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UPSC CSE 2015 EXAM

(Model Answers – GS - I)

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 UPSC CSE 2015 EXAM
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Q.1 The ancient civilization in Indian sub-continent differed from those of Egypt,
Mesopotamia and Greece in that its culture and traditions have been preserved
without a breakdown to the present day. Comment
Approach
Introduction: Briefly describe the uniqueness of Indian ancient civilization signifying it’s continuity
despite minor changes.
Body:
● Mention the elements which have remained the same over the ages.
● Mention the factors which have led to such continuity (stating its differences with other cultures in the
west)
Conclusion: Conclude by highlighting the continuity and unity in diversity of India.

Introduction:
Indian civilizational advancement is interesting in different angles particularly because of its
capacity to keep up with coherence for many years without going through radical changes. The
practices followed millennia back in antiquated time are as yet saved with minor changes.

Continuation of Culture in Contemporary Scenario

Indian human advancement had organized various customs and practices. This has empowered
the social coherence to keep going for such a long period.
1. Social Practices
 Socio-cultural practices followed in ancient times like marriage institutions, relationship
and kinship practices, community control etc have been still prevalent in many regions.
These practices might have advanced over the long run however their center conviction
stays the same.
2. Religious Practices
 Indus Valley Civilization:
o Ancient Indian religious practices such as animal and plant worship from the Indus
valley civilization era is still practiced in India.
o Worshipping of Mother goddesses.
o Pashupati has evolved to take the place of Shiva.
 Swastik: The antiquity of swastika goes long back into history where it started its journey
from prehistoric era, and still remains as living tradition in India, as part of religious
rituals.
 Vedic Practices such as fire sacrifices are still followed today.
3. Art
 Dance: Dance forms such as Bharatnatyam and Kuchipudi have their origin in ancient texts
and are still practiced.
 Music: Carnatic and Hindustani music have evolved but its basis has been preserved.
 Paintings: Painting styles of ancient India such as Worli, Madhubani are still practiced in
households.
4. Crafts
 Statues: The method used by Indus valley civilization people, called the lost wax
technique, is still used for making metal statues.
 Sculpture: Stone sculpting has also not lost its significance and is still practiced.
 Metal work: Ancient Indian crafts such as metal sculpture are still prevalent.

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5. Linguistic
 Sanskrit:Vedic language like Sanskrit is still prevalent, even though of less significance.
 Regional languages: Prakrit and Pali languages have been modified to give rise to
subsidiary languages such as Maithili, Bhojpuri, Kannada, Marathi, Gujarati etc.
Factors Leading to Such Continuity
 Institution of slavery: in western cultures becomes the major reason for their downfall
o Though India had social outcasts and untouchables, but even their status was much
better than slaves elsewhere.
 Community orientation:
o This has resulted in the perpetuation of cultural and traditional practices without any
significant disruption.
 Accommodative orientation:
o Another critical part of Indian development has been its capacity to retain and account for
various strands of contemplations, belief systems and societies. This custom of resistance
has prompted reformist developments like Buddhism, Jainism, Sufism, and so on to exist
one next to the other with the old practices.
Conclusion
Thus, Indian human advancement has figured out how to save its social practices through oral
customs and social practices. This has been done in spite of the intense changes that took steps to
obliterate the social ethos. The assimilation and integration of numerous cultures and traditions to
the existing ones has allowed the ancient civilization in the Indian sub-continent to be preserved
till present day.

Q.2 Mesolithic rock cut architecture of India not only reflects the cultural life of the times
but also a fine aesthetic sense comparable to modern painting. Critically evaluate this
comment.
Introduction: Briefly mention the significance of mesolithic rock cut architecture in enriching the great
Indian heritage.
Body:
● Stating how Mesolithic Architecture reflects cultural life.
● Mentioning how it is better than modern painting while focusing on its aesthetic.
Conclusion: Briefly show how even today the aesthetics of Mesolithic times has been put in use
signifying its relevance.

Introduction:
The Mesolithic Age is the period between the finish of the Paleolithic Age and the Neolithic Age.
The Mesolithic Age in India lies generally in the middle 10,000 - 2000BCE. The craftsmanship
and design considered during this period is alluded to as Mesolithic workmanship. The time
frame was a brilliant part for rock cut design.
Some of the Mesolithic sites in India are situated in Madhya Pradesh (Bhimbetka), Uttar Pradesh
(e.g. Sarai Nahar Rai, Morhana Pahar), Rajasthan (Bagor), Odisha, Tamil Nadu and Andhra
Pradesh.

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Mesolithic Rock Cut Architecture Role in Depicting Cultural Life
 Social Life:
o The human figure & Hunting scenes are frequently the main theme in painted scenes.
Mostly humans were shown running towards the animals.
o Hunting scenes are the most well-known, however there are likewise scenes of fight and
moving, and potentially horticultural undertakings and overseeing trained creatures.
o The Mesolithic sites also had painting of social life, child birth, sexual activity,
upbringing of children and burial ceremony. Example: Bhimbetka Caves
 Lithic Advancement:
o Microliths: It was a small retouched stone used to perform various functions of day to day life.
It was an improvement from the bigger and blunt stones equipment of Palaeolithic age and was
the prerequisite of more polished version in Neolithic stone age.

Mesolithic Architecture Showing Aesthetics in Comparison to Modern Paintings

The Mesolithic time frame for the most part cooked on which man resided, while the traditional
expressions basically portrayed what man saw and the Modern Art portrayed what man thought.
Since the earliest art form was closest to nature, it has a deep aesthetic sense, which appeals to most
people compared to Modern Art.
 Naturalism:
o Early modern paintings were artificial and superficial and lacked aesthetic sense. The
British masters promoted materialist themes suiting their interests.
 Example: Bazaar paintings and company school.
 Abstract Art:
o Abstract Art of today has parted its way from the naturalist depiction of life. They are
more concerned with complex use of lines and curves and are accessible to only a
selected few.
 Aestheticism in modern times:
o In the late 19th century many modern painters like Raja Ravi Verma, and painters of
Bengal School, reverted back to aestheticism of Mesolithic times even using the themes
for freedom struggle, since nature was represented with utmost realism in their paintings.
 Example: Bharat Mata painting of Abanindranath Tagore.

Conclusion
Thus, it is beyond doubt that Mesolithic painting did have an aesthetic appeal which is still a
source of influence for many renowned artists.

Q.3 How different would have been the achievement of Indian independence without
Mahatma Gandhi ? Discuss.
Introduction: Briefly start by stating the importance of Gandhiji in India’s freedom struggle
Body:
● Briefly mention the role played by Mahatma Gandhi in India’s freedom struggle by stating the core
values of Gandhiji.
● Mention how the course of independence would have been different if the freedom struggle was devoid
of Mahatma Gandhi’s ideals and values.
Conclusion: Restate the role played by Gandhiji while acknowledging the fact that Indian Independence
was a team effort.

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Introduction:
Mahatma Gandhi has been the central pillar upon which edifice of the Indian freedom movement
was based. He, with other freedom fighters, forced the Britishers to leave India. His action, words
are the source of inspiration for millions, without which India's tryst with destiny can’t be
imagined.
Importance of Mahatma Gandhi in Freedom Struggle:
 Non-Violence:
o For Gandhiji Non-violence was an article of faith. This made the Indian freedom
struggle largely a peace movement.
 Satyagraha:
o Satyagraha was the political tool of Gandhiji based on the idea of Truth and Non-
violence. It became the major reason behind the success of the Indian freedom
struggle.
 Inclusiveness:
o Gandhi's idea of Satyagraha based on Non-violence made sure the participation of
people from all the rungs of society. It gave a character of the All India movement to
the freedom struggle.
 Example: Women, Peasants, Workers, Industrialists etc.
 Political Leader:
o In the words of Bipin Chandra, he understood mass psychology.
o His Methodology of Struggle-Truce-Struggle was based on the above understanding.
 Champions of Human Rights:
o He worked for the upliftment of downtrodden Dalits via his Organisation like Harijan
Sevak Sangh. This made the movement more inclusive.

Indian Independence without Mahatma Gandhi:

 Fragmented Polity:
o Gandhiji provided a united front against the might of the British. He made sure that
the movement remained inclusive and also checked the rise of provincial leaders
challenging the unity and integrity of the nation.
 Armed Revolution:
o Without Gandhiji”s thrust over the values of Love and Non-violence, the movement
would have been more revolutionary and radical in nature.
 Threat to Integrity:
o Gandhiji weaned the people with the thread of solidarity. Without him the
communitarian interests would have become the threat to the integrity.
 Division in classes:
o All the classes of the people united under one banner or leader i.e Mahatma Gandhi.
In absence of which there would have been not just the division on the basis of caste
but also on the basis of class.
 Communal Polity:
o The communal forces could have dominated the political scene of the country and
things could have been different now. Swadeshi and boycott movements wouldn’t
have been more successful without Gandhi.

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 UPSC CSE 2015 EXAM
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Conclusion
There is no doubt that India would have achieved Independence without Gandhi but the role of Gandhi
was very significant in achieving as well as preserving the Independence of India. The contribution of
Gandhi ji in the achievement of Indian independence needs to be cherished and remembered.

Q.4 Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, despite having divergent approaches and
strategies, had a common goal of amelioration of the downtrodden. Elucidate.
Introduction: Briefly mention the stature and importance of both the personalities shaping the course of
modern India.
Body:
● Mention the divergent approaches and strategies of both the stalwarts.
● Highlight the points signifying the common zeal of upliftment of downtrodden.
Conclusion: Briefly recognise the differences yet the ultimate aim of uplifting the backward and
downtrodden.
Introduction:
Mahatma Gandhi and Ambedkar were two stalwart personalities in modern political history of
India. While Gandhi was indispensable for achievement of freedom from the clutches of
Britishers, B.R. Ambedkar made possible the contemporary polity based on written constitution.

Divergence in Gandhi’s and Ambedkar’s Approach

Mahatma Gandhi Dr. B.R Ambedkar
● Non-Violence: He believed that upper ● Aggression: Ambedkar instead said that
class and Dalits must resolve their Dalits must use aggressive means to snatch
Mode Of Action
differences through peace process without their rights from what he termed as
any violence or fights. ‘oppression’ by upper castes.
● Unity: Gandhi believed that all Indians, ● Communitarian: Ambedkar was of the
upper castes and lower castes, rich and poor, opinion that Dalits must side with the
women and men, must come together as a British as he felt that Dalit interests would
single political force to fight the British by be better secured under British rule rather
keeping aside their differences. than rule by upper castes of the Congress
● Decentralisation: Gandhi was in favour party.
of decentralization to empower the ● Villages being ‘Den of ignorance’:
Political Beliefs villages. Ambedkar strongly opposed as he was
● Poona Pact:was signed to end a separate afraid of village headmen assuming more
electorate and to settle for wider power, which will further exploit the
representation via Reserved seats. underprivileged section.
● Separate electorate: Ambedkar demanded
a separate electorate from the British
Empire to protect the interests of the
downtrodden in the round table conference.
● Faith in Varna System: Gandhi had a ● Against Caste System: He was wholly
deep faith in Varna system, though it against the system. He wanted to abolish
Religious beliefs further stretched into caste system. He casteism and to put ‘Dynamites over the
believed that a person being born into Vedas’.
particular caste is his/her Dharma.
 Gandhi, on the other hand, asserts that it  Ambedkar argues that those untouchables
Temple Entry is the moral duty of the high-caste Hindus who were responsible for constructing and
to allow the untouchables to enter the later protecting the Hindu temple have the
Hindu temples. right to enter the temple.

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Elements signifying that both had similar concern for the amelioration of downtrodden
 Political empowerment of Dalits
o Both believed that the well being of the downtrodden section into the mainstream society
is the prerequisite to achieve independence.
 Example: Ambedkar established organisations such as Bahishkrit Hitakarini
Sabha, Scheduled Caste federation etc to empower Dalits. Gandhi was in favour of
bringing Dalits in the political sphere by reserving them seats in the Congress party.
 Social reforms
o Both focused on reformatory approach to eradicate discriminatory practices.
 Example: Mahad Satyagraha of the Ambedkar and Temple Entry Movement of
Gandhiji.
 Spreading ideology of social justice
o Gandhi and Ambedkar not just worked towards reactionary ideas but were also ready to
bring changes in the thinking process of society.
 They attempted to impact social convictions through their magazines like Harijan by
Mahatma Gandhi and Mooknayak by Ambedkar. Gandhiji coined the term Harijan
rather than in reverse standings to ingrain self-assurance in those sections.
Conclusion
Thus, the political excursion of Gandhi and Ambedkar were in absolute differentiation to one
another. While Gandhi turned into the boss of masses, Ambedkar was confined to edges of Dalit
legislative issues. However, as far as civil rights, endeavors of both the pioneers were huge.
Notwithstanding their conflicts, 'human dignity’ was a significant thought for them to deconstruct
the imbalance and guarantee justice.

Q.5 It would have been difficult for the Constituent Assembly to complete its historic task
of drafting the Constitution for Independent India in just three years but for the
experience gained with the Government of India Act, 1935. Discuss.
Introduction: Briefly mention about the context of Constituent Assembly and its significance in
formulating the Constitution of India.
Body:
● Mention about the challenges faced by constituent assembly in brief.
● Mention how the Government of India Act, 1935 helped in the formulation while stating the
provisions taken from it.
● Also try to mention other important developments that helped constitutional forefathers to frame
the constitution.
Conclusion: Briefly restate the importance of GOI Act, 1935 in constitution making.

Introduction:
Government of India act, 1935 is argued as an important milestone in the Indian constitution as it
introduced various vital provisions. It became the most go to piece of legislation for the
constituent assembly while formulating the Constitution of the free India.

Why framing a constitution of India was a challenging task:

 Partition:
o The Constituent Assembly of India sat for the first time on December 9, 1946, when
the clouds of partition were at full swing.

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 Non-Cooperation:
o Muslim League: Made the Resolution of ‘Direct Action’ to carve an independent
country of Pakistan.
o Socialists: Unwillingly to join initially as they believed the Constituent Assembly
was a creation of the British, and therefore incapable of being truly autonomous.
 Diversity:
o Indian constitution is the lengthiest written constitutions. This was necessary to
accommodate all the diverse characteristics of the Indian society and to ensure the
territorial integrity of the nation.
The Indian constitution had numerous provisions borrowed from other constitutions and
legislations. In this context, the GOI Act, 1935 played an important role by providing a basic
framework to the constitution.

Features of GOI Act, 1935 that were incorporated to fasten the constitution making
process.
More than 50 % of the provisions of the Indian constitution had been adopted from the
Government of India Act 1935.
 All India Federation:
o It became the basis of federal polity of contemporary times as it also provided for the
representation of princely states in the federal setup..
 Preamble:
o It was the first act with a definite preamble and became the source of influence for the
present Preamble.
 Division of Power:
o The division of subjects into Federal, Provincial and Concurrent list can also be
attributed to GOI Act 1935 which provided the division of power.
 Institutions:
o Like Post of Governor, Public Service Commission, Reserve bank of India,
emergency provisions , Federal Court were taken from this act.
 Adult franchise:
o This act extended the limited franchise based on certain criteria laying the foundation
for adult franchise after independence.
 Administrative setup:
o This act from the bedrock of the regulatory setup which is referenced in our current
constitution. These subtleties assisted the forefathers of the constitution with making a
smooth progress from the frontier framework to the Indian framework with next to no
major difficulty.

Some of the other Sources that Helped Framing Constitution are as Follows:
 Nehru Report:
o The Nehru Report of 1929 was like a mini constitution which provided a lot of essential
features whose experiences later helped in the constitution formation.
 Regulating Acts:
o The various Regulating Acts, Government of India Acts paved the way for political
enlightenment of the Indians.

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 Borrowed provision from other countries constitutions
 Australia:
o Concurrent list, Joint-sitting of the two Houses of Parliament, Freedom of trade,
commerce and intercourse.
 Canada:
o Federation with a strong Centre, Vesting of residuary powers in the Centre etc.
 Ireland:
o Directive Principles of State Policy, Method of election of the president etc.
 Russia:
o Fundamental duties, Ideals of justice (social, economic and political) in the Preamble
 UK:
o Rule of law, Parliamentary government, single citizenship etc
 US:
o Fundamental rights, Rule of law, Judicial review etc

Conclusion
Hence it tends to be securely said that the GOI Act 1935 gave the establishment and the
experience to the Indians to foster a lovely constitution that could cater and react to the
necessities and prerequisites of the assorted idea of the nation like India. It was for sure a turning
point in Indian established history.

Q.6 Why did the industrial revolution first occur in England ? Discuss the quality of life of
the people there during industrialization. How does it compare with that in India at
present ?
Introduction: Briefly contextualise the Industrial revolution in time and space.
Body:
● Mention the reason for the Industrial revolution occurring in England first.
● Mention the quality of life of the people there during the Industrial Revolution.
● Compare then England with contemporary India in context of quality of life of people with regards to
the Industrial Revolution.
Conclusion: Briefly mention about the irreversible nature of Industrialisation and its importance.

Introduction:
The Industrial Revolution is the process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to
one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. The first Industrial Revolution began in
Great Britain after 1750.
Why Industrial Revolution Started in Britain?
 Economic Factor:
o Agricultural revolution: due to technological improvement and consolidation of
land increased agricultural productivity and ensured availability of raw material and
labour for the Industrial revolution.
o Mercantilism: British in nature led to an increase in demand for British goods
throughout the world. This also led to the accumulation of wealth and capital.

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o Iron and steel mines: Proximity of iron and steel mines too provided necessary
impetus because it saved the transportation cost.
o Financial institutions: Britain had financial institutions in place, such as a central
bank, to finance new factories and provided for the required capital base.
 Political Factors:
o Stability: Political stability in Britain in addition to recognitions of Civil & Political
rights provided for the industrial boom.
o Naval supremacy: allow them to follow “Blue water policy “ and establish their
supremacy over trade routes.
o Colonialism: Great Britain's colonial empire created a ready supply of consumers to
purchase its manufactured goods.
 Social and Religious factors:
o Enlightenment: Liberal, progressive ideas under the influence of enlightenment led
to many breakthrough inventions like weaving machines, steam engines, etc.
o Protestant Ethics: Protestant ethics led to accumulation of wealth and high savings rate.
 Technological reasons:
o Spinning Jenny: With James Hargreaves' invention of the spinning Jenny in 1764,
yarn could be produced in greater quantities.
o Power Loom: In 1787, Edmund Cartwright's power loom revolutionized the speed of
cloth weaving.
o Steam Engine: In the 1760s, the steam engine (developed by James Watt) further
transformed the cotton industry.
o Transportation: England was the 1st country in the world to have a railway.

Quality of life of people during Industrialisation in England:

 Positive Developments:
o Increasing per capita income:
 It gave rise to working and middle classes and allowed them to overcome long-
standing economic oppression that they had endured for centuries beneath gentry
and nobility.
o Modern City: During this time, the industrial factory was created, which, in turn,
gave rise to the modern city.
o Employment: While employment opportunities increased for common people
throughout country, members of middle class were able to become business owners
more easily.
o Urbanisation: Industrial base provided for the migration of people from rural region
to urban setup.
 Negative Developments:
o Workers Conditions: Conditions were often dangerous, if not deadly.
 Conditions within these factories were often deplorable and, by today’s standards,
unethical.
 Low wages, poor working conditions etc.
o Child labour: increase in demand and greed of cheap labour gave rise to the
problems of child labour.
o Fear of unemployment: The fear of unemployment made workers hostile to the
introduction of new technology.

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o Seasonality of work: Seasonality of work in many industries meant prolonged periods
without work. After the busy season was over, the poor were on the streets again.
o Social institutions: Ethical and moral foundations weakened due to problems of
slums, social crimes, etc.
 Family: There was a trend towards nuclear families, increase in social mobility,
more emphasis on achieving status.
o Environment: high scale pollution due to industrialisation.
o Poor Urbanisation: due to lack of proper planning and higher migration of people led to
the issues of slums.

Comparison of Industrialisation in England and India:

 Similarities:
o Environment: As India accord for 14 of the 20 most polluted cities.
o Poor urbanisation: increase in slums and deteriorating water and sanitation conditions.
o Poor working conditions: high quantum of working hours, occupational diseases etc
 Dissimilarities:
o Constitution: provided for Right to protection of labour.
o Labour laws: provide for regulation of working conditions, workers safety,
regulation of wages etc.
o Labour Union: Article 19 of constitution provides for the fundamental right to form
unions and cooperatives.

Conclusion
Industrial Revolution turned into an innovative experience. It additionally accelerated fabric
wealth, prolonged life, and turned into effective pressure for social change. And therefore, there
has been extra to Industrial Revolution than group of machines, it turned into now no longer best
technological revolution however social-financial revolution that modified manner human beings
lived afterwards.

