FAJARDO, ALMARI P.

(BSTM)
ELINON, MARK KEVIN B. (BSA)
 One essential attribute of an act to be truly human is
the willingness to do the act;
•you like doing it
•you love doing it &
•your mind, your heart, your soul and your whole self is
with.

WHETHER IT BE ELICITED OR COMMANDED, THE WILLINGNESS

SHOULD BE PRESENT TO BE TRULY HUMAN AND TO HAVE MORAL
SIGNIFICANCE. BY MORAL SIGNIFICANCE, WE MEAN SUCH ACT
CAN BE JUDGED AS MORAL OR RIGHT AS IT CONFORMS TO THE
NORMS OF MORALITY, IMMORAL OR WRONG AS IT DOES NOT
CONFORM WITH THE NORMS OF MORALITY OR, AMORAL OR
INDIFFERENT AS IT CANNOT BE DETERMINED AS TO WHETHER IT
CONFORMS OR NOT TO THE NORMS OF MORALITY.
 WILL
Refers to the faculty of mind which chooses, at the moment
of making decision, the strongest desire from among the
various desires present.

it does not refer to any particular desire, but rather to the

capacity to act decisively
on one’s desire. Within the philosophy the
will is important as one of the distinct part in
ethics because of its central role in enabling a person to
act deliberately.
MODIFIERS OF
WILL
passions and habits
AS THE MORAL SIGNIFICANCE OF A HUMAN ACT IS VERY
IMPORTANT, IT GOOD TO KNOW THAT THERE ARE INSTANCES
WHEN THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF SUCH ESSENTIAL
ATTRIBUTE CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE IN THE DETERMINATION OF
ITS MORAL DISTINCTION AS TO WHETHER MORAL IMMORAL OR
AMORAL.

LET US LOOK INTO TOW MODIFIERS OF THE WILL WHICH CAN HAVE
IMPORTANT EFFECT IN THE MORAL DISTINCTION.
 PASSION OR
CONCUPISCENCE
ARE EITHER TENDENCIES TOWARDS DESIRABLE OBJECTS OR TENDENCIES
AWAY FROM UNDESIRABLE OR HARMFUL THINGS. THE FORMER ARE
CALLED POSITIVE EMOTIONS; THE LATTER NEGATIVE EMOTIONS.
PASSIONS ARE PSYCHIC RESPONSES. AS SUCH THEY ARE NEITHER
MORTAL NOR IMMORAL. HOWEVER, MAN IS BOUND TO REGULATE HIS
EMOTIONS AND SUBMIT THEM TO THE CONTROL OF REASON.
PASSIONS ARE EITHER ANTECEDENT PASSIONS ARE THOSE THAT PRECEDE AN ACT. IT MAY
HAPPEN THAT A PERSON IS EMOTIONALLY AROUSED TO PERFORM AN
ANTECEDENT OR ACT. ANTECEDENT PASSIONS PREDISPOSED A PERSON TO ACT. THUS,
LOVE MAY INDUCE ONE TO MAKE NUMEROUS AND LENGTHY PHONE
CONSEQUENT. CALLS TO HIS SWEETHEART OR TO PLOT THE MURDER OF A RIVAL.
 ANTECEDENT PASSIONS DO NOT ALWAYS DESTROY
PRINCIPLE:

