed printed circuit boards. IE3D has been adopted as an industrial standard in planar and 3D electromagnetic simulation. The IE3D has become the most versatile, easy to use, efficient and accurate electromagnetic simulation tool. IE3D provides far more features and capabilities than other simulators. Analysis Method Used is MoM i.e. Method of Moment

 Frequency

3 GHZ
Substarte Height

of operation (fo)

& Its Dielectric constant (r)

of dielectric substrate (h)

1.6mm and 3mm resp.

Width

and Length of Antenna

L = 30mm and W = 40mm

Patch

Model & Feed Point Location (Xf ,Yf)

50 Ohm Coaxial Connector

Geometry

Above

graph shown the return loss of -34.6595 dB which is actually the good, ideally return loss should be RL -9.5dB.
Impedance

Bandwidth: At the center frequency of 2.9944 GHz a reasonable bandwidth of

153.6

is achieved with return losses of -34.6595 dB.

MHz

Above graph shows the VSWR of 1.04015 dB which is actually the good. For perfect matching between the transmitter and the antenna, = 0 and RL = which means no power would be reflected back, whereas a = 1 has a RL = 0dB, which implies that all incident power is reflected. For practical applications, a VSWR of 2 is acceptable, since this corresponds to a return loss of -9.54 dB. The VSWR bandwidth of the antenna is the range of frequencies for which the VSWR is 2:1 and the obtained VSWR BW is .

164 MHz

Smith Chart shown the resonant frequency of 2.9944 GHz and it show the Impedance matching is 51ohm (Real Part) which is actually closer to the 50ohm. Imaginary component is -j0.0015089 ohm.

The maximum gain is 8.11 dBi at theta = 0 deg. The 3 db beam width

83.974 deg at phi = 0 deg and 67.87 deg at phi = 90 deg.

of the antenna is Fig 4.14 b) shown below is the 3dimensional radiation pattern which shows at (180, 0) the gain is minimum indicated by blue color and at theta = 0 deg the gain is maximum indicated by red color.

The fig. 4.14 (b) shows that as the angle changes from 0 to 90/-90 deg the gain reduces which is shown by change in color from blue (min) to red (max).

Above figure shows that radiation is effective along the width as compared to length. Also we can see that due to the X shape slot, the path length of the current (i.e. flow of current) from feed point towards edges increases which indicates efficient radiation. The width is called as radiating edge as maximum radiation along it whereas length as nonradiating edge of the antenna.

From the fig. we see that the directivity of antenna at the frequency 2.99 GHz is 8.897 dBi which shows that antenna is highly directive. High directivity indicates narrow beam width which is as shown by radiation pattern where beam width is of 82.974 deg (phi = 0 deg) and 67.87 deg (phi = 90 deg).

From the fig. we can see that the gain of antenna at the frequency 2.99GHz is 8.11072 dBi which is required for the radio navigation applications

As seen from the fig. 4.18 radiation efficiency is 84.5474 % but it should be around 98 to 100 %. It is due to various losses i.e. because of substrate height surface waves are created and probe impedance which creates spurious radiations due to large conductor length. Also Antenna efficiency is 83.4727 % which is very good as the required efficiency is 65 % and above.

Ground Plane consideration Above antenna was designed considering infinite ground plane. The ground plan can be infinite but due to physical constraints this is not possible. The size of ground plane should be greater than the patch. The ground plane to the underside of any such printed circuit will increase the gain of this antenna. But on other side this may adversely affect the overall bandwidth of the structure and also produces back radiations while considering radiation pattern. For this the ground plane of considerable size is considered i.e. three to four times the patch size so as to reduce spurious back radiations. Fig 4.19 shows the antenna with enlarged ground plane.

 1. fo

= 2.99 GHz 2. S (1,1) = -34.6595 dB 3. VSWR = 1.04105 dB 4. Gain = 8.11072 dBi 5. Directivity = 8.89719 dBi 6. Radiation Efficiency =84.5474 % 7. Antenna Efficiency = 83.4727 % 8. Impedance Bandwidth = 153.6 MHz 9. VSWR Bandwidth = 164 MHz 10. Operating Range = 2.91 to 3.08 GHz

 Manufacturing

and Certification of antenna

will be done by

Signet Instruments,

Mumbai

Network

Analyzer:

To measure S11 parameters and smith chart

Pattern

calculation:

To measure gain and directivity. For this a standard antenna is considered which is used as transmitter and receiver.

References:
C.A.Balanis Antenna Theory and Design, second edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1997. G. Kumar and K. P. Ray, Broadband Microstrip Antennas, Willey and Sons, Inc., New York, 2002. Kin Lu Wong, Compact Broadband Microstrip Antenna, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 2002. R. Garg, P. Bhartia, I. Bahl, A. Ittipiboon, Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook, ARTECH HOUSE, Boston 2001. D. M. Pozar and D. H. Schaubert, Microstrip Antennas: The Analysis and Design of Microstrip Antennas and Arrays, IEEE Press, 1995. Aaron K. Shackelford, Kai-Fong Lee, and K. M. Luk, Design of small size wide bandwidth Microstrip antennas, IEEE Antenna And Propagation Magazine, Vol.45 No,1 February 2003. W. Chan and K. F. Lee, Input impedance of coaxially fed RMSA on electrically thick substrate, Microwave Optical Technology. Lett. , 6, 1993, pp.387-390. R. Q. Lee, K. F. Lee and J. Bobinchak, Electromagnetically Coupled Rectangular Patch Antenna, Electron. Lett. , 23, 1987, pp.1070-1072.

References:
Jeffrey A. Fordham, An Introduction to Antenna Test Ranges, Measurements and Instrumentation, Microwave Instrumentation Technologies, LLC. S. A. Malekabadi, A. R. Attari, M. M. Mirsalehi, Compact and broad band circular polarized microstrip antenna with Wide band axial ratio bandwidth, 2008 International Synopsis on Telecommunications IE3D 11.05 Manual, Zeland Software Inc. Freemont, California E.H. Newman and P. Tylyathan, Analysis of Microstrip Antennas Using Moment Methods, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagation, Vol. AP-29, no. 1, pp. 47- 53, January 1981. S.-C. Zhao, B.-Z. Wang, and Q.-Q. He, Broadband Radar Cross Section Reduction Of A Rectangular Patch Antenna, Progress In Electromagnetic Research, PIER 79, 263275, 2008 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_%28radio%29 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friis_transmission_equation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/phyopt/polclas.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_%28signal_processing%29