Q.7 To what extent can Germany be held responsible for causing the two World Wars ?
Discuss critically.
Introduction: Briefly introduce by mentioning the common thread regarding the role of Germany in both
the World Wars.
Body:
● Show how Germany was responsible for WW1 & WW2 respectively.
● Similarly, mention the other factors and actors involved for WW1 & WW2 respectively.
Conclusion: Clearly present your thoughts with concluding remarks, be it against Germany or for Germany
(balanced view)

Introduction:
The First World War (1914-1919) and World War II (1939-1945) are the most ruthless and
damaging conflicts that the world has seen in its set of experiences. A few nations were
associated with the conflicts and its belongings were felt around the world. While the conflicts
were brought about by various variables, one angle normal to both the conflicts was the support
of Germany.

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Responsibility of Germany for World War 1:
 Formations of Alliances:
o Bismark policy of alliances led to creation of tension and disturbance in the
European balance of power. It ultimately led to the division of Europe into armed
groups Triple alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy) and Triple
Entente(Britain, France and Russia), which created a larger background behind World
War I.
 Kaiser William-II:
o New emperor of Germany (in 1890) was a very ambitious and believer in forward
policies i.e “Welt-politik” (Literally ‘world policy’)
o He was an extraordinary radical and had a dream of production of an incredible
provincial realm. He needed German authority over world legislative issues. He also
prompted provincial contention in Africa and the Far East.
 Capitalism:
o Marxist historian points to the theory that the desire for economic mastery of the
world caused German businessmen and capitalists to want war with Britain.
 Schlieffen Plan:
o It was a German plan for mobilization, premised on various false assumptions, was
extremely risky and inflexible and deserved to be seen as the start of disaster both for
Germany and Europe.
 Domestic Tensions:
o To ward off domestic tensions, Germany deliberately planned for, and provoked war
in order to make Germany the dominant power in the world, both economically and
politically.
o Example: In 1914, the Reichstag passed a vote of no confidence in the Chancellor,
Bethmann, but he remained in office because the Kaiser had the final say.
o A triumphant conflict appeared to be a decent approach to keeping individuals'
psyches off the political issues and empower the public authority to keep power in the
possession of the Aristocracy.
Other Factors Responsible for WW1:
 Austria: bitter enmity between the Austria and Serbia in the Balkans became the
immediate cause of the war leading to murder of Archduke Francis.
 Long Drawn process: Great war of 1914 was the culmination of the development that
had been going on for more than a generation
 Example: Nationalism and Imperialism.
 Russia: was the first to order a general mobilisation, and it was this Russian mobilisation
which provoked Germany to mobilize.
 Tragedy of miscalculation:
o Austrians miscalculated by thinking that Russia would not support Serbia.
o Germany made a crucial mistake by promising to support Austria with no conditions
attached.
Perhaps the most reasonable end is that Germany, Russia and Austria-Hungary all should
share the obligation regarding the episode of war in 1914.

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Responsibility of Germany for WW2:
 Hitler’s Role: he was the major player dominating world politics in that era.
o Hatred for communism: wanted to destroy Russia and control it permanently.
o Treaty of Versailles: signed after WW1 forced Germany to take full responsibility
for the war, pay reparations to the Allied Powers, waive a large part of its territory.
 The main long-term cause of the Second World War was the resentment of Germany to
the Versailles Treaty and its desire for Lebensraum, or “living space.”
o Nazi System: Further, aggressive foreign policy and war was the essence of the Nazi
system. Militarism and Social Darwinism was also inherent.
o Hitler defied the Versailles and Locarno treaties by remilitarising the Rhineland.
 Attack on Russia: Despite the peace pact signed with Russia ,Hitler ,attacked Russia as
he wanted to destroy communism.
 Fascism: Fascism or cult of personality, subjugated the popularly elected government.
This government preached hatred for democracy and communism vehemently.

Other Factors Responsible for WW2:

 Unintentional: Historian, like A.J.P. Taylor accepted that Hitler didn't mean to cause a
significant conflict, and expected and no more, a short conflict with Poland.
o Hitler was simply continuing the policies of leaders like Bismarck, Kaiser Wilhelm II and
Stresemann; the only difference was that Hitler’s methods were more ruthless.
 Versailles Treaties: Some historians also blamed the Versailles treaties for filling the
Germans with bitterness and the desires for revenge.
 Failure of League of Nations: The League of Nations and the Idea of collective security
have been criticized for the requirement of consensus before acting against aggressor, which
made the whole process practically redundant.
 Policy of Appeasement: by Britain and France were largely responsible for the situation
deteriorating into war.
 National interests: British and French policy before 1939 was governed primarily by
national self-interest and only secondarily by moral considerations.
 USSR: has been accused of making war inevitable by signing the non-aggression pact with
Germany on 23 August 1939, which also included a secret agreement for Poland to be
partitioned between Germany and the USSR.

Conclusion
Hence, the two universal conflicts were brought about by a few unique elements and numerous nations
partook in it. A few contentions exist concerning who ought to be considered liable for the conflicts.
Nonetheless, the commitment of Germany in the two conflicts establish obvious proof that it should be
the fundamental nation faulted for the conflicts, if any.

Q.8 Describe any four cultural elements of diversity in India and rate their relative
significance in building a national identity.
Introduction: Briefly mention the Diversity of India and its importance.
Body:
● Mention about four (as explicitly mentioned in the question) cultural elements of Diversity in India.
● Mention about cultural significance in building a national identity.
Conclusion: Re-emphasis on the importance of diversity in India.

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Introduction:
India has been known the world for the Unity it has maintained despite being one of the most
multi-diverse countries in the world. This diversity has also affected the cultural aspects of
people’s life providing them with a sense of brotherhood essential for National integrity.

Cultural elements of Diversity in India:

 Religious Diversity
o All significant religions of the world are found and drilled in India. The unfamiliar
religions have interfaced with territorial culture and shaped an extraordinary mix that
isn't framed somewhere else.
 Example: Ex: Blend of Parsi culture with indigenous culture in Maharashtra.
 Cuisine
o Food being a necessity has evolved over time to being the most important aspect of
showcasing culture. Every state has their distinct regional dishes.
 Example: Misal pav of Maharashtra, Dhokla of Gujarat, Rogan josh of Kashmir etc.
 Language
o India is home to 398 languages and even more local dialects. In India, the dialects
seem to change while travelling even a few kilometres.
 Example: Let's say, in UP moving eastwards the language changes from Hindi to Braj
and finally to Bhojpuri.
 Festivals
o Each locale and local area in India has their own celebrations in view of its social
personality. These celebrations are the foundation of their way of life and are gently saved
and followed. These celebrations permit the personality of networks to send overages.
 Example: Lohri in Punjab, Thrissur Pooram in Kerala, Bihu in NE states.
 Races
o India has been the crucible of various races that have migrated to India overages and
intermixed with the local population to make it their own. This has allowed the
existence of unique races in India.
o Example: Indo-Aryan races in India, Dravidian, Negritos, Mongoloid etc.

Significance of cultural elements in building national identity:

 Unity amidst Diversity:
o The different cultural elements have allowed India to be seen as a country that
respects all traditions and beliefs. This has reiterated India’s commitment towards
unity in diversity motto.
 Tolerance:
o The different social components have permitted India to be viewed as a country that
regards all customs and convictions. This has emphasized India's responsibility
towards solidarity building.
 Soft Power:
o It acts as a power of attraction and is beneficial in International relations.

Conclusion
In this manner, social variety plays a significant part in moulding India's public character that
does not depend on any language or religion yet rather on normal expectations and desires.

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Q.9 Critically examine whether a growing population is the cause of poverty OR poverty is
the main cause of population increase in India.
Introduction: Briefly establish the relationship between poverty and population.
Body:
● Mention how growing population is the cause of Poverty.
● Mention how poverty is the cause of population rise.
Conclusion: Briefly establish the complexity of both the phenomena while suggesting to control the both.

Introduction:
India is the second most populous country in the world having a considerable population below
the poverty line (30% of total population as per Rangarajan commitment report). In this context,
it becomes natural to associate high population with poverty and vice versa. However, the
relationship between both is not that straightforward and there is a kind of cause-effect
relationship between both Population and Poverty.

How Growing Population is the Cause of Poverty:

 Economical:
o Resource crunch: A high population increases the pressure on resources as they can
support only a small number of people.
o Fiscal Strain: It strains the ability of the government to provide for every citizen.
Thus, affecting the welfare of people.
o Unemployment: It leads to rise in unemployment as the labour force participation
ratio also increases without pushing families into a vicious cycle of poverty.
o Reduced per capita income: because of increased population.
 Social: major factor behind inter generational poverty.
o Family expense: Increase in the population results in more family expenses on day to
day necessities.
o Health: More family members led to more out of the pocket expenditure on lifestyle
diseases.
o Education: lack of education leads to higher birth rate and higher replacement level.
 Agricultural: Agriculture being the largest supporter of employment has direct
consequences over the poverty level.
o Fragmentation of land: Increased number of people in agricultural families results in a
decreased portion of divided land among the family members causing lower incomes.
 Infrastructural:
o Urban Slum: Higher population density due to rural to urban migration leads to
unhygienic conditions in slum, which in turn leads to higher expenditure over the
health issues.
 Political:
o Subsidies: Over reliance subsidies for vote bank politics leads to inefficient
mobilisation of resources instead of eradicating poverty.
How Poverty is Responsible for Population Growth:
 Economic:
o More hands, more income: Poor people tend to have more children so as to put them
to work and support them economically.

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 Demography:
o Population dynamics: Poverty influences population dynamics, including population
growth, age structure, and rural-urban distribution.
 Social:
o Early Marriages: Poverty pushes families to get their female children married at a
very young age which gives rise to early and increased reproduction.
o Health: Higher mortality rate leads to higher tendency to have more children.
o Illiteracy: Poverty discourages families from sending their children to schools
resulting in increased illiteracy. Due to this people remain uneducated on the ways of
controlling birth rate using modern medical techniques.
o Women: Poor family planning leads to disproportionate burden on women in terms of
health and literacy.

Conclusion
Thus, Poverty is not the result of population increase alone nor is poverty alone responsible for
population growth. Overall, it is a complex issue and therefore focus should be to solve both the
issues simultaneously working towards inclusive growth.

Q.10 How do you explain the statistics that show that the sex ratio in Tribes in India is
more favourable to women than the sex ratio among Scheduled Castes?
Introduction: Mention the statistics explicitly stating the sex ratio.
Body:
● Mention the reasons for this favourable sex ratio among STs while differentiating it with regard to SCs
population.
Conclusion: Briefly mention this positive trend and suggest to follow the model.

Introduction:
Sex proportion in clans are more positive for ladies than sex proportion among Scheduled castes
as it very well may be seen by dissecting Census 2011, as indicated by which, Sex ratio among
tribals is 990, while for schedule caste is 945 and in general it is 943.
Reason for the unfavourable sex ratio among Schedule castes:
 Economical:
o Low wages: due to poor human capital development as they are denied and
discriminated against while providing basic education and sanitation provisions.
o Menial Jobs: Dalit women represents the majority when it comes to perform ibs like
manual scavenging.
 Social:
o Dual Burden: of both caste and gender leads to adverse impact on sex ratio.
o Violence: According to NCRB data, the crime rate against Dalit women has been on
the rise which further give rise to fear of girl child.
 Political:
o Political Hindrance: for their entry in politics is prevalent for the Dalit women,
which further stems down their progress.

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Reason for this Favourable Sex Ratio Among Scheduled Tribes are:
● Biological: Naturally, there is always an excess of male mortality during infancy since the
female fetus and the female infant is biologically stronger compared to her male counterpart.
● Matriarchal society: Since ages they enjoyed matriarchal society and there is no gender
inequality between them.
● Dowry: This social evil is practically absent in tribals, instead some tribal communities
have this prevalence of money paid to the girl's family at the time of marriage for instance
in North Eastern states there is hardly any concept of dowry.
● Lack of Pre-natal diagnostic technologies: Tribal do not go for sex determination and
female foeticide whereas in schedule caste the discrimination is present.
● Equality of work: Equal respect to equal work is given, providing parity in an
economical sense.
● No Social Bias: against women in tribal communities such as what exists among
Scheduled Caste especially among landed ones due to prevalence of Feudal mindset
especially in Central India and eastern states.
Conclusion
Thus, it is quite evident that Schedule tribes are on a sound track by following practices towards
ensuring women dignity, which could be replicated across India for an inclusive society.

Q.11 Discuss the changes in the trends of labour migration within and outside India in the
last four decades.
Approach
Introduction: Start by quoting data of migration by citing UNDESA report
Body
 Explain changes of labour migration trends within India
 Explain changes of labour migration trends outside India
Conclusion: Conclude by mentioning cultural exchange and New York declaration

Introduction:
As per the UNDESA report more than 18 million Indian reside outside and around 480 million
outside their state within India. The causes may be multifaceted from oil boom to agriculture
expansion.

Changes of Labour Migration Trends within India

● Spatial changes: Maharashtra and Gujarat which used to receive huge migrants. Newer
destinations like Delhi, Jaipur and South states seeing migrant inflow.
● Sectoral variation: Initially states like Punjab and Haryana used to receive migrants due
to agriculture job. But service sector jobs dominate in deciding migration now.
● Women migration:Initially internal migration dominated by male. But now female
migrants dominate internal migration with >2/3rd of total migrants.
● Circular Migration: Short-term or temporary migration and repeated migrations
between home and employment place has gained attraction overtime.
● Climate-induced Migration: Initially the migration was centred only around socio-
economic and political reasons. But now climate and geography playing role too.

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Changes of Labour Migration Trends Outside India
● Middle East migrant variation: Oil boom attracted migrants from India to Saudi Arabia and
UAE. But 1973 oil crisis reduced comparatively inflow to West Asia.
● Unskilled to Skilled migration: Initially migration from India is dominated by unskilled or
semi-skilled persons. But later dominated by skilled persons to USA, UK.
● Gender Variation bridged: Share of women in international migration have also increased.
Ex: Jobs as nurses in countries of West Asia.
● Newer destinations: Along with Middle East and Developed Nations. Indians also migrated
to countries like South East Asia, Australia etc.
● Permanency in trend: Those persons who migrated from India, migrated on permanent basis
rather than temporary migration. Making destination their new home.
● Reverse migration trend: Due to increased protectionist policies of nations like Nitakat in
Saudi Arabia and H1B restrictions in USA. There has been reversing trend.

Conclusion
Labour migration not only help the home state through remittances but also form as cultural link
between two states improving coordination, unity and leads to economic growth. Outward
migration also helps to increase India’s soft power in global arena.

Q.12 Discuss the positive and negative effects of globalization on women in India?
Approach
Introduction: Briefly define globalisation
Body
 Positive effects on women by globalisation
 Negative effects on women by globalisation
Conclusion: Conclude by mentioning women importance in country like India.

Introduction:
Globalisation in simple terms is interaction between people of various countries, ideas. To make
the world a global village. It has impact on various sections of Indian society, including women.

Positive effects on women by globalisation

 Social benefits
o Decision making: Women now have greater say at household and also on choosing their
life partner. Men and Women have equal say in the family.
o Education: Globalisation created awareness among the governments and also women.
That in-turn nudged governments to provide better education.
o Healthcare: Globalisation created awareness about sanitation and menstrual health to
women. That help towards better growth of women
o Empowerment: Decrease in instances of dowry deaths and child marriages in India and
more freedom to women compared to pre-globalisation.
 Economic benefits:
o New Jobs: Globalisation created service sector boom in India. That in turn created
more jobs by MNC’s to people irrespective of gender.
o Equality: Change in mentality from traditional treatment to pay equally to men and women
based on their work.

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o Entrepreneurship: By globalisation, women came to know about the best practices
across the world. This boosted their self-confidence and entrepreneurship spirit.
o Poverty alleviation: Globalisation helped to reduce the poverty across world. Poverty
reduction indirectly benefit women by making them access to nutritious food.
 Political benefits
o Legal Awareness: Women became aware about their rights and started demanding for
better treatment. Ex: Sabarimala Case where protested for temple entry.
o Political Participation: The increased presence of women in assemblies and parliament
one of the reason for increased participation is globalisation.
o Voice to Voiceless: Globalisation and social media platforms providing an opportunity to
raise the grievances of voiceless women. Ex: #MeToo movement

Negative Effects on Women by Globalisation

 Social Challenges
o Double Burden: Now women need to balance both household and office work creating more
burden on them.
o Divorce Culture: False and pseudo feminism ingrained in women and less understanding
between couple ending up in divorce.
o New Crimes: Globalisation has also led to new crimes like illegal surrogacy, women
trafficking along with rise of crimes on women like rapes etc.
o Fertility and Mental issues: Late marriages and increased work load leading to issues of
mental health on women.
 Economic Challenges
o Glass Ceiling: Although globalisation helped to mobilise women. It created a barrier
to women preventing women to top jobs.
o Pay inequality: The Oxfam reports suggests that women are paid less than men with
wage gap of 34%.
o Exploited Women: Women are exploited at work and are mostly employed in
unorganised sector.
o Workplace harassment: Working women face the issue of patriarchy at workplace
which act

Conclusion
Acknowledging the challenges faced by women due to globalisation. Government should take
necessary measures to provide conducive environment for women. And act as facilitator for
women empowerment.

Q.13 Debate the issue of whether and how contemporary movements for the assertion of
Dalit identity work towards annihilation of caste.
Approach
Introduction: Introduce on dalit identity and annihilation of caste.
Body
 Contemporary dalit movements.
 Dalit movements and annihilation of caste.
 Dalit movement strengthen caste system.
Conclusion: Dalit assertion and caste annihilation importance.

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Introduction:
Dalit term and identity was popularised by Dr.BR.Ambedkar in order to empower the dalit
community and to work toward annihilation of caste.
Contemporary Dalit Movements and Assertion of Dalit Identity
 Socially
o Caste based matrimonies: Increase in endogamy and intolerance towards inter caste
marriages in order to assert one’s identity.
 Politically
o Vote bank politics: Dalit leaders in order to encash on votes, popularising dalit
movements and asserting dalit identity.
o Dalit based parties: Establishing political parties based on caste to mobilise people
on political lines Ex: Bahujan Samaj party.
 Economic:
o Reservation movements: Increased movements for reservation at promotion, and
reservation demands by higher caste people strengthening dalit identity.
o Dalit Capitalism: Movement to upsurge the participation of dalits in corporate sector
to strengthen dalit identity and for empowerment.

Dalit Movements and Annihilation of Caste

 Socially
o Discarded Untouchability: Dalit movements that has led to creation of awareness
and ensured to combat social evils like untouchability and ensured liberty.
o Hygiene and Sanitation: This helped to ensure cleanliness and to combat
untouchability and for better mingling with other castes.
o Inter-caste marriages: Assertion of their rights and demand of better treatment
through movements ensured inter-caste marriages.
 Economically
o Dalit Capitalism: It ensured better jobs and better opportunities to dalit people and
helped to migrate to urban areas.
o Caste to Class based divide: With globalisation and urbanisation caste based divide
has reduced giving rise to class divide.
o Occupational Diversification: Dalits came out their traditional levels of employment
to occupy various job opportunities. Breaking caste based jobs.
 Politically
o Political Empowerment: Participation in politics and legal awareness about their
rights in order to ensure better life of dalits.

Dalit Movement Strengthen Caste System

 Social
o Caste based violence: Increased mob lynching’s and caste based violence Ex: Honor
killings on inter-caste based marriages.
o Hierarchy: Presence of hierarchy is still present within caste system. Hence cannot
abolish the caste system.
o Ghettoization: In urban areas the dalit population are limited to one part of city
leading to Ghettos. That in turn strengthens caste system in urban areas

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 Economic
o Caste based occupation: There exists still caste based occupation done by dalit
people Ex: Manual Scavenging is still existing in India.
o De-Sanskritisation: Reservation demands by higher caste people and increased rise
of reservation demands. Ex: Jat and Maratha reservations.
 Political
o New form of organisations: Political party on caste lines will strengthen caste
system over years rather than annihilation.
o Vote bank politics: Mobilising people in name of caste has ingrained casteism in
people rather than caste abolition.

Conclusion
India when entering into 75yrs of independence. The true gift to India is ensuring freedom to
dalits in order to promote inter caste harmony and abolish caste system and to pave holistic
growth to India.

Q.14 Explain the factors responsible for the origin of ocean currents. How do they
influence regional climates, fishing and navigation?
Approach
Introduction: Define Ocean currents briefly
Body
 Factors responsible for ocean currents
 Influence on regional climate, fishing and navigation
Conclusion: Conclude by mentioning importance of ocean currents

Introduction:
Ocean currents are continuous and horizontal movement of ocean water due to various factors
that have influence on climate and navigation.