VOLUNTARINESS BUT THEY DIMINISH

ACCOUNTABILITY FOR THE RESULTANT ACT.
ANTECEDENT PASSIONS WEAKEN THE WILL POWER
OF A PERSON WITHOUT HOWEVER, COMPLETELY
OBSTRUCTING HIS FREEDOM. THUS THE SO CALLED
“CRIMES OF PASSION” ARE VOLUNTARY. BUT IN SO
FAR AS PASSIONS INTERFERE WITH THE FREEDOM OF
THE WILL ONE’S ACCOUNTABILITY IS DIMINISHED.
CONSEQUENT PASSIONS ARE THOSE INTENTIONALLY AROUSED AND KEPT.
CONSEQUENT PASSIONS THEREFORE ARE SAID TO BE VOLUNTARY IN CAUSE, THE RESULT OF THE WILL
PLAYING THE STRINGS OF EMOTIONS.
THUS A YOUNG MAN MAY DELIBERATELY AROUSE HIMSELF SEXUALLY BY READING PORNOGRAPHIC
MAGAZINES. OR A VICTIM OF INJUSTICE MAY INTENTIONALLY NURSE HIS RESENTMENT TOWARDS HIS
TORMENTOR. THE YOUNG MAN WHO COMMITS LASCIVIOUSNESS AFTER AROUSING HIMSELF SEXUALLY
AND THE FELLOW WHO COMMITS VENGEANCE DUE TO HIS CULTIVATED RESENTMENT ARE BOTH
MORALLY ACCOUNTABLE.
 PRINCIPLE: CONSEQUENT
PASSION DO NOT LESSEN
VOLUNTARINESS, IT MAY EVEN
INCREASE ACCOUNTABILITY. THIS
IS BECAUSE CONSEQUENT
PASSIONS ARE DIRECT RESULTS
OF THE WILL WHICH FULLY
CONSENT TO THEM INSTEAD OF
SUBORDINATING THEM TO ITS
CONTROL.
HABIT AS DEFINED BY GLENN “IS A LASTING READINESS AND FACULTY, BORN OF
FREQUENTLY REPEATED ACTS, FOR ACTING IN A CERTAIN MANNER.

HABITS ARE ACQUIRED INCLINATIONS TOWARDS SOMETHING TO BE DONE. THEY

ASSUME THE ROLE OF A SECOND NATURE, MOVING ONE WHO HAS THEM TO
PERFORM ACTS WITH RELATIVE EASE.
THE WORD HABIT FORMING THAT WE USE TO REFER TO CERTAIN EXPERIENCES SHOWS HOW EASY
IT IS FOR ONE TO ACQUIRE A HABIT. IT ALSO IMPLIES THAT A HABIT IS NOT EASY TO OVERCOME OR
ALTER. IT REQUIRES A STRONG WILLED PERSON TO CORRECT A HABIT SUCCESSFULLY WITHIN A
LIMITED PERIOD OF TIME. THUS ALCOHOLICS AND SMOKERS FIND IT ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE TO
REFORM
PRINCIPLE: ACTION DOE BY FORCE OF HABIT ARE VOLUNTARY IN CAUSE, UNLESS A REASONABLE
EFFORT IS MADE TO COUNTERACT THE HABITUAL INCLINATION, HABITS ARE EITHER GOOD OR BAD,.
WE SPEAK HERE OF BAD HABITS WHICH LEAD TO IMMORAL ACTS.
HABITS ARE VOLUNTARY IN CAUSE BECAUSE THEY ARE THE RESULT OF PREVIOUSLY WILLED
ACTS DONE REPEATEDLY AS A MATTER OF FACT. THUS EVERY ACTIVITY EMANATING FORM HABIT
IS SAID TO PARTAKER OF THE VOLUNTARINESS OF THOSE PREVIOUS ACTS. THEREFORE FOR AS
LONG AS THE HABIT IS NOT CORRECTED, EVIL ACTIONS DONE BY FORCE OF HABIT ARE VOLUNTARY
AND ACCOUNTABLE. WHEN A PERSON DECIDES TO FIGHT HIS HABIT, AND FOR AS LONG AS THE
EFFORT TOWARDS THIS PURPOSE CONTINUES, ACTIONS RESULTING FROM SUCH HABIT MAY BE
REGARDED AS ACTS OF MAN AND NOT ACCOUNTABLE. THE REASON AS POINTED OUT BY GLENN IS
THAT THE CAUSE OF SUCH HABIT IS NO LONGER EXPRESSLY DESIRED.
 FEELING AND
MORAL-DECISION
MAKING
 feelings as instictive
response to moral
dilemmas
moral judgments at their best should be emotional
feelings as obstacles
to making right
decision
when feelings's role in ethics are misinterpreted
or exaggerated
ETHICAL
SUBJECTIVISM