Factors Responsible for Ocean Currents

 Primary factors
o Insolation: Solar energy that cases temperature differences in water at different
places resulting in temperature gradient and hence ocean currents.
o Planetary Winds: Continuous planetary winds push the ocean water creating ocean
currents across the world.
o Coriolis force: Coriolis force leads rightward movement in northern hemisphere and
leftward in southern hemisphere. Ex: Sargasso Sea.
o Influence of Gravity: Gravity tends to pull water down causing gravity gradient
leading to formation of ocean current.
 Secondary factors
o Salinity: Saline water which is denser and low saline water is less dense resulting in
gradient and ocean current.
o Shape of coastline: Coastline shape also form an important factor that affects the
ocean current formation.

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o Density variation: The density difference between the water also leads to vertical
variation resulting in ocean currents.
o Frictional force: Frictional force also acts as barrier and reduces the ocean current
slowed by friction.

Influence of Ocean Currents

 Regional climate
o Indian Monsoon: Seasonal reversal and movement of ocean currents in the upper
Indian Ocean leads to monsoon of India.
o Desert Formation: Most of the deserts are formed in the westside part of landmass
due to presence of ocean currents.
o British Climate: Where the warm ocean currents moderate the temperature during
winters leading to warm winters in regions of UK.
o Cyclones and Rains: In tropical regions, warm ocean currents lead to rainfall and
cyclone formations.
 Fishing
o Rich fishing grounds: Places where warm and cold ocean currents meet, is the ideal
condition for growth of planktons leading to rich fishing grounds.
o Warm Ocean currents in a way restrict the growth of plankton and favour
eutrophication leading to poor fish quality.
o Major Fishing grounds like Newfoundland and eastern coast of North America is
meeting points of ocean currents like Labrador and Gulf stream.
 Navigation
o Decrease in fuel: Following the ocean current direction helps to reduce the fuel of the
ships. Ex: When travelling from Mexico to Philippines using north equatorial current.
o Docking ships: Using currents information helps to safely navigate through coastal
waters.
Conclusion
Hence ocean currents plays crucial role in influencing climate and also bring economic benefits
to the country by providing rich fishing grounds and saving fuel of ships.

Q.15 Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata are the three Mega cities of the country but the air
pollution is much more serious problem in Delhi as compared to the other two. Why
is this so?
Approach
Introduction: Data on air pollution of Delhi
Body
 Serious problem in Delhi
 Factors and reasons for pollution
Conclusion: Importance of controlling air pollution

Introduction:
As per the WHO report, India has 9/10 most polluted cities in the world. That includes Mumbai,
Delhi and Kolkata but air pollution in Delhi is more serious problem.
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Serious problem in Delhi
● PM 2.5 Concentration: Average PM2.5 concentrations in Delhi is 98.6 micrograms per
cc unlike India average is 58.1 micrograms per cc in 2019.
● Premature deaths: Greater than 57000 premature deaths are observed in 2020 where
cities like Mumbai observed 25000 deaths.
● Economic cost: In 2020, observed economic loss to Delhi due to air pollution is
estimated to be around 58895 crores.

Factors for Serious Pollution in Delhi

 Geographical reasons:
o Landlocked: Delhi being landlocked when compared with cities like Mumbai and
Kolkata.
o Continental climate: Cities like Mumbai and Kolkata being coastal cities have
maritime influence and passage of pollutants unlike Delhi.
o Temperature Inversion: In winter Delhi due to cool winds from west lead to
temperature inversion. Trapping the pollutants in the lower atmosphere.
 Economic reasons
o Unregulated industries: Presence of heavy industries that are thermal power plants
in the NCR region resulting in huge pollutants in Delhi.
o Industrial Corridor: Delhi act as transit route and key node in transport and logistics
sector. Releasing various pollutants in atmosphere.
o Vehicular emissions: Delhi with huge population density has >9million vehicles
resulting huge vehicular emissions.
o Stubble burning: Burning of stubble by farmers in Punjab, Haryana areas to clear
farm for next crop is one of the major cause of air pollution.
o Construction activities: Lack of proper mechanism and continuous construction
activities in the Delhi and nearby area lead to PM 2.5 and 10 dust.
 Other factors
o Bursting of crackers: Firecrackers during Diwali celebrations make the air quality
worst and increase concentrations of pollutants.
o Open waste burning: Lack of proper waste management and poor waste collection
practices end up open burning resulting in pollution.
Conclusion
Realising the intensity of situation, Governments of Delhi and India have come with various
measures such as National clean air program, graded action plan and switching to BSVI norms in
order to combat pollution and provide good atmosphere to citizens.

Q.16 India is well endowed with fresh water resources. Critically examine why it still
suffers from water scarcity.
Approach
Introduction: Data about availability of fresh water resources
Body
 India endowed with fresh water
 Reasons for water scarcity in India
Conclusion: Conclude by mentioning SDG6

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Introduction:
India is endowed with 4% of renewable water resource of the world and 16% of world population.

India endowed with fresh water

● Surface water: India has more than 10,360 rivers and presence of lakes, ponds and tanks
to ensure fresh water to India.
● Precipitation: Total water precipitation in India is on an average 4000cubic km. Which is
highest compared to countries of Africa.
● Ground water: Replenish-able ground water resource of India is about 432cubic km
providing ground water to citizens.
● Lagoons and Backwaters: India with huge coastline(>7500km) has lot of lagoons and
backwaters providing water to coastal people.
Reasons for water scarcity in India
 Geographic reasons
o Regional disparity: Rainfall in India varied per locations. Ex: North-east region
always receive rainfall and Western regions like Rajasthan receive less.
o Temporal disparity: Most of the rainfall to India occurs in 3month span resulting in
flood like situations in those months. Ex: Kerala, Mumbai floods.
o Hard rock systems: In South India, major rock system is gneisses rocks that decrease
ground water percolation resulting in decreasing of ground water.
o Climate change: Climate change also leading to drought like situations in some
regions like Deccan region leading to water scarcity.
 Social Reasons
o Huge population: India with increasing population, seeing the decreasing trend of
per-capita water availability. From 1500 in 2011 to 1235 cubic meter in 2050.
o Recycling approach: Less focus on recycling and reusing of water due to poor
awareness also leads to scarcity of water.
o Religious pollution: Rivers like Ganga attract people across the India thinking the
water as holy. Organising kumbamelas and dipping in water leads to pollution.
 Economic Reasons
o Groundwater exploitation: Excessive usage of ground water by agricultural
purposes leading to ground water depletion.
o Untreated wastes: Industries releasing wastes into rivers and lakes without any
treatment leading to thermal and solid waste pollution of rivers.
o Encroaching of wetlands: Increasing urbanisation needs more land and hence
encroaching on wetlands creating shortage of water in cities.
o Poor management: Increased deforestations and less plans on rain water harvesting
leading to drain of fresh water into oceans resulting in scarcity.
 Political Reasons
o Water governance: As said by Mihir Shah, India which enjoys good water resources
faces scarcity due to lack of proper water governance.
o Data availability: India still lacks proper data regarding the water availability in the
nation for better management.
o Lack of river linking projects: River linking projects are still in nascent stage due to
poor implementation by government agencies.

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Conclusion
Recognizing these challenges government of India has come up various initiatives like separate
ministry called Jal Shakti and schemes like Atal bhujal yojana, nal se jal campaign and many
more to fulfil India’s commitment to SDG 6 by 2030.

Q.17 The states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand are
reaching the limits of ecological carrying capacity due to tourism. Critically
evaluate.
Approach
Introduction: Briefly talk about carrying capacity in hill areas
Body
 Tourism and how it impacts carrying capacity
 Importance of tourism
Conclusion: Conclude by mentioning sustainable tourism

Introduction:
Carrying capacity in simple terms is the ability of the environment to take pollution and replenish
the environment. However, industry like tourism sector reaching limits above carrying capacity
causing irreparable damage.

Tourism and how it impacts carrying capacity

● Encroaching on wetlands: With increasing tourism leading to increase persons resulting
in encroachment. Ex: Most of dal lake, Srinagar is encroached.
● Depletion of natural resources: Increased need of water, land to accommodate the
increasing demand leading to use beyond its capacity. Ex: Ladakh with limited water.
● Increased disasters: Instances of landslides, earthquakes tremors, GLOF bursts are the
signs signifying the over-reaching of carrying capacity.
● Construction activities: Booming tourism sector attracts hotels, restaurants resulting in
increasing construction activities making disaster prone. Ex: Uttarakhand region.
● Global warming: Tourism is a significant contributor to global warming with an
estimation of 10% of total carbon emissions.
● Increased footprint: Consider the Amarnath, where the carrying capacity in 4500
pilgrimage per day but receives 12000 pilgrimages per day.
● Solid waste and littering: As per Niti Aayog, Himalayan states like Jammu and Kashmir
are accumulating 3425MT of solid waste per day.
● Deforestation: For construction of better roads for transportation, felling of trees in the
regions has been increased
● Threat to Wildlife: Increased developmental activities such as dams to attract tourist
have indirectly effected wildlife and ecology.

Importance of Tourism in these Regions

 Economic
o Employment generation: Tourism sector helps in generating direct and indirect jobs
to the local people such as guides etc. and helps for their growth.

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o Economic growth: These states receive funds and nudge them for better policies for
the development of the state. Creating a virtuous cycle of growth.
o Infrastructural development: Tourism helps to connect the far-fluged areas creating
opportunities to the people and attracting investment.
 Social
o Religious sentiments: The regions like Uttarakhand are religiously significant to
Hindus hence tourism should be promoted.

Conclusion
The hill regions need to follow middle path and pave way towards sustainable tourism by
drafting policies towards environmental centric and following the Niti Aayog report on
sustainable development.

Q.18 How far do you agree that the behaviour of the Indian monsoon has been changing
due to humanizing landscape? Discuss.
Approach
Introduction: Briefly talk about changes in Indian Monsoon
Body
 Relation between Indian monsoon and humanizing landscape
 Other factors
Conclusion: Conclude by mentioning importance of Indian monsoon

Introduction:
A study conducted by Purdue University suggests that man-made changes to landscape have effected Indian
monsoon. With rural areas getting comparatively less rains than urban areas as per last 50yrs data.

Humanizing Landscape and Changing Indian Monsoon

● Deforestation: Cutting of trees for more land. That leads to release of greenhouse gases and
Co2 into atmosphere. Impacting climate change and Indian monsoon.
● Urbanization: Urbanisation leading to concretisation causing more evaporation resulting in
more rains in the urban areas.
● Groundwater exploitation: Indiscriminate usage of ground water that led to desertification
of land, aiding climate change and monsoon patterns.
● Construction of Dams: Dams hording lot of water has direct bearing on the weather and
climate.
● Agriculture practices: Practices such as slash and burn techniques, excessive usage of
chemicals leads to nitrogen and methane pollution in environment.
● Tourism industry: Increased tourism activity in Himalayan region contributing to glacier
melting and on onset of Indian monsoon.
Other Factors Responsible
● Air pollution: Vehicle and industrial emissions leading to climate change which impacts the
Indian monsoon.
● El-Nino and La-Nina effect: Indian monsoon has also direct bearing by El-Nino and La-
Nina increasing/decreasing monsoon intensity.
● Sea level rise: Melting of glaciers due to global warming leading to increase in sea level rise
and causing more cyclones in the Indian ocean region.

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Conclusion
Indian monsoon plays crucial role in terms of Indian agriculture and with respect to economy.
Under these regulating human impact on environment helps in better monsoon to India.

Q.19 Smart cities in India cannot sustain without smart villages. Discuss this statement in
the backdrop of rural urban integration.
Approach
Introduction: Data signifying urban population and village population
Body
 Need of smart villages for smart cities
 Integration of rural-urban areas
Conclusion: Conclude by mentioning $5trillion dollar aim of India

Introduction:
As per the 2011 census >30% of Indian population reside in urban areas and projected to be >40% by
2030. Under these smart villages helps to reduce migration and population density in cities.

Smart Cities Need Smart Villages

 Social
o Urban slums: Lack of smart villages resulting in mass migration to cities. Lack of
proper management ending up in slums. As per 2011 census 480 million are migrants.
o Poverty alleviation: Interstate migrants face issue to get subsidised food grains under
Food security act resulting in poverty and malnutrition.
o Xenophobia on migrants: Local population treating migrants improperly and seeing
them as job robbers resulting in mob lynching on migrants.
o Healthcare: Poorly developed health care in villages resulting in burden on urban
hospitals as villages doesn’t have secondary and tertiary health care.
 Economic
o Natural resource depletion: Many cities like Bangalore are facing day zero
conditions due to excessive water usage. Hence development of villages is needed.
o Encroaching on agricultural land: Due to increase migrants to cities it created a
vicious cycle when cities encroach agri-lands and distressed farmers migrate to cities.
o Unemployment in urban areas: This creates distress and acting as pivot in urban
crimes especially on women. Ex: Most of migrants are involved in crimes.
o Unorganised sector: Most of the migrant workers with low or semi-skills end up in
unorganised sector jobs like construction works resulting in poor wages and growth.
 Political
o Combative Federalism: Lack of coordination between states and for political
vendetta using vote bank politics Ex: Sons of soil policy in states like Haryana.
o Law and order challenge: Lack of smart villages leads to regional disparity in
economic growth fuelling
Integration of Rural-Urban Areas
● Food processing sector: Establishing food processing industries in rural areas to provide
opportunities to rural youth and prevent migration.

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● Cillages: Synergy between city and village by transferring technology know how to
villages and for overall development of village.
● Agricultural market: Cities and urban areas can act as agri-markets to the produce of
farmer’s production. By giving better prices to farmers.
● Better services: Services like health care, technology services and logistics can be
improved by coordination between both urban and rural areas.

Conclusion
As per the Gandhiji’s dream villages should be strengthened to make them republics and help in
urbanisation of cities. In order to achieve the $5trillion dollar Gdp by 2025.

Q.20 What are the economic significance of discovery of oil in Arctic Sea and its possible
environmental consequences?
Approach
Introduction: Data about presence of oil in Arctic region
Body
 Economic Significance due to discovery of oil
 Environmental Consequence
Conclusion: Conclude by mentioning international collaboration and climate change.

Introduction:
As per the US geological survey, Arctic region hosts 30% of undiscovered natural gas and 13%
of undiscovered oil of the world.

Economic Significance of Discovery of Arctic Oil

 Significance for World
o New fossil fuels: World will be accessed to new fossil fuels resulting in fulfilling
energy requirements of present and future generations.
o West Asia dependence: Monopoly of West Asia in oil pricing can be combatted
resulting in cheaper oil and cheap energy to world.
o Infrastructure development: To extract the untapped oil, Arctic region gets better
infrastructure and better development of the region.
o Alternate trade route: The Arctic region can also pave an shortest and alternate
trade route helping in reducing fuel and time.
o Fishing Industry: Industry setup to extract oil can also attract the rich fishing
grounds resulting in development of fishing industry.
o Creation of Jobs: Mining and infrastructure sector may provide new jobs to the
global world and curb unemployment.
o Economic growth: After a slow growth rate of world’s gdp, discovery of oil and
investment in its extraction acts like fiscal stimulus to boost world gdp.
 Significance for India
o Fiscal Deficit: New oil discovery, decreases oil prices and help in decreasing import
burden easing fiscal deficit.
o Increased Trade: India may actively participate in extraction of Arctic oil and
signing of agreements. Leading to increased trade in Arctic region countries.
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o Minerals: Arctic region also hosts many minerals like Zinc that help India to reduce
its dependence on other nations Ex: India dependent on China on many minerals.
 Environmental Consequence
o Renewable Energy: With access to cheap oil, renewable energy may be pushed
backdrop by many developing nations. Leading to more GHG release in atmosphere.
o Wild Life threat: Oil drilling and infrastructure development may become threat to
wildlife Ex: Unique species like polar bears may become extinct.
o Marine pollution: The Arctic region may become hub of many pollutant release like
oil spills, arsenic and mercury pollution changing its ecosystem.
o Vicious cycle of melting: Increase in construction of activities and release of
pollutants and GHGS. Lead to more warming of arctic region and melting of more
glaciers.
o Sound pollution: The noise pollution due to machines may impact marine beings like
whales and create threat to marine living beings.
o Sea level rise: The process will augment the sea level rise creating the wide
disruptions of climate across the world.

Conclusion
Hence realising the environmental consequence of the arctic oil, there should be a global
collaboration in order to commit to Paris climate goals and fulfil promises of net zero by 2030 as
promised in COP26.

*******

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(Model Answers – GS - II)

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Q.1 Discuss the possible factors that inhibit India from enacting for its citizens a uniform
civil codeas provided for in the Directive Principles of State Policy.
Approach
Introduction: Refer to Constitutional Article 44 and define UCC.
Body
 Explain reason behind the demand of UCC
 What are the factors inhibiting India from enacting Uniform civil code
Way forward: Mention steps need to be taken by the government before enacting UCC
Conclusion: Conclude with the idea of developing consensus among the public.

Introduction:
Article 44 of part four of Indian constitution provides for a uniform civil code (UCC)in the
country. A Uniform civil code means that all citizens of the country irrespective of the difference
of religion, race, caste etc. be treated equally according to uniform laws.
Reasons Behind the demand of UCC
● Right to Equality: It will provide women of all caste equality in terms of matters related
to marriage.
● Judgement of Supreme Court: In Shah Bano Case (1985) Supreme Court recommended
that a UCC will be established to secure Justice.
● Integration of India: the main aim of our Constitution was to ensure unity in India. The
UCC will help in bringing unity among diversity of religion, race, caste etc.
● Secularism: Preamble as well as Fundamental Rights under Article 25, provides for
Secularism in the country. UCC helps in eliminating the differences based on religious
marriage laws.
● Reducing Vote Bank Politics: A UCC will help in curbing the practice of using these
laws for the purpose of political gains.
Factor inhibiting India from Adoption of Uniform civil Code
● Historical factors: In the Constituent Assembly there was a debate regarding adoption of
UCC. As no consensus was established it was put under the non-enforceable part of the
Constitution.
● Social Factors: There is huge diversity among communities of India, so it's hard to find a
common ground on which a UCC can be established.
● Political Factor: Due to Caste-isation of Indian Politics and Vote bank politics in India,
Political parties make UCC as political issue. So generally, parties in power refrain from
taking steps to promote UCC.
● Legal Factors: There is a conflict between Right to Equality (Article 14) and Freedom of
Religion (Article 25), in implementation of UCC. As UCC hinders Freedom of Religion
for the sake of Right to Equality.
● Division between Judiciary and Legislature: There is a lack of consensus between
Judiciary and Legislature over the priority order of a) Freedom of Religion (b) Rights of
women (c) Uniform Civil code.
● Nature Of Directive Principles: The nature of Directive Principles is of non-enforceable
nature. This itself shows that our Constitution makers don't want UCC as a necessary
provision in India.

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Way forward
● Approach toward minority community: There is a need to develop trust with the
minority community, rather than going for a top-down approach and going for a bottom-
up approach in the implementation of UCC.
● Keeping secularism intact: The Government should keep the positive secular tradition
of India in mind while making any law.
Conclusion:
There is a need to evolve a consensus over the issue of Uniform Civil Code without
compromising with the idea of minority protection as well as preservation of National Unity.

Q.2 The concept of cooperative federalism has been increasingly emphasised in recent
years. Highlight the drawbacks in the existing structure and the extent to which
cooperative federalism would answer the shortcomings.
Approach
Introduction: Give definition of the term cooperative federalism.
Body
 Mention the drawbacks in existing structure
 How Cooperative federalism is answer to these shortcoming
Conclusion: State how cooperative federalism will help in strengthening the unity of India.

Introduction:
Cooperative Federalism is a type of federalism in which federal and state governments work
together to achieve common goals.In a diverse Federal nation like India cooperative federalism is
essential to accommodate the huge diversity.
Drawbacks in the Existing Structure
 Distribution of legislative Powers: The distribution of Powers in the Seventh schedule
of the constitution is tilted toward Union. As the Union List has maximum subjects.
o Article 249: Rajya Sabha can pass a law to give power to the union to make laws on
state subjects.
o Article 252: States can provide consent to the centre to make laws on certain subjects.
This provision gives permanent power to parliament to amend or repeal the act.
o Article 253: The provision of distribution of power doesn't apply in the case of
international treaties.
 Institution of Governor
o Article 201: Gives the governor the power to reserve any bill for the consideration of the
President. This provision is used in an arbitrary manner by the governor.
o Envisaged aim: of the office of governor was to act as a Lynchpin of Cooperative
Federalism, but in reality, it's working as a long arm of the union government at the state
level. Example: In 1984, Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh N.T. Rama Rao went abroad
for medical treatment, the then governor in mean time dissolved the assembly arbitrarily.
 Financial constraints
o Finance Commission: The formation and membership of the Finance commission
along with terms of reference are determined by the mental government. This affects
the decision of the Finance commission toward devolution of funds toward different
states.

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o Goods and Service Tax (GST): The GST has reduced the revenue of the states and in
recent times there is controversy regarding payment of GST compensation by the centre.
o Fund imbalance: Though majority of the schemes are implemented by the states yet
a large portion of tax income is kept under the possession of Centre.
 All India Services
o Asymmetrical powers: State government has limited powers in terms of suspending the
Civil servant, whereas the majority of the power lies with the central government. This
promotes a sense of biasness among civil servants toward the Union Govt.
Cooperative Federalism as Answer to the Shortcomings
 Increased cooperation among Centre and states
o Article 279(A): GST Council has provided for active involvement of the state
government in tax related measures. Therefore, increasing financial powers of state.
o Niti Aayog: With its broad membership has been able to overcome the deficiencies of the
Planning Commission.
o Issue of Governor: Cooperative federalism ensures that the Governor acts as per the ‘aid
& advice’ of the popularly elected state govt. to keep the division of power intact.
o Interstate Council: Article 263 Provides for the formation of interstate Council. The
revival of the Inter-state Council has helped in resolving the conflict between the states
and the Centre.
o Distribution of powers: Cooperative federalism helps in equitable distribution of power among
Union, state and third tier of government. Therefore making the issue of dispute among various
tiers of govt. redundant.
Conclusion
The idea of ‘Team India’ with ‘Sabka Sath, Sabka Vishwas’ can only be built on the active platform of
cooperative Federalism. Therefore, Sarkaria Commission recommendations on building cooperative
federalism need to be implemented.

Q. 3 In absence of a well-educated and organised local level government system,

‘Panchayats’ and ‘Samitis’ have remained mainly political institutions and not
effective instruments of governance. Critically discuss.
Approach
Introduction: Mention about 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act,1992
Body
 Show how ‘Panchayats’ and ‘Samitis’ have remained mainly political institutions
 Discuss what are problems of absence of well-educated and organised local level govt
Way Forward: Mention how to overcome these shortcomings
Conclusion: Conclude with Gandhian idea of self rule

Introduction:
73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992, provides for the institution of Panchayati Raj. The
institutions of ‘Panchayat’ and ‘Samitis’ represent the system of rural local self-government.
‘Panchayats’ and ‘Samitis’ have Remained Mainly Political Institutions
 Political factors:
o Vote bank politics: political parties consider Panchayat as only an instrument to
enhance their popularity. They are not given prerequisite importance in terms of
power distribution. This hinders the agenda of democratic decentralisation.
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 Legal factors
o 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act: The provision of Compulsory Provision and
Voluntary provision, has inhibited the complete realisation of power of third tier
bodies. As most of the state governments provide powers as mentioned in the list of
voluntary provisions.
 Financial factors
o Tied nature of funds: The funds are provided by the State Finance Commission, on the
basis of realisation of certain political goals. These schemes started by the government are
not always appropriate for all the villages.
o Dependency on government funding: Dependency on State and Union Government for
funding, put Panchayats under the political influence of the party in power. Therefore,
making them as political institutions.
Problem of absence of Well-Educated and Organised Local Level Government
● Literacy: Around 30% of the rural population is still illiterate. This hinders educated
political participation. Along with this they are not able to use democratic means to
participate in politics.
● Organisation based problem- Gram Sabha is not provided with any legal power, it
merely does any substantive work in terms of participation. Also, the three-tie base
organisation is also not adequately
Way Forward
● Financial autonomy: By increasing tax devolution and providing more taxation related powers.
● Educational empowerment: programs like Shakti needs to be replicated to educate
Panchayati Raj bodies about governance.
● Political independence: In terms of policy implementation and formulation should be
provided.
Conclusion
An effective institution of ‘Panchayati Raj’ and ‘Samitis’ would help India in achieving the goal
of good governance based on the Gandhian idea of ‘Swaraj’.

Q.4 Khap Panchayats have been in the news for functioning as extra-constitutional
authorities, often delivering pronouncements amounting to human rights violations.
Discuss critically the actions taken by the legislative, executive and the judiciary to set
the things right in this regard.
Approach
Introduction: Briefly define what are Khap Panchayat
Body
 Mention some examples where khap Panchayats are working as Extra-Constitutional bodies
 Discuss various legislative, judicial and Executive Measures taken by government
Conclusion: Discuss what government should do

Introduction:
Khap Panchayats are informal organisations formed on the basis of caste and geographical
factors. This institution is prevalent in the areas of Haryana, Rajasthan and some parts of Uttar
Pradesh.

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 UPSC CSE 2015 EXAM
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Panchayat Functioning as Extra-Constitutional Bodies Example
● Honour killing: In Haryana a couple was given death sentence by Khap Panchayat
because they committed out of caste marriage.
● Caste base atrocities: In Uttar Pradesh some daily families were banned from entering
the village by Khap Panchayat when they tried to fetch water from a common water
source of the community.
These incidents show that Khap Panchayats are working arbitrarily against the provisions of our
Constitution and are hindering the Fundamental Rights of its Citizens.
To Prevent such Atrocities Various Measures are Taken by the Government:
 Legislative Measures
o Declaring as illegal: These Panchayats are declared illegal by the government of
Tamil Nadu.
o Law commission: It has proposed legislation namely ‘the Endangerment of Life and
Liberty (Protection, Prosecution and other measures) Act,2011. It aims to stop the evil
practice of Honour killing and related crimes
o Other bills by the Law Commission: The Law Commission had also drafted a bill
titled “Prohibition of Unlawful Assembly ( Interference with the Freedom of
Matrimonial Alliances) Bill, 2011”. This bill proposed to prohibit people from
congregating together to condemn a legal marriage on the ground that it has brought
dishonour to the caste or community.
 Judicial Measures
o Smt. Laxmi Kachwahas vs, The State of Rajasthan (1999): In this case the
Rajasthan High court held that the power of khap panchayats to give judgements are
ultra vires.
o Arumugam Servai vs. State of Tamil Nadu (2011): In this case the court stated that
the act of khap panchayat to institutionalise the act of honour killing of those who get
married to someone who defies the norms of the village is completely illegal and
should be stopped.
o State of UP vs. Krishna Master & Ors (2010): Allahabad High court awarded life
sentence to the three accused of the honour Killing.
o In Manoj and Babli Murder case: Punjab and Haryana High Court give life
imprisonment to the five out of seven convicts of honour Killing.
 Executive Measures
o Strict guidelines: Guidelines are issued for police in areas of Haryana in order to deal
with illegal practises of Khap Panchayat.
o Punitive Actions: The Executive has taken the cognisance to the actions of khap
panchayats and has responded by taking strict punitive measures. This has put significant
control on the working of Khap Panchayats.
Conclusion
There is an urgent need for enactment of law by the Parliament to control the practice of khap
panchayat along with this strong punitive actions are required to prevent atrocities like honour
killing by the Khap Panchayat.

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Q.5 Resorting to ordinances has always raised concern on violation of the spirit of
separation of powers doctrine. While noting the rationales justifying the power to
promulgate ordinances, analyse whether the decisions of the Supreme Court on the
issue have further facilitated resorting to this power. Should the power to promulgate
the ordinances be repealed?
Approach
Introduction: Briefly mention Constitutional Provision
Body
 Discuss various Judgement by the Supreme Court
 Discuss the impact of these judgements
 Argue Should the power be repealed
Conclusion: Mention about the need to clearly define the ordinance making powers.

Introduction:
Article 123 and Article 213 of the Constitution empowers the President and Governor to
promulgate the ordinances during the recess of Parliament and State Legislature respectively.
The ordinance making power has the same force as an act of Parliament, therefore it hinders the
separation of power among 3 organs of the government.
Supreme Court’s judgement
● RC Cooper Case 1970: Supreme Court held that President's decision to promulgate
ordinance could be challenged on the ground that ‘immediate action’ was not required
and the ordinance has been issued primarily to bypass the legislative debate.
● DC Wadhwa Case 1987: The Supreme Court held that the legislative power of the
executive is to be used in exceptional circumstances and not as a substitute of the law-
making power of the legislature.
● Krishna Kumar Singh Case 2017: Supreme court stated that ordinance making power is
not absolute but conditional upon satisfaction that circumstances exist rendering it
necessary to take immediate action.
Impact of Supreme Court's Judgement:
● Ineffective: In 2013 and 2014, the Securities Laws (Amendment) Ordinance was
promulgated three times.
● Regular Promulgation: An Ordinance to amend the land Acquisition Act was issued
twice in December 2014 and April 2015.
● Increase in numbers: The last couple of years has seen a spike of Ordinance, 16 in 2019
and 15 in 2020.
Should Ordinance making power be repealed
 No It should not be repealed:
o Requirement: To meet with unforeseen and urgent matters ordinance making power
is required.
o Safeguarding role: It also helps in safeguarding unity of India in times of war and
internal conflict.
o Followed Internationally: Ordinance making power is still present in most of the
developed countries of the world.
 Yes It should be repealed:
o Impact democracy: It overrides the legislative scrutiny and debates therefore making
democracy redundant.

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 UPSC CSE 2015 EXAM
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o Disturb Separation of Powers: It evades the constitutional spirit of Separation of
Power and disturbs the balance between legislative, executive and Judiciary.
o Misuse of power: The Executive work under the command of Council Of minister
therefore making the power misused in Favour of part in power.
Conclusion
There is a need to clearly define the ordinance making power of the President and Government so
that it cannot be used for political purposes.

Q.6 What are the major changes brought in the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996
through the recent Ordinance promulgated by the President? How far will it improve
India’s dispute resolution mechanism? Discuss.
Approach
Introduction: Mention about the Ordinance promulgated
Body
 What are the major changes brought by the ordinance
 What are the benefits of the ordinance
 Discuss about the challenges
Conclusion: Mention on how the new Arbitration and Conciliation Act should be.

Introduction:
The Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Ordinance, 2020 was promulgated to amend the
Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. The Act contains provisions to deal with domestic and
international arbitration and defines the law for conducting conciliation proceedings.
Major Changes brought by the Ordinance:
● Automatic stay on awards: The 1996 Act allowed a party to file an application to set aside an
arbitral award , this was considered as an automatic stay by the Courts by the moment an application
was set aside for an award by the court.
● Amendment in 2015:In 2015 , the Act was amended to state that an arbitral award would not
be automatically stayed merely on account Of an application being made to a court to set
aside the arbitral award.
● Recent Amendment:The recent ordinance specifies that A stay on arbitral award can be provided if
the Court is satisfied that: (1) The relevant arbitration agreement, or (2) the making of the award,
was induced by fraud or corruption.
Qualification of arbitrators
● Qualification in 1996 Act: The Act specifies certain qualifications norms for arbitrators
in a separate schedule. The requirements include that the arbitrator must be: (1) an
advocate under the Advocates Act, 1961 with 10 year of experience, or (2) an officer of
the Indian Legal Service among others.
● Qualification in Ordinance 2020:The Ordinance omits the schedule for arbitrators and
states that the qualifications, experience And norms for accreditation of arbitrations will
be specified by regulations.
Benefits of the Ordinance:
● Checking Misappropriate use of money: The ordinance would help in solving the
wastage of money due to regular stay on the arbitral award.

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● Political influence: The change in criteria of appointment of arbitrators will help in
reducing political interference in their appointment.
● Benefit of stakeholder: The ordinance will help in Bringing parity among all the
stakeholders in the arbitration process. As all the stakeholders get an opportunity to seek
unconditional stay on enforcement of arbitral awards.
Challenges
● Enforcement of Contracts: The delay in setting disputes will further push back India's
ranking in enforcement of contracts criteria of Ease of Doing Business Index.
● Hindrance to the goal: India wants to become a hub of domestic and international
arbitration. Through the implementation of these legislative changes, resolution of
commercial disputes could take longer duration now onwards.
Conclusion
Therefore there is a need to make the new Arbitration and Conciliation Act in line with the
international best practices , so as to promote the goal of ‘Atamnirbhar Bharat’.

Q.7 Does the right to clean environment entail legal regulations on burning crackers during
Diwali? Discuss in the light of Article 21 of the Indian Constitution and Judgment(s)of
the Apex Court in this regard.
Approach
Introduction: Briefly mention about Article 21
Body
 Discuss how Right to clean environment Entail legal regulations on burning crackers
 Supreme Court Judgment with respect to burning of firecrackers
 Discuss the nuances of Article 21
 Why legal measures are not only solutions
Conclusion: We can conclude with bottom-up approach to deal with the problem

Introduction:
Article 21 of the Indian Constitution provides for Right to Life and Personal Liberty. The
subsequent judgments by the apex court post Maneka Gandhi Case has broadened its scope and
Right to clean Environment has been brought under its ambit.
Right to clean environment Entail legal regulations on burning crackers
1. Supreme Court Judgment on regulation on burning of firecrackers:
o Arjun Gopal and Others v. Union of India and Others: The court framed following issue
for determination a) How the Court should strike a balance between Articles 21 and 19(1)(g) of
the Indian Constitution
o The Apex Court in this case ruled that the crackers with reduced emission and green
crackers would only be permitted to be manufactured and sold.
o Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v. Union of India case: The Apex Court explained the
Precautionary Principle in the context of the municipal law. The court Stated that
environmental measures taken by the State Government and the Statutory authorities-
must anticipate, prevent and attack the causes of environmental degradation
2. Article 21 of the Indian Constitution:
o Broadening aspects- Article 21 ensures not only Right to life but also to live a life
with dignity. It includes clean air And water. Therefore banning firecrackers ensures
our Right to clean environment.
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o Freedom With Restrictions: All freedoms including under Article 25 , come with
restrictions. Right to Religious Freedom should not become a cause of threat to the
Right to Clean the environment of other people.
o Supreme court stance: It establishes a balance between Article 19, Article 21 and
Article 25. The Supreme Court in its verdict in the Arjun Gopal case has stated that
alternative to traditional crackers like green crackers could be established. This will
help in shifting employment toward new forms of crackers manufacturing.
Legal Regulations alone are not solution
● Cause of Pollution: It's not limited to a single factor like bursting of crackers. There are
other factors also like Vehicular pollution, Industrial emission , stubble burning etc. All of
these factors need to be tackled.
● Religious sentiments: Banning the crackers blanketly will hurt the religious sentiments of the
people. Therefore proper care needs to be taken so that religious sentiments are not hurt.
● Top down approach: legal regulations work as top-down-approach , people try to burn
firecrackers privately without understanding their responsibility.
Conclusion
Rather than going for a top down approach , people should be made aware about environmental
concerns and bottom up planning for the environmental problem will help in better resolution of
the problem.

Q.8 Examine critically the recent changes in the rules governing foreign funding of NGOs
under the Foreign Contribution(Regulation) Act (FCRA), 1976.
Approach
Introduction: Briefly mention about FCRA Act,1976
Body
 Explain FCRA Amendment Act,2010
 Mention about FCRA Amendment Act, 2020
 What are the drawbacks of the 2020 Act
Conclusion: Mention how to modify the act

Introduction:
Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act , 1976 was enacted by the Government of India to deal
with the issue of regulating the acceptance and utilization of foreign funds received by persons
and Political associations working in the important areas of national life.
Amendment To FCRA Act:
The act was amended in 2010 because many NGOs were found using illegal use of foreign
funding. In 2016 licenses of about 20,000 NGOs were canceled due to huge misappropriation of
funding.
Salient features of FCRA Amendment Act, 2010:
● Provision of cancellation of Registration: If Home Ministry believes that organization
is working in favor of any political party, then Ministry can cancel the registration of the
NGO.
● Validity of Certificate: The validity of the certificate for NGOs under the 2010 act came with
five-year validity.

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● Separate Account Requirement: Act stated that there is need to have separate account to
deposit Foreign Contributions received. This account shall only be for Foreign Contributions.
● Obligation of Banks: Every bank is obliged to report to the prescribed authority, the
amount of Foreign contributions received and other details of the same.
Foreign Contribution Regulation (Amendment) Act,2020
● New Prohibited Category: Election candidate, editor or publisher of a newspaper,
government servants , members of any legislature, and political parties are prohibited to
accept foreign contributions.
● Restriction on Administrative expenses: The bill reduced the amount used by an
organization for administrative expenses to 20% from 50% earlier.
● Aadhar for registration: The bill makes Aadhaar compulsory for registration. And only
such persons and organizations can receive foreign funding.
● Provision of Summary enquiry: This provision enables the government to stop an
organization from utilizing foreign funds through a “summary enquiry”.
● Transfer of Funds: The act prohibits that Foreign contribution cannot be transferred to
any other person unless such person is also registered to accept foreign contributions.
● Enhanced power of Government: The government can now suspend the registration of
an NGO after a summary enquiry and the period of suspension can extend up to a year.
Drawbacks of the recent Amendment:
● Impact on working of NGOs: The reduction in the amount of administrative expenses
would impact the efficient working of NGOs. It would significantly harm the livelihood
of workers in small NGOs.
● Government interference: The new amendment has potential to increase the
interference of the Government in the working of NGOs . This will hinder the
independent working of NGOs which work for human rights.
● Incompatibility with International Laws: According to the UN no law should
criminalize or delegitimize activities in defense of human rights on account of the origin
of funding. The bill fails to comply with this provision.
● ‘Chor-Police construct’: The act assumes that all NGOs receiving foreign funds are
guilty unless proven otherwise. This hinders the flourishing of NGOs in the country.
Conclusion
NGOs are essential for interest aggregation as well as articulation of citizens, therefore no
amendment should inhibit their working unless there is sufficient reason to believe that funds are
being misused by them.

Q.9 The Self-Help Group (SHG) Bank linkage Programme (SBLP), which is India’s own
innovation, has proved to be one of the most effective poverty alleviation and women
empowerment programmes. Elucidate
Approach
Introduction: Define SHGs
Body
 What is SBLP Programme.
 Discuss its role in poverty alleviation and women empowerment.
Conclusion: Mention on how scheme can be utilized to deal with the challenges of COVID.

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Introduction:
Self help group is defined as a voluntary group formed for the purpose of social, political and
economic welfare of its members. There are around 75,00,000 SHGs in India.
SHG Bank Linkage Programme (SBLP)
● This programme was initiated by NABARD in 1992, on the recommendation of SK Kalia
Committee.
● Aim: To provide banking services to the weaker and unorganized SHGs.
● Scheme: Under this scheme, the following three different models have emerged:
Model 1: SHGs promoted, guided and financed by banks.
Model 2: SHGs Promoted by NGOs/ Government agencies and financed by banks.
Model 3: SHGs promoted by NGOs and financed by banks using NGOs/formal agencies as
financial intermediaries.
Poverty Alleviation and women empowerment by the SBLP Programme
● Credit dispersal: With the help of bank linkages SHG members became eligible for
getting formal credit through banks. It also helped in getting the benefits of government
credit dispersal schemes like PM-KISAN Samman Nidhi.
● Financial inclusion: SBLP helped in financial inclusion of SHGs , therefore helped them
in taking koans and other financial services.
● Income: According to reports by NABARD, the income of SHGs has increased threefold
since the introduction of the SBLP programme.
Women Empowerment:
● Financial independence- Job in SHGs provided women an independent source of living.
This helped in reducing their dependency over the male members of the family.
● Social Empowerment: The working of SHGs like SEWA has helped in changing the
patriarchal mentality of the societies. They are now considered as equal counterparts of
male members in society.
● Educational Empowerment: SHGs like Kudumbshree in Kerala are providing education
to the members and their family. These initiatives have helped in the educational
empowerment of girl childs.
● Decision Making: Financial independence increases the role of women in the family. So
they become better participants in important decisions of the family.
● Political Empowerment: SHGs provide a ground of leadership to its members, therefore
help in building leadership qualities among women.
Conclusion
The SBLP programme has helped in financial inclusion, credit expansion as well as poverty alleviation
from the society. Today in order to meet with the challenges of COVID related slowdown the
government needs to begin with SBLP 2.0 programme.

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Q.10 How can the role of NGOs be strengthened in India for development works relating
to protection of the environment? Discuss throwing light on the major constraints.
Approach
Introduction: Define NGOs
Body
 Mention Constraints faced by NGOs working in field of environment.
 Discuss about the Ways to strengthen NGOs.
Conclusion: Conclude with the idea of cooperation between all sections in the country.