A META- ETHICAL THEORY. IT HOLDS

THAT THE TRUTH OR FALSITY OF ETHICAL
PROPOSITIONS IS DEPENDENT ON THE
FEELINGS, ATTITUDE OR STANDARD OF
PERSONS OR GROUP OF PERSONS.
 " abortion is immoral"

" abortion must be tolerated"

" no moral stance is objectively right and wrong, your

moral opinions are merely based on your feelings"
" they just reporting their feelings about it "
 " we are to identify our moral
principles by simple following our
own feelings, not by what society
dictates "
EMOTIVISM

BASED ON LOGICAL POSITIVISM THAT STATES THAT

ALL TRUTH CLAIMS MUST BE EMPIRICALLY
VERIFIABLE. IT DENIES MORAL TRUTH AND
KNOWLEDGE BECAUSE OF THE ABSENCE OF
SCIENTIFIC OR EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE. MORAL
JUDGMENT ACCORDING TO EMOTIVISM ARE NOT
STATEMENTS OF FACT BUT ARE MERE EXPRESSIONS
OF THE EMOTIONS OF THE SPEAKER.
SUBJECTIVISM EMOTIVISM

"I DISAPPROVE OF HAZING" "IDO NOT PARTICIPATE IN HAZING"

 6 WAYS TO CONTROL
YOUR EMOTIONS AND
MAKE BETTER DECISIONS
 1. PAUSE AND ASSESS THE
SITUATION. THIS SIMPLE ACT CAN
SAVE YOU HEADACHES DOWN THE
ROAD. GIVE YOUR BRAIN ENOUGH
TIME TO EVALUATE THE CURRENT
SITUATION SO YOU CAN MAKE THE
RIGHT CHOICE.
 2. DON'T ALWAYS RELY ON YOUR GUT.
INTUITION, MORE COMMONLY KNOWN AS
“GUT FEELING”, IS ONE OF OUR MOST BASIC
INSTINCTS. IT HELPS US IDENTIFY CUES IN
THE ENVIRONMENT SO WE AVOID DANGER
AND SURVIVE. BUT AVOID TRUSTING THIS
HUMAN SENSE WHEN IT COMES TO GAMES OF
CHANCE (I.E. CIRCUMSTANCES THAT RELY
ON A 50/50 PROBABILITY). THE BEST
EXAMPLES WOULD BE GAMBLING AND THE
STOCK MARKET. SO WHEN CAN YOU RELY ON
YOUR GUT? WHEN THERE ARE SKILLS OR
EXPERIENCE INVOLVED.
3. PUT IT IN WRITING. YOU’RE NOT GOING TO
FEEL BETTER RIGHT AWAY – HOWEVER,
KEEPING NOTES ABOUT YOUR DAY IS A
TRIED-AND-TESTED FORM OF THERAPY. IT’S
FREE, IT GIVES YOU SOME ALONE TIME, AND
YOU CAN REVIEW YOUR THOUGHTS LATER
FOR MORE CLARITY.
 4. NARROW YOUR OPTIONS. NARROWING
YOUR SELECTION WILL NOT ONLY SAVE YOU
A LOT OF STRESS, SCIENCE SAYS YOU’LL BE
HAPPIER WITH THE CHOICE YOU’VE MADE,
TOO!
5. ASK THE MAJORITY. ONE OF THE
BEST TRICKS TO CHOOSING THE
RIGHT DECISION – ESPECIALLY IF IT
INVOLVES BIG RISKS – IS TO ASK
FOR A SECOND OPINION.
6. AVOID BURNOUT. FEELING STRESSED,
CONFUSED, OR ANXIOUS? GET SOME
REST. NOT ONLY WILL YOU FEEL
REFRESHED AFTER WAKING UP, YOUR
MIND WILL BE CLEARER TO PICK A
BETTER OPTION.
THANK YOU