Introduction:
The World Bank defines NGOs as ‘private organizations that pursue activities to relieve
suffering, promote the interests of the poor, protect the environment, provide basic social
services, or undertake community development”.
Constraints faced by NGOs working in field of environment
● Financial constraints: Difficulties in getting funds for environmental issues due to
industry-political nexus and laws like FCRA act,2020. The financial constraint limits the
activities of the NGOs.
● Small Scale: Most of the NGOs working in the field of environment are of small size.
This makes them less important in the eyes of the government.
● Absence of internal democracy: NGOs on the one hand promote democracy but on the
other hand work in non transparent and non accountable manner. According to a report by
CAG - less than 10% of the total NGOs are registered in India.
● Opposition from public: NGOs are often considered to be working towards the
encroachment of cultural rights of the people. The ban over Jallikattu after an PIL was
initiated by NGO PETA is an example of disconnect between public and NGOs.
Ways to strengthen NGOs
● Legal Measures: Making Foreign Exchange Management Act,1999 (FEMA) and
FCRA,1986 more friendly towards NGOs. They should not be seen as culprits rather as
institutions of reforms in the country.
● Financial measures: Social Responsibility Bonds, should be promoted in order to
facilitate greater funding for the working of NGOs. Along with this they should provide
tax benefits so as to increase their revenue.
● Political measures: Government’s control over the registration of NGOs needs to be
reduced. There should be an independent committee to check the working of NGOs.
● Institutionalize Participation: NGOs should be made a part of the Environment Impact
Assessment Committee(EIA). This will ensure proper scoping, screening as well as
public Interest articulation in developmental projects.
● Other Measures: The Central Economic Intelligence Bureau (CEIB) has suggested
making an independent ‘ National Commission for Charities’ that can take action and
even de-register those found misusing the funds.
Conclusion
NGOs play a significant role in the protection of the environment. Thus there is a need for
cooperation between government, public and NGOs to achieve the Sustainable Development
Goals (SDG) by 2030.

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Q.11 The quality of higher education in India requires major improvements to make
itinternationally competitive. Do you think that the entry of foreign educational
institutions would help improve the quality of higher and technical education in the
country? Discuss.
Approach
Introduction: Introduce the current status of higher education in India.
Body:
 Discuss the challenges faced by the higher education sector.
 Analyse the positives that foreign universities can bring to the plate
 Issues related to the entry of foreign players in the higher education sector in India.
Conclusion: Summarize your view on the issue.

Introduction:
India is the third largest in terms of students pursuing higher education in the world next only to
China and the US. The GER in higher education in India is only about 26% which is very low
compared to developed countries.
Factors responsible for the poor state of higher education sector in India
 Economic factors
o High poverty prevalence: More than 60% of students who complete their higher
secondary education in India opt out of higher education due to financial hardships.
o Low public expenditure: Public expenditure on education is very low in India.
Therefore, the higher education institutes often face the problem of lack of funds.
o Low capacity & poor-quality infrastructure: Indian universities face the issues of low
capacity, deficiencies in library and laboratory facilities, dilapidated buildings, etc.
 Social factors
o Social discrimination: The GER of vulnerable sections such as SCs, STs and
minorities is very low compared to that of affluent sections.
o Gender Gap: There is a stark gender gap in GER particularly in STEM (Science,
Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) courses.
o Intense competition and high coaching fee: There exist an intense competition in
the entrance examinations and coaching institutes charge rampant fee. This acts a
huge barrier for vulnerable sections to pursue higher education.
 Technical factors
o Poor quality of education: Running after quantity while neglecting quality of
education is a major problem with the Indian higher education system.
o Low faculty-student ratio: The faculty-student ratio in India is 1:30 compared to the
US where it is 1:12.5 and China with 1:19.5
o Outdated curriculum: It is evident from the fact that a vast percentage of graduates
in India were found to be unemployable. The curriculum is not in line with the market
requirements.
o Low investment in R&D: India’s gross expenditure on research and development
(GERD) is the least among the top ten economies in the world.
 Political factors
o High political intervention: Barring a few universities such as IITs, IIMs, etc., most
of the higher education institutes face an issue of frequent interventions from the
political class.

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o Regulatory drawbacks: Multiplicity of regulatory bodies has been a cause of
concern for the smooth functioning of universities in India.
Current status on the entry of foreign universities in India
● New Education Policy, 2020: The NEP 2020 paved the way for the entry of “top 100”
universities in the world into the Indian higher education sector. Eligible universities
would be facilitated to operate their branches in India.
Positive outcomes of the entry of foreign universities in India
 Benefits to Students:
o Capacity addition: The establishment of foreign university branches in India would
lead to capacity expansion in higher education and thus reduces competition for seats.
o Introduction of best practices: Foreign universities would bring in best pedagogical
practices, superior technology, and a global interface for students in India.
o Updating curriculum: It would lead to an improvement in the quality of curriculum in
tune with the international practices and aligned towards the market requirements. This
improves the employability of graduates.
 Benefits to academicians:
o Attractive career to Indian academicians: Foreign university branches in India
would be attractive career choices for aspiring Indian academicians
o Opens up more avenues for conducting research and development: Increase in
investment on research and development and on higher education as a whole would help in
increasing the quantum of innovations in India
 Benefits to the higher education sector:
o Improvement in infrastructural quality: The entry of foreign universities leads to
an improvement in the quality of infrastructure.
o Promotes competition: Competition between the domestic and foreign universities in
India would help in improving the overall quality of higher education.
o Improves faculty-student ratio: It would result in an increase in the faculty-student
ratio according to the prescribed international standards.
 Benefits to the nation as a whole:
o Establishing more world class universities: There are only three Indian universities
among the top 200 universities across the world. The entry of foreign universities
would help in increasing the number of world class universities in India.
o Aids in stopping brain drain: About 7.5 lakh Indian students are currently studying
abroad. Entry of foreign universities would help in stopping this brain drain by
providing quality education at their doorsteps
Challenges to the success of foreign universities in India
● High tuition fee: Foreign unver. generally have high tuition fee. This might act as a constraint
for their success in India.
● Reluctance of foreign universities: Foreign universities have long been reluctant to open up
their branches in India. There are a lot of attractive alternative destinations which have a better
higher education market than India.
● Availability of other alternatives: Indian universities already have collaborations for
joint research and degree programmes, exchange programmes, etc. with many foreign
universities.

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● Online degree programmes: Most of the top universities already run online programmes
open for students across the world. Hence, they may be reluctant to invest huge funds in
setting up branches in India.
Conclusion
Allowing the entry of foreign educational institutions into India is a welcome step. However, it
must be noted that allowing foreign universities is not a panacea to cure the ills of higher
education sector. Public expenditure, GERD, investing on capacity building and faculty training,
etc must be encouraged simultaneously.

Q.12 Public health system has limitations in providing universal health coverage. Do
youthink that the private sector could help in bridging the gap? What other viable
alternatives would you suggest?
Approach
Introduction: Introduce the nature of public health system in India
Body:
 Explain what is meant by universal health coverage.
 Discuss the issues with the public health system in India.
 Discuss how private sector can help in addressing these issues. Suggest a way forward.
Conclusion: Summarise your view on the role of private sector in ensuring universal health coverage in
India.
Introduction:
Public health system in India is replete with many lacunae. Some of them include low public
health expenditure, weak primary healthcare system, fragmentation of health information
systems, etc.
Universal health coverage - Objectives
 Affordability of healthcare services
 Availability of quality healthcare
 Accessibility of healthcare services
Problems faced by the public health infrastructure in India
 Economic factors
o Low public health expenditure: The share of public health expenditure is very low at
about 1.4% of GDP. Advanced economies spend about 3% of their GDP on public health.
o Inadequate infrastructure: Barring a few public health institutions such as AIIMS,
others face a problem of acute infrastructural shortage.
o Inequitable distribution of primary healthcare: Expansion and the distribution of
primary healthcare units is inequitable.
 Technical factors
o Low Doctor-Patient ratio: The doctor-patient ratio in the public healthcare sector is
abysmally low at 0.7 doctors per 1,000 people whereas the WHO recommended
stands at 2.5 doctors per 1,000 people.
o Low capacity: India ranks in 155th position among 167 countries in terms of hospital
bed availability in 2020 with just 5 beds per 10,000 Indians.
o Less emphasis on preventive care: India’s healthcare system is highly concentrated
on providing curative care while preventive care is side-lined.

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o Shortage of trained manpower: Apart from shortage of doctors, there is also a
dearth of trained nurses, paramedics and primary healthcare staff.
o Large waiting time: In order to avail secondary and tertiary healthcare services in
public healthcare system, the waiting time is huge due to low capacity and high
burden.
 Social factors
o Huge population: Being the second largest country in terms of population, India’s
disease burden tends to be high naturally.
o High poverty prevalence: High poverty levels cause a huge burden on public health
system as the poor are unable to access expensive private healthcare.
o Poor sanitation facilities: Poor sanitation and surrounding environmental conditions
increase the disease burden in the country.
o Lack of awareness: Due to low awareness about healthy practices, proper diets,
nutritional levels, menstrual health, etc., the disease burden is high.
How can private sector help in addressing the issues of public healthcare system?
● Medical education and R&D: Private sector augments the capacity of medical education
and invests on research and development.
● Good quality infrastructure: As the private sector is run for profits, good quality
infrastructure is maintained through regular investment and maintenance.
● Specialty treatment services: Private sector increases the accessibility of specialty care.
● Better service delivery: Private sector can provide better service delivery compared to
public healthcare system.
● Mobilization of investment into medical sector: Private sector helps in mobilizing and
channelizing funds into the medical sector.
● Personalized care and less waiting time: Private sector can provide better personalized
services and with less waiting time compared to public sector.
● Upgradation of medical equipment: Private sector can invest and bring in latest
technologies and thus improve the quality and the range of healthcare services provided
in the country.
● Promote medical tourism: Good quality healthcare accompanied with competitive
prices promotes medical tourism and thus enhances service exports.
Drawbacks of private sector healthcare services
 Economic Issues
o Affordability issue: Private sector is ridden with affordability issues as they are
driven by profit motives.
o High Out-of-pocket expenditure: With low insurance penetration, India is among
the countries with highest out-of-pocket health expenditure at 65% of total healthcare
costs.
 Technical & Ethical Issues
o Non-adherence to safety standards: Private sector often does not adhere to
regulatory standards and are also susceptible to conduct unethical practices.
o Large proportion of quacks: India has a large proportion of quacks i.e., under-
qualified or unlicensed medical practitioners providing primary healthcare services
privately.

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o Information asymmetry: The consumers of healthcare services have little
information about the process of price-setting and the quality of healthcare provided
in the private hospitals.
Way Forward
 Public health insurance schemes: PM JAY and Ayushman Bharat schemes have been
providing health insurance to the poor in India. This reduces the out-of-pocket
expenditure for healthcare in India.
 Shifting from reactive to proactive care: Investment must be made in reducing the
disease burden in India through proactive and preventive care. Awareness campaigns
must be taken up on similar lines of Swachh Bharat Mission to promote hygienic
practices, nutritional and balanced diets, etc.
 Mandatory prescription of generic drugs under insurance schemes: Private hospitals
enlisted to provide PM JAY benefits must be mandated to prescribe generic drugs.
 Harnessing technological alternatives: Other technological alternatives such as
telemedicine, self-diagnosis using assistance of bots, etc. must be encouraged.
 Information utility system: Information utilities must be formed in the healthcare sector
similar to credit rating agencies to provide information about the list of services and the
quality of services provided by a medical practitioner.
Conclusion
Private healthcare sector could help in partially bridging the gaps in providing universal health
coverage. However, the affordability aspect remains a hindrance. Therefore, alternatives such as
telemedicine, proactive healthcare, etc must be encouraged.

Q.13 Though there have been several different estimates of poverty in India, all
indicatereduction in poverty levels over time. Do you agree? Critically examine with
reference tourban and rural poverty indicators.
Approach
Introduction: Define poverty and explain its featured briefly.
Body:
 Discuss the different poverty estimates and poverty indicators
 Their trends with reference to urban and rural areas separately.
Conclusion: Summarize your view on issue of poverty in India.

Introduction:
The concept of poverty is associated with socially perceived deprivation with respect to the basic
human needs. Poverty is associated with lack of access to adequate food and nutrition, clothing,
shelter, basic health and primary education.
Different estimates of poverty in India
 VM Dandekar and N Rath (1971): They made the first systematic assessment of
poverty in India in 1971 based on the NSSO data from 1960-61. Their poverty line was
based on a minimum calorific requirement of 2,250 calories per day
 Y.K.Alagh Committee (1979): Y.K. Alagh Task Force estimated the poverty line based
on the calorific requirement but differentiated this requirement for rural and urban areas.
The minimum calorific requirement was 2400 calories per day and 2100 calories per day
in rural and urban area respectively.

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 Lakdawala Committee (1993): This committee continued with the earlier methodology
based on calorie consumption. It introduced state specific poverty lines and mandated
their updation using Consumer Price Index of Industrial Workers (CPI-IW) in urban areas
and Consumer Price Index of Agricultural Labour (CPI-AL) in rural areas.
 Tendulkar Committee (2009): This committee updated the old consumption basket of
goods and services based on the year 1973-74 to account for the new consumption
patterns.
o New methodology: This committee made a shift away from the calorie consumption-
based poverty line estimation.
o Uniform poverty line basket: This committee adopted a uniform basket of goods
and services for both rural and urban areas.
o Addition of new services: This committee incorporated private expenditure on health
and basic education in the new poverty line basket. This is a departure from the earlier
notion that health and education would be taken care by the government.
o Change in reference period: This committee recommended using Mixed Reference
Period (MRP) instead of the earlier Uniform Reference Period (URP). MRP uses 365-
day recall period for low frequency items and 30-day recall period for remaining
items.
 Rangarajan Committee (2014):
o Separate poverty line baskets: This committee reverted to the earlier practice of
having separate poverty line baskets for rural and urban areas.
o Based on fulfilling three types of nutrient requirement: This committee computed
the requirement based on calorie, protein and fat based on the requisite norms
differentiated by age, gender and activity.
o Change in the database: This committee recommended using NSSO’s estimates
instead of NAS estimates to arrive at the poverty line.
Poverty Indicators based on different estimates
 Lakdawala Committee (1979): Based on the methodology of Lakdawala Committee, the
percentage of population below the poverty line in the year 2004-05 was 28.3% in the
rural areas, 25.7% in the urban areas and 27.5% at the all-India level.
 Tendulkar Committee (2009): Based on the methodology of Tendulkar Committee, the
percentage of population below the poverty line in the year 2004-05 turned out to be
41.8% in the rural areas, 27.5% in the urban areas and 37.2% at the all-India level.
 Rangarajan Committee (2014): Based on the methodology of Rangarajan Committee,
the percentage of population below the poverty line in the year 2009-10 was 39.6% in
rural areas, 35.1% in urban areas and 38.2% at the all-India level.
Changes in poverty level in India:
 Tendulkar Committee estimates:
o Rural areas: According to the Tendulkar Committee estimates, the rural poverty ratio
came down from 50.1% in 1993-94 to 41.8% in 2003-04.
o Urban areas: The poverty ratio in the urban areas came down from 31.8% in 1993-
94 to 27.5% in 2004-05.
 Rangarajan Committee estimates:
o Rural areas: According to Rangarajan Committee estimates, the rural poverty ratio
reduced from 39.6% in 2009-10 to 30.9% in 2011-12.

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o Urban areas: The poverty ratio in the urban areas reduced from 35.1% in 2009-10 to
26.4% in 2011-12.
 World bank estimates: According to the world bank, the poverty rate in India was
12.4% in 2011-12 which is way below 29.5% as estimated by the Rangarajan Committee.
Conclusion
Therefore, it is clear that irrespective of the methodology adopted, there has been a clear decline
in the poverty rate in both rural and urban India in the recent decades. However, India’s fight
against poverty is far from over as it still has the largest population living under extreme poverty.

Q.14 In the light of the Satyam Scandal (2009), discuss the changes brought in
corporategovernance to ensure transparency, accountability.
Approach
Introduction: Explain briefly the issue of Satyam Scandal
Body:
 Discuss the malpractices adopted by the company that led to Satyam Scandal.
 Analyse the changes brought in the corporate governance structure after the scandal.
Conclusion: Summarize the changes in corporate governance.

Introduction:
Satyam Scandal is one of the largest scams in the corporate sector in India. It occurred mainly
due to manipulation of account books to inflate the share price and siphoning off the funds by the
board members of the company.
Malpractices adopted by the Satyam Company
 Manipulation of account books: Satyam Scandal was largely an accounting scandal.
The company’s accounts and financial statements were manipulated and forged to inflate
the share prices.
 Unethical and dishonest governance: The board members acted in contravention to the
corporate ethics and code of conduct.
 False disclosures: The company falsely disclosed its details such as the number of
employees, its assets and bank balances.
 Failure of external auditors: The external auditors connived with the board members
and overlooked the issues with the company’s financial health.
Changes in the corporate governance structure after the Satyam Scandal
 Formation of corporate governance and ethics committee: The National Association
of Software and Services Companies formed a committee on corporate governance and
ethics to strengthen the corporate governance structure of the companies.
 Corporate whistleblower policy: Most of the corporate firms came up their own
whistleblower policies and provided protection to whistleblowers to improve
transparency and accountability.
 Separation of the offices of CEO and Chairman: In order to avoid the concentration of
power, the government mandated that the same person cannot hold both the offices of CEO and
Chairman. (Note: Ramalinga Raju was the CEO and Chairman of Satyam company)
 Companies Act, 2013: The government of India repealed the Companies Act, 1956 and
brought out a new Act in its place. Its salient features are as follows:

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o Independent Directors: It introduced the provision of having one-third of the board
members as independent directors to protect the rights of minority shareholders and
improve transparency.
o Mandatory registration of directors: It mandated that every director has to register
him/herself with the government and receive a Director Identification Number (DIN).
DIN is used by the government to monitor the activity and restrict the number of
directorial positions within the mandated limit.
o Rotation of auditors once in every five years: It mandated that the auditors must be
rotated once in five years so that familiarity does not lead to corporate mismanagement.
o Restrictions on auditors in relation to non-audit services: Auditors cannot perform
non-audit services for the company and its subsidiary companies.
o Additional disclosure norms: It mandated the disclosure of the details of formal
evaluation of the board members, changes in the shareholding structure of the
company, etc. These norms enhance the transparency of the company’s operations.
o Provision of class action suits: Class action suits can be filed against the company
and its auditors before the National Company Law Tribunal and hold the companies
accountable to the shareholders.
Conclusion
Satyam Scandal brought to light the importance of having good corporate governance structure
and a code of ethics. Corporate Governance structure was strengthened and several checks and
balances were placed by the government in Companies Act, 2013 to improve transparency and
corporate accountability.

Q.15 “If amendment bill to the Whistleblowers Act, 2011 tabled in the Parliament is
passed, there may be no one left to protect.” Critically evaluate.
Approach
Introduction: Explain the term “Whistle blowers” briefly.
Body:
 Discuss the salient features of Whistleblowers Act, 2011
 Important features in the amendment bill. Analyse the pros and cons of the amendment bill.
Conclusion: Summarize your views on the amendment bill.

Introduction:
A whistle-blower is a person who exposes an authority or organisation’s wrong-doings to the public.
Whistle-blower protection is essential to encourage employees or individuals to expose unlawful or
immoral activities of any organisation.
Salient features of Whistleblowers Protection Act, 2011
● Disclosure to Central or State Vigilance Commission: Any person or a public servant
or an NGO can make a disclosure in public interest to the Central or State Vigilance
Commission.
● Identity of the complainant: Every complaint must include the identity and details of
the complainant to ensure his/her protection.
● Allowed the disclosure of confidential/classified information: The Act allows the
disclosure of confidential or classified information under the Official Secrets Act, 1923 in
the complaints.

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● Safekeeping of identity of the complainant: The identity of the complainant must be
safeguarded and shared only with the head of the department, if necessary.
● Penalizes the leakage of identity: The Act levies penalty on those persons who disclose
the identity and details of the complainant.
● Penalizes false complainants: The Act penalizes those persons who raise false complaints.
● Jurisdiction restricted to government bodies: The jurisdiction of the Act is restricted to
government sector and does not apply to private organisations.
Whistleblowers Protection (Amendment) Bill, 2015
 Pros of the bill
o Brings the original Act in tune with the international practice: Whistleblower
laws in other countries also prohibit the disclosure of certain sensitive information
related to national security, intelligence, etc.
o Prohibits the disclosure of confidential information: By prohibiting disclosure of
confidential information, Bill reinstates sacrosanct nature of the Official Secrets Act, 1923.
 Cons of the bill
o Reduced the jurisdiction of the original Act: The amendment Bill prohibits the
reporting of corruption related issues under 10 categories such as Cabinet proceeding,
intellectual property, national security, economic interests, etc.
o Inappropriate comparison between the Act and RTI Act, 2005: The Bill states
that the prohibited categories are similar to the provision in RTI Act, 2005. This
comparison is inappropriate as the disclosures under the Act are not made public
unlike under RTI Act.
o Disallows the disclosure of information protected under OSA, 1923: Removing
immunity provided to whistleblowers from prosecution under the OSA, 1923 would defeat
the purpose of the Act as it discourages whistleblowers in the fear of stringent punishment.
o Features of the government authorized authority not specified: The amendment
Bill mandates that any complaint that falls under the 10 prohibited categories is
referred to a government authorized authority. However, the Bill is silent on the
process of its appointment.
Conclusion
The Whistleblowers Protection (Amendment) Bill, 2015 has included certain safeguards and prohibited
categories which restrict the jurisdiction of the Act. Moreover, removing the immunity from
prosecution under the OSA, 1923 is a regressive step as it defeats the purpose of the original Act.

Q.16 For achieving the desired objectives, it is necessary to ensure that the regulatory
institutions remain independent and autonomous. Discuss in the light of experiences in
the recent past.
Approach
Introduction: You can state the purpose of regulatory bodies and highlight their importance or define a
regulatory body.
Body
 Explain the need to maintain Regulatory Autonomy and independence with relevant recent examples.
 Give a way forward as to how to ensure regulatory autonomy.
Conclusion: Conclude by stating the that though there is a need for autonomy, agencies must also
function with enough coherence and engagement with the state and civil groups.

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 UPSC CSE 2015 EXAM
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Introduction:
The working of Indian democracy is a fluidic combination of various ministries, state bodies and
also regulatory institutions which have grown manifold since independence to secure the interests
of the public and enterprises, thus the need to maintain autonomy in the functioning of such
institutions is paramount.
Importance of having Autonomous and Independent regulators
 Political Factors
o Politicisation: political bias which distorts the autonomy of the agency can cause
agency decisions and policies to be partisan to certain political groups.
 Example: The election commission has in the past remained largely silent on the
candidature of persons with criminal and incarceration history due to political
pressure.
o Populism Tool: Without due autonomy and independence, the agencies can become
tools for populism and voter mobilisation based on frivolous grounds.
o Corruption: Political or anomic groups can influence the working of the body to get
undue financial and political favours.
 Example: Ketan Desai, the head of the Medical Council of India was caught
receiving bribes and amassing illicit wealth.
 Social Factors
o Social Justice: Many regulatory bodies operate with large public stakes, without
proper independence and autonomy their functioning may cause issues in public
justice delivery.
 Example: CBI chief Ranjit Sinha was booked for having influenced the outcome
of the coal block scam issue.
o Public Interest: Significant public interest is eroded when the autonomy of agencies
is disturbed and when they function contrary to public welfare interests.
 Ex: CDSO officers had been found to accept bribes for passing and clearing tenders
medical devices in 2021.
 Administrative Factors
o Decision Making: Autonomy also ensures the decision making of the agency is
efficient and true to its role as a regulator.
o Financial: Financial autonomy and independence also ensure the proper functioning
of the bodies. Without financial autonomy, agencies face mandate losses and breaks.
 Example: Finance Act 2019 sought the transfer of SEBI’s surplus to the
government, an act largely seen to reduce its financial autonomy.

Way Forward
● Independence of Leadership: The chairperson and head committee must be allowed to
function according to the core mandate of the agencies without interference
● Financial Security: Undue transfers of the surplus should be avoided especially when
agencies claim it to be detrimental to them.
● Leveraging expertise: Regulatory bodies must be allowed to guide and decide on their
individual domains and the state must not influence their decisions.
● Transparency and Accountability: Constant attempts to be transparent in operations and
finances is also a must to claim autonomy from government interference.

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● Role Clarity: Functions must be clearly laid out and under normal conditions, agencies must
refrain from overreaching and underperforming.
Conclusion
Independence and autonomy cannot come at the price of accountability or engagement.
Regulators need to be part of a well-functioning and transparent governance ecosystem, keeping
their fingers on the pulse of the market through interaction with industry and consumers and
having effective engagement with government institutions.

Q.17 Increasing interest of India in Africa has its pro and cons. Critically Examine.
Approach
Introduction: Give a background on the emerging relation between Africa and India
Body
 Give a brief background of the relations.
 Give the advantages of Indian engagement in Africa
 Give Disadvantages of Indian engagement in Africa
Conclusion: Conclude on a positive note stating how important it is to maintain India’s interest and
engagement in Africa

Introduction:
Indian engagement with Africa has been present from the British colonial period, when both
regions were European colonies, however the impetus in the relations is seen largely after Indian
independence and India’s outreach through the Non Aligned Movement from the 1960’s.
Background
 Antiquity: India’s relations with Africa date back to texts of ancient Greece. The
presence of Indians in East Africa is found in the works of 'Periplus of the Erythraean
Sea' or Guidebook of the Red Sea by an ancient Greek author written in 60 AD.
 Nationalism: Indian struggle for national liberation was very inspiring for African nations who
were similarly colonised. It is also in Africa that Mahatma Gandhi developed and first practised
the concepts of non-violence and peaceful resistance that won India its freedom.
 Non-Aligned Movement: India was a model state for developing countries of Africa,
particularly through the Bandung Declaration of 1955, the Group of 77, and the Non
Aligned Movement (NAM).
 Indian Diaspora: Out of various historical and economic factors, Indians in Africa
account for 12.37% of the total Indian diaspora, this diaspora has been instrumental in
bridging the political gaps between African nations and India.
 Increasing Investment: The India-Africa bilateral trade has been growing steadily, year-
on-year, with the trade volume touching US$ 55.9 billion in 2020-21. India is the fifth
largest investor in Africa with cumulative investments of US$ 54 billion.
 Export Destination: Africa is a large importer of Indian generic medicines and
agricultural exports.
 Iniatives by India:
o India-Africa Forum: India’s commitment to developing a strong partnership with
Africa is reflected in our recent initiatives, particularly under the rubric of the India
Africa Forum Summit, whose third edition was held in New Delhi in 2015 with
participation from 54 African countries.

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o Asia-Africa Growth Corridor: The Asia-Africa Growth Corridor or AAGC is an
economic cooperation agreement between the governments of India, Japan and
multiple African countries.
o Pan Africa E-Network: Pan African e-Network project is an information and
communications technology (ICT) project between India and the African Union that
seeks to connect the 55 member states of the Union through a satellite and fibre-optic
network to India and to each other to enable access to and sharing of expertise
between India and African states
Thus such multilayered engagement over the years has provided India with certain advantages in
proliferating the relations:
Advantages/Pros
 Economic
o Mineral Security: Africa holds large resource wealth of rare metals which are crucial
for India’s manufacturing especially in the technical and industrial domains.
o Infrastructure development: A total of 211 Line of Credits (LoCs) amounting to US
$ 12.85 billion have been extended to the African countries in various infrastructure
projects such as power plants, hydroelectricity, power transmission & distribution
networks
o Market for India: Africa is a key destination more Indian exports and thus offers a
wide market access for Indian goods and services.
o Reduce Trade Deficit: India can achieve a trade surplus in the area easily and
compensate the deficit with other regions.
 Strategic
o Countering China: Due to the confidence in Indian cooperation and increasing
awareness of Chinese debt diplomacy, Africa can be a potential region to increase
India’s presence.
o Defence Cooperation: Many African nations are looking towards Indian expertise in
revamping and training their armed forces.
o Location: Eastern Africa borderns Indian’s periphercal neighbourhood or the IOR
thus cooperation can help India increase its presence in the region.
o Soft Power: Due to historical and cultural linkages, Africa can help consolidate
Indian diplomatic soft power.
 Social
o Foreign Students: There are about 25,000 African students enrolled in about 500
Indian public and private universities, this can be a vital area for revenue as well as
soft power.
o Medical Diplomacy: India’s cheap and affordable healthcare is attractive to Africans.
Disadvantages/Cons
 Economic
o Delivery Deficit: Indian projects may get entangled in red tapism and may not be
scalable in the long run.
o Ease of Doing Business: It is not easy for Indian companies to do business in Africa
as there is a lack of business regulation in African economies.
o Economic Overstretch: Due to poor infrastructure and social conditions, Indian
investments may not be profitable in the long run

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 Political
o Unstable Region: The region is fraught with wars and conflict which may prove to be
difficult for India to penetrate through.
o UN Peacekeeping: Indian forces have in the past been accused of various acts of
misconduct.
 Social
o Trust issues: African mistrust for India especially after racial attacks in India.
Conclusion
Though there are certain risks in the African engagement, Indian foreign policy is dynamic
enough to bypass them. Today, Africa has emerged as the last continent of influence and thus
India must establish credible presence in line with its global aspirations.

Q.18 Discuss the impediments India is facing in its pursuit of a permanent seat in UNSC.
Approach
Introduction: Give a background on the UNSC reforms and India’s stake in it.
Body
 Explain the need for India to have a permanent membership
 Explain the Impediments to achieving the membership
Conclusion: Conclude on a positive note emphasising the fact that efforts must be continued in India’s favour.

Introduction:
UNSC was composed by victors of the Second World War in 1945 to suit their interests and the UN
Charter was designed accordingly, giving to themselves the permanent membership and veto power in
the council. The geopolitical, strategic, economic realities have changed considerably since then, but the
UNSC has not reformed itself to these global realities.
Need for India’s UNSC membership
 Geopolitical
o Regional Power: India has emerged as a regional power and dictates many stakes at
regional and global politics, thus a UNSC seat is in line with its aspirations.
o Nuclear Power State: Due to its unique status as a nuclear power, a UNSC state can
also be in line with its aspirations as a responsible global leader.
o Chinese Presence: Chinese veto powers in the UNSC has increasingly undermined
India’s interest at the global stage, thus Indian counter to China is necessary.
o Intrinsic Value: India is the 2nd most populous nation and also the largest democracy that
by it self it a requirement for it to be represented in key security decisions.
o Global Contributor: India is one of the largest contributors to UN peacekeeping
missions and enjoys goodwill for all of its developmental and peacekeeping work.
o Large Diplomatic presence: India enjoys warm diplomatic relations with almost all
nations and is also known for its bipartisan approach in matters.
o Leader of Developing World: India’s membership in the NAM, G77 give it the right
position to represent the interests of the developing world.
 Economic
o Emerging Economy: India is currently the 5th largest economy in the world with
high investments in developing countries.

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 Historic
o Founding Member: India has been a founding member and has in the past been
considered for permanent membership in the UNSC
o Track Record: India has also been elected to the UNSC as non permanent member a
record 8 times.
However the impediments to India’s membership are many fold and thus decades of
negotiations have not resulted in any debate or credible action by the UN.
Impediments
● Veto Power: The current veto power of UNSC permanent members can be used against
the reform most notably by China to stonewall India’s membership.
● Coffee Club: This group of nations including Pakistan actively oppose any new additions
to the council without credible structural reforms.
● Lack of Trust: In the past UNSC has lost the trust globally for waging wars and taking
military actions without effective results.
● Lack of will: The current P5 nations also are vary regarding sharing more power with
entrants and reducing their hegemony.
● Nuclear Proliferation: India is not a signatory to the NPT agreement or the CTBT which
is a major issue especially for nations not supporting nuclear weapons.
● Bilateral Issues: India’s troubled relations with Pakistan and China can also be a point
wherein Pakistan may feel bullied or threatened.
● Issues as net security provider: India still imports a majority of its military requirement
and thus it would be difficult to assert the claim of net security provider globally.
Conclusion
Thus a membership today seems to be difficult, however India must keep making persisting
efforts to raise this issue at the UN and also engaging with the developing world through other
platforms like NAM and G77.

Q.19 Project ‘Mausam’ is considered a unique foreign policy initiative of the Indian
government to improve relationship with its neighbours. Does the project have a
strategic dimension? Discuss
Approach
Introduction: Discuss about Project Mausam and also provide some details
Body
 Move the answer towards its strategic dimensions
 Discuss about strategic dimensions of project
 Also give one strategic suggestion keeping in mind the project
Conclusion: Conclude by hoping that this move should have some concrete effect in Indian foreign
policy

Introduction:
Project MAUSAM is a trans-national initiative that aims at revival of India’s ancient maritime
routes and cultural linkages with the countries of the IOR. The project aimed for reviving the
ancient links among countries of the Indian Ocean to expand the base of Delhi’s soft power
diplomacy.

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The endeavour of Project ‘Mausam’ is to position itself at two levels:
 At the macro level, it aims to re-connect and re-establish communications between
countries of the Indian Ocean world, which would lead to an enhanced understanding of
cultural values and concerns;
 While at the micro level, the focus is on understanding national cultures in their regional
maritime milieu.
It is clear that India’s government intends to expand its maritime presence, culturally,
strategically and psychologically (in order to remind the region why the ocean is called the
Indian Ocean). The project is supposed to have both a cultural and serious strategic
dimension
Strategic Dimension
 Indian ocean security: India is uniquely placed to play major role in Indian Ocean
security and trade. India’s location and power can serve to organize states of the Indian
Ocean littoral.
 Ties with ancient trade partners: Project would allow India to reestablish its ties with
its ancient trade partners and re-establish an “Indian Ocean world” along the littoral of the
Indian Ocean. This world would stretch from east Africa, along the Arabian Peninsula,
past southern Iran to the major countries of South Asia and thence to Sri Lanka and
Southeast Asia.
 Increase India’s soft power: Creating links to existing World Heritage sites, also
providing a platform to connect discrete Cultural and Natural World Heritage sites across
Indian Ocean ‘world’ by emphasizing cross-cultural, transnational narrative, will increase
India’s soft power.
 Alternative to China’s MSR: Since China is pushing Maritime Silk Route(MSR) in
India’s backyard with the eager support of countries like Sri Lanka and the Maldives.
India has to look out for its own strategic interests as well. This is evidenced by the fact
that India will took this project as an initiative designed to compete with China’s
Maritime Silk Road (MSR).
Strategic suggestion
Perhaps one thing India could consider is seriously developing its Andaman and Nicobar Islands
as a security and trade zone. Which is sensible given the islands’ location close to the
strategically important Straits of Malacca and Thailand.
Conclusion
Project Mausam seems like a positive step in that direction and one that will generally be well-
received. It is to be hoped, however, that project is meaningful and does not lack teeth, like many
other Indian initiatives of past. The fact that India’s govt is initiating Project Mausam, however,
at least gives one assurance that Indian government is not launching another arbitrary and half-
hearted initiative.

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 UPSC CSE 2015 EXAM
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Q.20 Terrorist activities and mutual distrust have clouded India – Pakistan relations. To
what extent the use of soft power like sports and cultural exchange could help
generate goodwill between the two countries? Discuss with suitable examples.
Approach
Introduction: Discuss about India-Pakistan relations in the past
Body
 Discuss about how sports and cultural steps are taken but they failed with suitable examples.
 Since we know both have nukes, nothing other than soft power will be the ultimate solution.
Conclusion: Conclude by suggesting some other steps in soft power policy to normalize relations.

Introduction:
India and Pakistan have originated from a common subcontinent but after the partition of 1947,
they have an unstable relationship due to many unresolved issues like Kashmir issue. The two
countries had fought 4 wars in the past and currently there is no engagement between them at
level of political leadership on account of terrorist attack motivated from Pakistan soil.
Though soft power has been used why both the nations to make positive relations but these did
not result in required diplomatic relations:
 Sports: Both the countries have organised a lot of sports activities to entertain the crowd
but it has been seen that when the diplomatic relations are bitter the countries seem to be
boycotting each other.
 Cultural activities: The celebrities of both the nations are liked and appreciated by both
nations but we have seen that during undesirable situations the public boycott them and
even the celebrities have faced a ban in each other’s country.
 Kartarpur Sahib: India and Pakistan agreed to set up the border crossing linking
Gurudwara Darbar Sahib in Kartarpur to Dera Baba Nanak shrine in India's Gurdaspur
district. Kartarpur Sahib is located in Pakistan's Narowal district across the river Ravi,
about four km from the Dera Baba Nanak shrine
o A positive move by Pakistan to make better relation with Sikh community in India,
initially the entry was free but later Pakistan announced a $5 entry fee, which made
the situation less favourable for Pakistan
 Panj-Tirath: Declaring Panjteerth (Hindu temple) in Peshawar as a national heritage by
Pakistan was a positive move towards Hindu community. But marginalization of
minorities in Pakistan and atrocities towards Hindus, along with attack on several Hindu
temples have dispel all the progress.
 Transportation: Bus and trains like Samjhauta Express and Thar Express are also a good
move used by the nation to maintain good relations between governments and increase
people to people relation. But several attacks on Indian soil by terrorists supported by
Pakistan's government has again turned the tide.
Since both countries are nuclear capable therefore cost of conflict will be very high, nothing short
of mutually assured destruction. So, it is only soft power which can become the future roadmap
to increase engagement.
Suggestions
 Cultural Diplomacy: Nye, one of the propounder of the word soft power, defines
cultural diplomacy as a course of action based on the exchange of ideas, values, traditions
and other aspects of culture or identity to strengthen relationships, enhance socio- cultural
cooperation or promote the national interest.

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o For example: Urdu poetry and ghazals from Pakistan and shows like Coke studio,
Mtv unplugged has wider range of fan following in both the countries.
 Cricket Diplomacy: Cricket diplomacy implies using Cricket as one of the strategic
diplomatic political tool for transcending the ethnic and social divide while dispelling
historical stereotypes and age-old prejudices between the two countries by bringing more
engagements between the cricket teams, fans and authorities of both the nations.
o For instance, in past also, cricket diplomacy has been used for bringing normalcy to
India Pakistan relations like in 1999 when Chennai gave a standing ovation to Wasim
Akram’s men after they had just beaten India and after six months the two countries
met again in a world cup match against the hostile backdrop of the Kargil war.
o As a result of Pakistani PM’s visit in 2005 to India to watch a cricket match between
India and Pakistan had effectively turned into the summit and the both countries
agreed to open up the militarized frontier dividing the disputed Kashmir region.
o Thereby India can ask its Cricket Board to expand the T20 league to include clubs
from three Pakistan cities such as Islamabad, Lahore and Karachi and one from
Jammu and Kashmir to play in the City of Srinagar.
 Food fairs and festivals: Cultural similarities between both the nations in terms of
similar food habits can be translated into deepening diplomatic engagements (like Halwa
Puri, Daal Chawal, Chicken Karahi, Biryani and the drink of Lassi are not only famous in
Pakistan they are equally liked in India as well. Sweet dish is common with Kheer and
Mithai the most famous sweet dishes).
Conclusion
By organizing events like food fairs, festivals and cooking competitions, between two nations it
would be easier to strengthen the bond of love and prosperity between two nations.

*******

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 Highly Exam Relevant Model Answers

UPSC CSE 2015 EXAM

(Model Answers – GS - III)

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 UPSC CSE 2015 EXAM
(Model Answers – GS -III)
Q.1 The nature of economic growth in India in recent times is often described as jobless
growth. Do you agree with this view? Give arguments in favour of your answer.
Introduction:
The phenomenon of jobless growth is said to be occurring in an economy when the economy is
able to achieve high economic growth but unable to generate enough employment opportunities
for its workforce. The nature of economic growth in India in the recent decades has been termed
as jobless growth by many economists.
Reasons for Jobless growth in India
● Over-tertiarization of Indian Economy: Indian economy is driven by service sector
growth. The growth of service sector is largely driven by improvements in technology
and total factor productivity and hence, it could not absorb the rapidly growing
workforce.
● Leapfrogging of Indian economy: Indian economy leapfrogged from an agriculture
driven economy to service sector led economy. Thus, the manufacturing base in India is
relatively underdeveloped and this also led to poor employment generation.
● Decreasing employment elasticity of GDP: It has been observed that employment
elasticity of GDP has declined from 0.6 in 1970s to about 0.2 in post-2000 period.
● Structural retrogression in Indian economy: The occupational structure has not
changed in accordance with the sectoral shift in the composition of output. Agricultural
sector is still the largest employer in India.
● High productivity of service sector: According to the economic survey 2020-21, service
sector contributes about 54% of gross value added while its share in employment is only about
34%. IT subsector which contributes about 18% of GDP employs only 8% of the workforce.
● Large unorganised sector: In spite of achieving high economic growth, India is still
dominated by an unorganised sector workforce. About 90% of the Indian labour force is
employed in the unorganised sectors with low job security.
● Poor employability of the Indian workforce: According to the latest edition of India
Skills Report, about 54% of graduates are still unemployable in India.
● High concentration of ‘dwarf’ firms: Due to the perverted incentive structure created
by support provided to MSMEs, many firms remain dwarfs in order to enjoy such
benefits. Dwarfs constitute about 50% of all the firms in India while they contribute a
meagre 14.1% in employment share.
● Import-oriented growth: India’s industries are heavily dependent on imported raw materials.
Due to such import-dependent nature, employment opportunities created in India are not
commensurate with its growth of output.
● Stagnation of manufacturing output: The share of manufacturing output has stagnated
for more than two decades. This, in turn, stunted the growth of employment in the sector.
● Lacklustre infrastructural development: Slow progress in infrastructural development
has led to stagnation of industrial growth.
Impact of jobless growth
Economic
● High unemployment: Jobless growth in India led to the prevalence of high
unemployment.
● Low-income trap: Stagnation in the quantum of quality employment opportunities
created in the economy leads to a low-income trap in the economy.

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● Informalisation: Workers will have to take employment outside of the formal sector
to compensate the job-demand gap.
● Export Competition: A lack of job creation is crucial sectors like manufacturing can
reduce the export potential and make other nations like Vietnam and Bangladesh more
prospective as import destinations.
Social
● High poverty level: It led to a high prevalence of poverty in India despite continuous
governmental efforts to reduce poverty.
● Widening economic inequalities: It has led to the increasing gap between the rich
and the poor.
Political
● Unrest: It can lead to social unrest and become a law and order issue if joblessness leads to
protests and unrest.
Way Forward
● Industry-Academia Collaboration: There needs to be more coherence between the
industry and its requirements must be conveyed to the educational sector, to ensure skills
are imparted for only jobs in demand.
● Vocational Courses: More diversions towards skill development in vocational courses
rather than over burdening traditional courses.
● Boosting Manufacturing: Manufacturing sector must be leveraged with subsidies and
policy support as it creates the most jobs.
● Incentivising Small businesses: Small businesses have the potential to generate jobs,
thus policy support in this sector can both reduce government support in the long term
and also create jobs.
Conclusion:
Due to the above-mentioned reasons, many economists agree that Indian economy has been
facing jobless growth in recent decades. Therefore, the government has come up with many
schemes such as MGNREGA, Skill India, Make in India, Start Up India, etc. to increase
employment generation.

Q.2 Livestock rearing has a big potential for providing non-farm employment and income
in rural areas. Discuss suggesting suitable measures to promote this sector in India.
Introduction:
Livestock sector contributes to about 29% (2018-19) of the total agricultural sector’s gross value
added (GVA). It provides self-employment opportunities to more than 20 million people in India.
Significance of Livestock Sector in Indian Economy
● Contributor to GVA of the primary sector: As mentioned above, livestock sector
contributes about 29% of GVA of the total agricultural sector’s GVA.
● Alternative Employment : It provides alternative employment opportunities to rural
women, landless labourers, small and marginal farmers and rural youth.
● Women Empowerment: Livestock activities like milk rearing and wool rearing can be
done by woman and help complement other farm activities.

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● Augments Farmer Incomes: Livestock contributes about 16% of the income to the small
farm households. It holds the key in achieving the government’s target of doubling
farmers’ income by 2022.
a. Example: Operation Flood and Anand Milk Union Limited (Amul) model have been
successful in augmenting the incomes of farmers and rural women in Gujarat.
● Export Potential: India is the largest owner of livestock in the world. It has the second-
largest poultry market in the world, thus it has a vast export potential.
● Affordable source of nutrition: Livestock related products such as milk, eggs, meat, etc.
are an important affordable source of nutrition. Availability of such help in improving
health outcomes of the poor.
● Nomadic and Pastoral tribes: The livestock sector also produces skins, wool, hides, etc
and are an important source of income for nomadic and pastoral tribes.
● Role in sustainable farming practices: Livestock by-products such as cow dung are an
important source of natural fertilizers in sustainable farming practices such as organic
farming and zero budget natural farming.
Measures to Promote Livestock Sector
● Providing quality fodder: Government should take steps to provide quality fodder at
affordable prices to livestock-rearers to improve the productivity of livestock. For growing
fodder crops, significant chunk of commons must be allocated and funded by the government.
● Better ICT services infrastructure: Steps must be taken to improve the accessibility of
market information, extension services and marketability of livestock products to enhance
the income of the rural community.
● Expanding the network of breeding centres: To improve the access of people to
breeding centres for artificial insemination, the network of such centres must be expanded
in the rural areas across the nation.
● Efficient healthcare and management: There is a need to put in place a standard disease
reporting system that can act as a database to undertake disease control programmes. The
network of veterinary hospitals must be improved with advanced diagnostic tools at
disposal to treat animal diseases effectively.
● Commercialization of livestock products: Value realization must be increasing by
harnessing technologies, increasing the marketability of livestock products, processing
and storage centres, etc. Such products must be processed and converted to products of
higher value with larger shelf life. Production systems should shift from subsistence type
to commercial-oriented.
● Cooperative sector: Similar to the Amul, its cooperative model must be replicated to
enhance income to farmers and livestock rearing communities.
● Disaster management fund for livestock: Livestock are more susceptible to natural
disasters and hence, a disaster management fund must be initiated to take care of
livestock during such events.
● Cross-breeding of livestock: In order to boost the productivity of cattle, robust foreign
breeds must be cross-bred with indigenous breeds.
● Government Schemes: The government has come up with many initiatives such as
Rashtriya Gokul Mission, National Livestock Mission, National Artificial Insemination
Programme, etc. to support the livestock sector.

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Conclusion:
The livestock sector can play a very important role in ensuring income security as well as
enhance farmers’ incomes. The government should focus on improving the productivity and
marketability of products from this sector to improve value realization for farmers.

Q.3 In view of the declining average size of land holdings in India which has made
agriculture non-viable for a majority of farmers, should contract farming and land
leasing be promoted in agriculture? Critically evaluate the pros and cons.
Introduction:
The average size of operational land holding has declined from 2.28 ha in 1970-71 to 1.08 ha in
2015-16. Although the overall productivity of agricultural land has increased during this period,
this improvement in yield has been largely constrained by fragmentation of land.
Reasons for the Declining Average Size of Operational Land Holdings
● Increasing population: With every succeeding generation becoming more populous than
the preceding one, the land becomes divided among the children.
● Diversion of agricultural land: Due to industrialization, agricultural land is diverted
towards the establishment of special economic zones and large industries.
● Infrastructural development: Acquisition of agricultural land for infrastructural
development such as road and rail network, public buildings, etc also diverts agricultural
land.
● Urbanization: Urbanisation and the spread of urban areas convert agricultural land to
residential and commercial plots.
● Large proportion of small and marginal farmers: About 86% of all farmers in India
own below 2 ha of operational landholdings. This further aggravates the fragmentation of
land with time.
Adverse Impact of Small Size of Land Holdings on Agriculture
● Affects affordability of small farmers: Small land holdings render such farmers to
adopt traditional agricultural practices as using expensive technology in farming is
unviable.
● Decreased Investment Capacity: With smaller land at disposal, there is a decrease in
farmers capacity to invest in land.
● Limits investment on irrigation: Small land holdings are often rain-fed as investing in
irrigation infrastructure is economically unviable.
● Banking Issues: With the number of people tilling the same land doubled, the bank's cost
of financing has doubled and providing extension services has become difficult.
● Limits marketable surplus: Small operational land holdings constrain the marketable
surplus and thus farmers largely limit themselves to subsistence farming.
● Lower productivity: Fragmentation of land has been a major cause for low average
productivity of land in India compared to nations such as the US, China and Brazil.
● Distress sale: Due to poor productivity of such small lands, farmers may be compelled to
sell them and become landless.
● Low-income trap of farmers: A combination of all the above reasons create a low-
income trap for small and marginal farmers.

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Contract Farming:
Contract farming refers to the process of companies and business houses entering into contracts
with farmers to produce a particular agricultural commodity which would be procured by the
companies at the agreed prices after harvesting.
Pros:
For Farmers
● Enables access to quality farm inputs: Increases accessibility of farmers to good
quality inputs such as seeds and fertilizers as they are provided by the companies or
agencies that entered into the contract.
● Reduces the effect of price fluctuations: Shield small and marginal farmers from
price fluctuations as there is a pre-agreed price at which the produce would be
procured by companies.
● Boost Employment: It can increase employment prospects in agriculture as more
corporates are involved.
● Market Access: It improves the market access of the farmers as corporates and the private
sector gets involved.
For Government
● Reduces Government Burden: It reduces the burden of providing subsidies and
MSP to farmers.
● Helps in Welfare Policies: It aids the State in ensuring farmer incomes are increased
in line with governments policies.
For Corporates
● Agricultural Investment: It gives corporates a window to invest into the huge
agricultural strength of India.
● Boosts technological access: Access to technology and extension services from the
companies would help farmers in improving the productivity of their land and the
quality of produce.
Cons:
● Exploitation of small and marginal farmers: Large business houses might easily
exploit small and marginal farmers who have little bargaining power and get away
with the produce at very fewer prices.
● Regional Bias: Contract Farming is more attractive in areas of commercial
agriculture rather than in areas like the North East which cultivate on a smaller scale.
● Corporatization of agriculture: This might lead to the corporatization of agriculture.
Also, companies might decline to procure the agricultural commodities at the agreed
prices in the case of a dip in market prices.
● Contract Issues: The informal nature of the contracts without legal protection may be
detrimental to the farmer interests.
● Risk of an unanticipated increase in costs: Agriculture often involves a lot of
upside risk in production costs. Such an unavoidable increases in production costs
might lead to loss to the farmers.
Land leasing:
Land leasing is a form of agreement in which the landowner leases the land to a tenant in lieu of
a certain monetary payment or a share in the produce.

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Pros:
● Improves land productivity: Small and unviable operational lands can be leased out
to enhance the pool of available land for productive use. This might improve the
productivity of the land.
● Enables large scale corporate farming: Corporate farming can be made possible by
leasing out large areas of land to corporate houses which increases the yield of land and
thus provide remunerative rents to farmers.
● Enables landless groups to take up farming: Lands can be taken on lease by
landless and non-land-owning groups and such groups can enter into farming.
Cons:
● Absentee landlordism: Absentee landlordism will increase which reduces the investment
on land as tenants do not have an incentive to invest on improving the productivity of
land.
● Hindrance to land consolidation efforts: Will become an impediment to redistribution
of land and consolidation of land as land-owning classes would prefer leasing out lands to
selling the lands.
● Corporatization of land: Corporatization of land will deplete the natural resources such
as groundwater and will deplete the fertility of soil as such business houses exploit land
for profit motives without an equivalent effort in resource improvements.
Conclusion:
The government must encourage contract farming and land leasing while also taking necessary
steps and placing certain checks and balances to avoid exploitation of small and marginal farmers
at the hands of large corporates. Other measures of land consolidation such as land-pooling,
cooperative farming must also be encouraged.

Q.4 How can the ‘Digital India’ programme help farmers to improve farm productivity
and income? What steps has the Government taken in this regard?
Introduction:
Digital India mission was launched by the government of India as a programme to transform
India into a digitally empowered nation and to mould India into a knowledge economy. Some of
its important pillars include e-Kranti to deliver government services electronically, Information
for All, Public Internet Access programmes, etc.
Significance of Digital India mission for Farm sector
● Improving accessibility of farm extension services: Farmer extension services could be
provided at the fingertips to farmers through digital mode. Weather forecasting reports,
monsoon forecasts, etc would help farmers in taking their cropping decisions in an
informed manner.
● Sharing of best practices: Best practices could be shared in the form of short videos to
farmers via digital modes such as social media sites which would help in improving
agricultural productivity.
● Access to market information: Connecting farmers digitally would improve their access
to market information such as market demand and prices of their commodities. This helps
in obtaining better prices for their commodities and thus enhance price realisation.

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● Providing leak-proof subsidies: Government can provide subsidies to farmers through
direct benefit transfer to their bank accounts which would reduce systemic leakages and
enhance the efficiency of subsidy delivery.
● Access to institutional credit: Digital India mission in convergence with financial
inclusion schemes help in providing institutional credit to small and marginal farmers.
a. Example: PM Jan Dhan Yojana has achieved significant strides in bringing large
sections of unbanked into the banking net.
● Other ICT technologies: ICT technologies can be harnessed to improve the information
available to farmers about the quality of their farmland.
a. Example: Yantra is one such system that continuously monitors the soil temperature,
moisture content of the soil and availability of nutrients, etc. with the help of
embedded systems which greatly improve soil productivity and reduce irrigation and
fertilizer requirements.
Government Steps to improve farm productivity and enhance farmers’ income
through Digital Initiatives
● Direct Benefit Transfer: DBT schemes such as PM KISAN have been made possible by
the digital technology with the help of PM Jan Dhan Yojana, Aadhaar and Mobile
linkages (JAM Trinity)
● Improving market access to agricultural commodities: e-NAM (electronic National
Agricultural Market) is one such initiative of the government of India to integrate
agricultural markets across different states and create a unified market for agricultural
goods. Such schemes lead to better price realization for farmers
● National Mission on Agricultural Extension and Technology: This mission aims to
strengthen the delivery of agricultural extension services to enable delivery of appropriate
technologies to farmers.
● Digital Agricultural Mission 2021-25: This mission aims to use advanced and new
technologies such as artificial intelligence, block-chain, GIS mapping, using drone
surveying and delivery techniques to improve agricultural productivity.
● Farmer Portal: It is envisaged to act as a one-stop-shop for providing all the
informational needs related to agriculture, fisheries and other allied activities.
● Kisan Suvidha app: It is a mobile application that provides information on various farm
related areas such as weather, market data, data on inputs such as seeds and pesticides,
agricultural advisors, etc.
● Soil Health Card Scheme: It is a biennial exercise in which every farm land holding would be
assessed and the details of its health would be provided to farmers. Using the data on the soil
health card, farmers may choose relevant crops which could be produced in the land with
optimum productivity, the nature and mix of fertilizers that should be applied, etc.
● Other government schemes: Kisan SMS scheme, AgriMarket app, mKisan portal, Kisan
call centres, Agmarknet portal, etc. are also among various digital initiatives taken up by
the government to improve the accessibility of information for farmers and thus improve
agricultural productivity.
Conclusion:
Technological innovation greatly helps in improving agricultural yield and enhancing farmers’
income. Harnessing digital technologies is key in future-ready farming practices such as
precision agriculture to ensure the prosperity of farmers while also ensuring sustainability.

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Q.5 In what way could replacement of price subsidy with Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT)
change the scenario of subsidies in India? Discuss.
Introduction:
Direct benefit transfer schemes are those schemes of the government which involve crediting the
requisite monetary support intended to be provided directly into the accounts of the beneficiaries.
Prerequisites for the implementation of DBT
● Universal banking coverage
● Proper beneficiary identification
● Bank account – Aadhaar – Mobile linkages (JAM Trinity)
● Last-mile delivery mechanisms etc.
Positive impact of replacing price subsidies with DBT
For Government
● Improves transparency: DBT improves transparency in public service delivery and
reduces the scope for corrupt practices.
● Reduction in omission/commission errors: As DBT is biometrically authenticated,
such schemes lead to better targeting of beneficiaries. Ghost beneficiaries might be
weeded out due to biometric authentication.
● Reduce cost to government: Cost to the government is greatly reduced as resources
required in DBT are significantly lesser than providing other forms of subsidies.
Social
● Decision making in the hands of the people: The choice of the beneficiaries is
greatly enhanced as they are free to choose the way in which they can spend the
money.
● Lifesaver during the COVID-19 Pandemic: During the COVID-19 pandemic, DBT
was used effectively to transfer income support to people below the poverty line and
migrant labourers to support them.
● Faster delivery of schemes: DBT schemes also have an advantage in terms of speed
of delivery as the money transferred is immediately reflected in the beneficiaries’
accounts.
● Removes Middlemen: This scheme also helps in eliminating intermediaries and rents
for ‘fair price shops’ because subsidies and benefits of welfare schemes are
transferred directly.
● Financial Inclusion: It also helps in boost financial inclusion as more people will be
willing to open and maintain bank accounts.
Economic
● Prevents systemic leakages: DBT helps in arresting systemic leakages as the
monetary support is directly transferred to the beneficiaries. Therefore, there is little
scope for any leakages in the system.
● Boosts Consumption: Essential funds are given directly to the people and thus boosts
consumption as people utilise it boosting economic activity.
● Money Circulation: It aids economic activity as more money circulation takes place.

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Challenges in implementing DBT in India
Social
● Problems with financial inclusion: Although India has made great strides forward
through PM Jan Dhan Yojana, more than 190 million adults in India are still unbanked.
● Poor Last-Mile Delivery Mechanisms: Most of the remote villages are still far away
from accessing banking services. Despite schemes such as Bank Mitras to deliver last-
mile banking services, the service delivery mechanism is far from perfect.
● Misuse of subsidies: Money remitted to the account of beneficiaries might be
misappropriated by people for purchasing sin goods such as alcohol.
Economic
● Lower consumption levels after DBT: It has been found out in some cases that the
actual consumption levels fell below the intended levels after shifting to DBT as the DBT
amount is not revised in proportion to the level of prices in the economy.
● Existence of financial and digital illiteracy: Financial and digital illiteracy act as a
major hindrance for the successful implementation of DBT schemes in India.
Conclusion:
Direct benefit transfer is a game-changer in the way public services are delivered. It greatly
improves the efficiency and transparency of public service delivery. However, it is far from
reaching complete success as long as there are unbanked and digital poverty exists.

Q.6 What are the impediments in marketing and supply chain management in developing the
food processing industry in India? Can e-commerce help in overcoming these bottlenecks?
Introduction:
Food processing industry provides crucial linkages between agricultural and industrial sectors of
the economy as the inputs obtained from the agricultural sector are processed in industries to
produce high value products with superior shelf life.
Challenges
Infrastructural
● Predominantly an unorganized industry: A majority of the firms in food
processing industry in India are in the unorganized sector. Unorganized sectors face a
multitude of problems such as lack of institutional credit, lack of skilled managerial
staff, low technological adoption, etc.
● Lack of storage and handling facilities: Lack of reliable cold storage facilities,
handling facilities lead to the wastage of agricultural commodities.
● Poor transport connectivity: Certain pockets of rural India are still facing
connectivity issues due to poor transportation networks.
● Supply chain issues: Lack of quality infrastructure coupled with poor quality inputs
and small size of average landholdings, the quality and quantity of raw materials is
quite irregular.
● High logistics cost: Poor transport connectivity and low accessibility increase the
logistics cost in terms of handling and transportation costs.

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Market Based
● Low marketability of processed food: High cost of raw materials and lack of funds
result in low marketability and reduced competitiveness of processed food products in
international markets.
● Stiff competition from large MNCs: Indian food processing industry faces stiff
competition from the established MNCs across the globe with large finances and
marketing infrastructure at their disposal.
● Lower proportion of secondary processing: Secondary processing is processing of high-
value products such as fruits, vegetables, dairy, chocolates, etc. India’s food processing
industry is largely tilted towards primary processing where value addition is low.
Others
● Lackadaisical nature of domestic consumers towards processed foods: Low
affordability of a large section of Indian consumers coupled with the fact that Indians
traditionally prefer fresh foods leads to low domestic demand for processed foods.
● Extensive use of pesticides, fertilizers by Indian farmers: Indian food products are
largely disqualified by the stringent food safety standards of advanced economies due
to the overuse of pesticides and harmful chemicals.
How can E-Commerce Help Food Processing Industries in INDIA?
● Provide a platform for marketing: e-commerce sites can act as an inexpensive platform for
marketing the products from the food processing industries. Thus, they could boost the reach
and visibility of processed food products.
● Ensure quality and safety of processed food: e-commerce companies take up regular
quality checks to ensure that the prescribed food safety standards are met. Such a
mechanism of checking processed foods ensures their quality and safety.
● Shore up storage infrastructure: e-commerce companies can help food-processing
industries by sharing their warehouses and cold storage facilities.
● Better price realisation: Selling through e-commerce sites helps in better price
realization as multiple middlemen are eliminated and the products are directly delivered
to consumers.
● Improved accessibility to consumers: Improved supply and delivery network of e-
commerce entities help in the delivery of products to every nook and corner of the
country which boosts domestic demand due to increased accessibility.
● Reduces wastage of food: Food wastage decreases in the country due to an expansion in
demand for processed foods as well as cold storage facilities.
● Marketability: e-Commerce giants enjoy public trust and have a high repeat customers
thus it can work to bridge the gap between customers and the industries.
Threat from e-commerce to food processing industries
● Bullying small firms: Large e-commerce firms might act as bullies and try to siphon off
a large proportion of collective profits
● Threat of monopolists: e-commerce entities might try to capture the entire produce at
dirt cheap prices from the small industries by acting as monopsonists. The government
must take necessary steps must be to avoid such practices.
● Selective Behavior: Profit seeking e-Commerce giants may pick and choose only
selective products which offer better profit margins.

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● Regional issues: e-Commerce companies can choose industries located closer to their
hubs and target cities and thus being a disadvantage to those in other regions.
Conclusion:
Indian food processing industry is ridden with low marketability, fluctuating quality and supply
chain linkage issues. E-commerce can play a crucial role in eliminating these issues and help in
boosting reach of these products and thus the demand for the same.

Q.7 Craze for gold in Indians has led to a surge in import of gold in recent years and put
pressure on balance of payments and external value of rupee. In view of this, examine
the merits of the Gold Monetization Scheme.
Introduction:
The Gold Monetization Scheme was launched by the government of India in 2015 as a part of its
efforts to boost real investment in the economy and reduce the import bills.
Objectives of the Gold Monetization Scheme
● To stabilize the value of Indian rupee in the foreign market by reducing the downward
pressure on it due to huge import dependence of gold; and
● To increase the rate of investment in the economy.
How does the GMS work?
● Revamped pre-existing schemes: The GMS comprised of two previously existing
schemes viz. ‘Gold Deposit Scheme’ and ‘Gold Metal Loan Scheme’
● Gold Deposit Scheme: Deposits of gold were accepted at the collection and purity
testing centres certified by BIS against which interest was paid to the depositors.
● Gold Metal Loan Scheme: A Gold Metal Loan Account is opened banks for jewellers
and gold mobilized through the revamped Gold Deposit Scheme was provided to
jewellers on loan.
● Additional Schemes: Along with GMS, a sovereign gold bond scheme and Indian Gold
Coin Scheme were also launched by the government as alternative investment options.
Benefits of the GMS
Individual
● Tax-benefits and interest benefits for individuals: Depositing gold under the GMS
helps in getting interested on the deposits as well as certain tax exemptions to individuals.
● Channelizing savings into investment: Gold savings are dead savings that can be
channelized into growth-inducing real investment.
● Women Empowerment: It can help Indian Women who hold the majority of Indian
household gold to deposit and claim interests and financial benefits.
Economy
● Promoting the gold-making industry: Under the Gold Metal Loan Scheme, the gold
deposited under the GDS is used to lend gold to jewellers which increases the production
and exports of gold jewellery.

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● Reduction of import bill: As the demand for physical gold decreases in the economy due
to GMS and the sovereign gold bond scheme, it reduces the quantity of gold imported
into the country. This in turn, reduces the import bill of the country.
● Stability of the Indian rupee – Due to a reduction in the imports and increment in
exports, the overall balance of payment situation of the country tends to improve and
thus, it leads to a stable Indian rupee in the forex market.
● Quality certification of gold – As the gold deposited under the scheme is checked for its
purity and certified by BIS, the quality of gold products would become known to the
consumers. This would discourage jewellery makers to avoid the adulteration of gold.
Conclusion:
The Gold Monetization Scheme in convergence with other schemes such as the sovereign gold
bond schemes help in reducing the import bill and thus ensure stability of Indian rupee in the
forex market. In addition, such schemes help in channelizing dead savings into productive
investment and thus, boost economic growth.

Q.8 “Success of ‘Make in India’ programme depends on the success of ‘Skill India’
programme and radical labour reforms.” Discuss with logical arguments.
Introduction:
Manufacturing sector plays a major role in boosting economic growth and creating sustainable
employment opportunities in an economy. ‘Make in India’ programme was launched in 2014
with the primary objective of boosting manufacturing in India and transforming India into a
manufacturing hub.
Significance of ‘Make in India’ Programme
● Reaping the benefits of Demographic Dividend: India’s demographic dividend stage is
set to last for the next two decades. India must make use of this phase to grow into a
developed economy.
● Breaking the path of jobless growth: In spite of achieving a high growth path in the last
two decades, Indian growth has been largely termed as jobless growth.
● Creating sustainable employment opportunities: To create sustainable employment
opportunities, it is essential to boost manufacturing activity in the economy which is
labour intensive in nature.
● Export-oriented growth: In order to make India as a top exporter, a robust
manufacturing sector is the key.
Challenges Faced by the ‘Make in India’ Programme
● Lack of skilled workforce: More than 90% of the workforce in India are not formally
trained. This shows the pathetic state of affairs with respect to the employability of Indian
workforce.
● Low productivity of Indian manufacturing sector: Indian manufacturing sector’s
productivity is very low compared to other nations. According to a report by McKinsey,
Indian workers in the manufacturing sector are four to five times less productive than
their counterparts in China.

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● Poor skilling infrastructure: Most of the ITI’s that impart vocational training in India
suffer from many problems ranging from poor infrastructure, lack of proper trainers to
low industry-academia interaction and outdated curriculum.
● Multiplicity and complex labour laws: Labour laws are complex in nature. Compliance
costs are too high for companies.
● Rigid labour laws and regulations: Rigidity of labour laws and a one-size-fits-all
approach of labour regulations tend to wane away ease of doing business.
● Lack of proper connectivity and poor infrastructure: Poor connectivity and
infrastructural increases logistics and transactions costs which makes investing in Indian
manufacturing industry financially unviable for foreign firms.
● Bureaucratic redtapism is another reason for low ease of doing business in the country.
Significance of Skill India Programme and Labour Reforms for the Success of Make
in India
● Aids in achieving full potential of Make in India: To achieve the full potential of Make
in India programme, it is evident that India has to skill and reskill its existing workforce
according to the need of the times.
● Improves total factor productivity: Skilling Indian workforce helps in improving the
total factor productivity of manufacturing sector and hence boosts the aggregate
production.
● Increases international competitiveness of Made in India products: Productivity
growth helps in improving the competitiveness of ‘Made in India’ products in the
international markets.
● Aids in skilling a large workforce: Skill India programme has a target of skilling 500
million workers by 2022. The success of such a large national programme is essential for
economic growth.
● Appropriating the benefits of demographic dividend: Without a skilled workforce,
India’s demographic dividend might end up becoming a demographic disaster.
● Capitalizing growth and turning India into a manufacturing hub: To capitalize on
the growth and turn itself into a manufacturing hub like China, second-generation reforms
such as labour reforms, land reforms, etc. are essential.
● Boosting ease of doing business: Recently passed labour codes are a step in the right
direction to correct the rigidity in the labour markets and enable ease of doing business
and enabling job creation on a wider scale.
● Uniformity in labour laws across sectors: Labour laws and standards must be applied
uniformly to both formal and informal sectors and must be synchronized with the
international practices.
Conclusion:
Make in India rests on the foundation of ease of doing business. Ease of doing business in turn
depends on the employability of workforce, flexible labour laws, low compliance burden on
firms, simpler tax laws, etc. It is therefore imperative that the success of Make in India
programme rests on the pillars of Skill India programme and labour reforms among other things.

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Q.9 To what factors can be the recent dramatic fall in equipment cost and tariff of solar
energy be attributed? What implications does the trend have for thermal power
producers and related industries?
Introduction:
As per the World Economic Forum the price and cost of solar energy has fallen over 80% since
2010. This dramatic fall in cost is befitted with many factors.
Factors for Decreased Cost of Solar Energy
Political
● Policies and Political will: Countries actively promoting solar energy to boost renewable
energy production.
a. Example: National Solar Mission of India.
● Demand Creation: Governments across the world provide subsidies and discounts to
people
a. Example: PM KUSUM scheme of government of India.
Economic
● Competition: Rise of start-ups and MNC’s investing in Solar energy making the solar
energy sector more competitive and ultimately less production cost.
● Investment: As per IEA report investment in Solar energy sector stands around
120billion USD in 2019. This lead to effective and efficient production.
Technological
● Research and Technology development: PV modules innovations has helped to reduce the
input cost of solar energy.
● Increased Supply: Construction of Solar parks and Mega solar power projects increased
the supply of solar energy. Ex: Benban solar park, Egypt.
Environmental
● Environmental Consciousness: Where countries are pledging to reduce dependence on
fossil fuels, demand of solar energy and hence increased production.
International
● International Cooperation: Establishment of International Solar Alliance that helped to
share best practices and technology, decrease in cost and tariffs.
Implications on Thermal Power Producers and Related Industry
Negative implications
● Loss in revenue: Increased usage and decreased cost of solar energy leads to
decreased use of thermal power ending up in loss of revenue.
● Decreased investment: Investors tend to invest in solar and renewable energy sector
rather than on thermal power as countries moving to net zero emissions.
● Impact on Discoms: Discoms who are already suffering with poor financial health.
The compulsory renewable energy purchase pacts may deteriorate finances further.
● Bundling and integration: The integration of renewable energy with the traditional
energy at times becomes hard. And lacks proper storage mechanisms too.
Positive Implications
● Nudge thermal producers: Competition with solar energy helps the thermal power
producers to take measures to become clean producers to attract investment.

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● Rise of new industries: Production of PV cells and modules can give rise to new
industries that provides more jobs and development in energy sector.
● Boost 24*7 current availability: Diversification of power generation ensures the
ambition of the government to provide 24*7 power access to all.
● Fiscal deficit: With increase in solar and renewable energy contribution. The import
dependence on coal and fossil fuel decreases and hence fiscal deficit benefits.
Conclusion:
Boosting solar and renewable energy are key to fulfil our Panchamrit pledge in COP-26 and to
become leader in fight against climate change.

Q.10 There is a clear acknowledgement that Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are a tool of
industrial development, manufacturing and exports. Recognising this potential, the
whole instrumentality of SEZs require augmentation. Discuss the issue plaguing the
success of SEZs with respect to taxation, governing laws and administration.
Introduction:
SEZ is an economic territory within India established through SEZ act, 2006 in order to boost
exports and manufacturing sector.
SEZs as a tool of development
● Export acknowledgement: Increased exports from rs. 22,840crs in 2006 to rs.
7,50,524crs in 2020.
● Employment opportunities: In 2021 SEZ provided greater than 23,58,136 job
opportunities.
● Investment and Industrial development: Greater than 6.2lakh crore of investment
received in 2020.
Issues plaguing SEZ
Governing laws
● Unutilised and misuse of land: As per the CAG report >25,000 hts of land allocated
for SEZ are not utilised and also lacks flexibility to use for different sectors too.
● Economic jungle: Presence of various multimodal parks such as NIMZ, Industrial
corridors, SEZ and coastal economic zones with less integration.
● Under-utilisation of existing capacity: Currently, SEZ units are not allowed to do
“job work” for domestic tariff area (DTA) units and treated as exports/imports.
Taxation
● Free Trade Agreements (FTA): Sometimes FTA also act as issue to SEZ’s. As customs
duty of SEZ products are more than customs duty of products from ASEAN countries.
● Protectionist measures: Lack of proper integration with supply chain and
protectionist measures of various countries also impact SEZ exports.
● Tax evasion and tax terrorism: Instances of tax terrorism decreased the rank of Ease
of doing business in India and effecting SEZ productivity.
Administration
● Centre-State conflict: That resulted in less support from the state governments to the
SEZ’s located in their state jurisdiction.
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● Fiscal challenges: Indian financial sector facing challenges due to NPA crisis and
also NBFC facing crisis like IL&FS crisis.
● Chakravyuha challenge: where the SEZ faces the issues of exiting due to lack of
clear exit mechanism
● Green hurdles: Environmental clearances and complex procedures has also acted as
barrier for establishment of SEZ.
Measures
● Export to Employment focus: More focus should be laid on employment and
manufacturing sector development rather than just export focus.
● Baba Kalyani committee recommendations:
o Inter-ministerial and centre-state coordination: It recommended for centre-
state cooperation for better jurisdictional management.
o Servification of SEZ: To combat underutilisation SEZ should also be extended to
provide services along with manufacturing focus.
o Rationalisation of tax and customs duty in order to boost export and import in
order to promote indigenisation.
● Infrastructure and Logistics development: To enhance connectivity with various
economic multimodal parks.
● Diverting unused land for agriculture or to promote MSMEs in order to effectively
use land for economic purposes.
Conclusion:
India with an ambition to become Atmanirbhar by reducing foreign dependence in key sectors.
SEZ play crucial role in promoting indigenous development and also to boost employment and
exports in the country.

Q.11 What do you understand by “Standard Positioning System” and “Precision

positioning system” in the GPS era? Discuss the advantage India perceives from its
ambitious IRNSS programme employing just seven satellites.
Introduction:
In the GPS era with increased technology and satellite technology and aiding humans in travel
purposes. GPS services can be divided as “Standard Positioning System” and “Precision
positioning system”.
Standard Positioning System(SPS):
● SPS is a position and timing service that is used for civil, commercial and for scientific
purposes. It is mostly used for peaceful use.
● SPS provides great accuracy of position up to 3-10 meters. The measurements are done
using C/A code.
● The SPS GPS system is not restrictive and available to everyone and aids in disaster
management too.
Precision positioning system(PPS):
● Unlike SPS which is only confined to civil/commercial purposes. PPS also have
component that is used for military purposes.

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● PPS provide more accurate information compared to SPS. It may be accurate up to few
centimetres.
● PPS system also have restrictive part where it is reserved for authorised use and helps in
better monitoring border areas.
Hence recognizing the potential of SPS and PPS system and to become independent. India
developed its own ambitious regional satellite navigation system IRNSS.
Advantages of IRNSS to India:
Civilian Uses
Social
● Geo-fencing: IRNSS helps us to create virtual boundaries (i.e geo-fence) as done
during the covid-19 lockdown to monitor home isolations.
● Geo-tagging: Assets can be tagged to location. That helps in reducing corruption and
ensures accountability. Ex: Geotagging of Mgnrega assets.
● Surveying and Cartography: GPS tool can be widely used to survey on the
geography of the region and also helps to maps areas to enhance communication.
Economic
● Farming and Precision Agriculture: Using GPS technology, we can map areas
based on their farm and take measures that are unique to farm.
● Finance Sector: With increase digital transactions. GPS technology can be used to
time and place stamp of transactions. Help in increasing tax revenue to government.
● Resource information: It also helps to give information about the presence of
resources and help marine fishing industry. Ex: Gemini device works through GPS.
Transport and Communication
● Navigation: It helps the travellers, tourists to reach their destination without any
hassle. It also has potential to help trekkers and hikers to navigate safely.
● Aviation and Marine transport aid: Helps the aviation sector with better and real
time positions for safe transport. Ex: GAGAN is GPS aided system.
Disaster
● Disaster Management: With own navigation system we can remotely view the
situation of disaster effected areas and provide relief effectively.
International
● Soft Power: IRNSS with range of 1500Km also provide GPS services to the
neighbour countries that help to increase India’s clout.
Military Uses:
● Border Management: Our own GPS system helps to real-time view our border areas
and to combat the incursions and infiltration and augment our border security.
● Precision Missiles: Smart bombs and missiles can be guided by the GPS technology
that will enhance more accuracy in missile and enhance defence technology.
● Internal Security: Elements like LWE can be combatted in a better manner when
mapped the route inside the thick forests. That are used as cover by LWE agents.
● Fleet tracking and management: Naval and Air fleet can be better managed and
tracked. That helps in coordination between fleet.

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● Surveillance: With the aid of 7 satellites, Indian Ocean region can be monitored in
accurate manner and limit Chinese influence and submarines in the region.
● Piracy and smuggling: These can be combatted as GPS technology gives extra
vision of the vast coastal areas and help to secure coastal borders.
Conclusion:
India when aspiring to become global super power. Presence of its own navigational satellite is
necessary not only to limit foreign dependence but also to provide security for all in the region
under its SAGAR program.

Q.12 What are the areas of prohibitive labour that can be sustainably managed by robots?
Discuss the initiatives that can propel the research in premier research institutes for
substantive and gainful innovation.
Introduction:
As per the Oxford Economics, robotics revolution happening at fast pace. With the convergence
of AI, Machine learning it has immense potential to replace prohibitive labour.
Areas of Prohibitive Labour that Can be Sustainably Managed by Robots
● Manual Scavenging: India still houses >15lakh manual scavengers. Robots can
effectively replace them providing relief. Ex: Bandicoot robot of Tamil Nadu.
● Mining jobs: Robots can be used for underground mining and rat hole mining purposes
where there is huge threat to human life.
● Automation in Industry: Robots can replace harmful work in the industries giving
respite to the workers by providing work-life balance to them.
● Agriculture development: Robots pave way towards precision farming making
agriculture remunerative and combat bonded labour to money lenders.
Measures and initiatives for gainful innovations:
● Hardware development: India still dependent on imports from countries like China for
hardware and electronic products. So need is indigenous hardware promotion.
● Finance Crunch: This should be addressed and need to invest more in R&D from the
existing 0.6% of GDP. Along with providing financial incentives is needed too.
● Conducive Ecosystem: Investor friendly environment and less complex law procedure
not only attract foreign investment but prevent brain drain too.
● Infrastructure Enhancement: By investing in critical infrastructure and enhancing the
digital ecosystem to boost IOT along with robotics.
● Skill training: Ensuring proper skill training from existing 5% to prevent labour market
polarisation and to move towards gainful innovations.
● Sectoral innovations: Each sector should be equally focused such that benefits are
spread equally Ex: Agriculture should also be benefitted with robotics innovations.
● Collaboration and promotion: Government should actively work in collaborating with
eminent scholars in robotics to address India specific needs.
● Cyber Security and Hacking: We should also equally focus in making robots hacking
resilient and not to be misused for illegal purposes.

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● Strategy and Vision Framework: A vision framework is needed to develop our
capabilities and progress in an ethical and legal manner in robotics.
● Sunrise Sector Status: Help the robotic sector to gain attention and tax exemptions that
help the sector to boost and provide more employment opportunities.
Conclusion:
In the 21st century with 4th industrial revolution at bay. India should actively invest and work
towards development in robotics, AI and niche technology. In order to become Vishwaguru in
the technology sector.

Q.13 Discuss the advantage and security implication of cloud hosting of servers vis-a-vis
in house machine based hosting for government business.
Introduction:
Cloud hosting of servers in simple terms means hiring or use of storage, software and servers for
rent rather than in house mechanism which purchases whole system.
Advantages of Cloud Hosting of Servers for Government Business
● Cost Effective: Unlike in house mechanism in cloud computing we pay based on our
usage. Hence saving money to government.
● Increased Mobility: As all the services are taken from cloud. It provides mobility for the
government and also to business to work from anywhere and any locality.
● Data Recovery and Loss prevention: Data lost due to any disaster and mishap can be
recovered from the cloud unlike in house servers.
● Collaboration: By taking help of cloud computing and through API connectivity. It
provides easy method for various business to integrate with government.
● Environment Sustainability: Hosting in house machine server needs vast space,
electricity and cooling equipment which is not sustainable compared to cloud.
● Security: Data in the cloud servers are more secure as they follow cyber secure policies
to attract companies to store data on their servers.
Security Implications
● Data Sovereignty: Unlike in-house servers where the data is stored locally and controlled
by government. It may not be case with cloud storage of data.
● Denial of Service Attacks: With increase in attacks like Ransomware, it may create
disruptions and denial of data compromising government business.
● Data breaches: Data breaches have increased tremendously over the years. Ex: In 2014,
USA hit record of >700 data breaches.
● Account Hijacking: Overly dependent on cloud services may at-times compromise
individual data and one’s privacy through hacking and phishing attacks.
● Cloud security architecture: Without proper security architecture, cloud services are
prone to attacks and may have spill over effects on entire economy.
● Vendor lock-in: This occurs when transferring of services from government to business
or vice versa due to different platforms usage and compatibility.

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Conclusion:
With government actively pushing for e-governance and minimum government. Cloud
computing provide rightly benefits in the direction of government objectives. Hence government
is also actively promoting cloud services with projects like Megh Raj.

Q.14 India’s Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL), which has a database containing
formatted information on more than 2 million medicinal formulations is proving a
powerful weapon in the country’s fight against erroneous patents. Discuss the pros and
cons of making this database publicly available under open-source licensing.
Introduction:
India has a rich traditional knowledge system comprising many fields such as science,
mathematics, medicine, astronomy, philosophy, etc. It has been transferred through the word of
mouth for many generations before being written down in modern times.
What is Traditional Knowledge Digital Library?
● TKDL is a digital repository of Indian tradition knowledge system especially related to
medicine. It contains data about medicinal plants and formulations being used in
traditional medicinal systems in India such as Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha and Yoga.
● It was set up in 2001 as a collaboration project between the Ministry of AYUSH and the
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).
● It is available in five languages – English, French, German, Japanese and Spanish.
● Objectives of TKDL:
● To protect and preserve Indian traditional medicinal knowledge
● To prevent the misappropriation of such knowledge and granting of unethical patents at
International Patent Offices
● To foster modern research based on traditional knowledge by providing access to the vast
traditional knowledge of India
TKDL has signed agreements with various patent offices such as the European Patent Office to
protect biopiracy of traditional Indian knowledge. It gives the examiners at International Patent
Offices access to the database of Indian knowledge systems for patent search and examination
purpose.
Pros of Making TKDL Publicly Accessible
● Enable access and development: Publicly available data on traditional medicinal
systems on TKDL allows for greater accuracy in translation and further facilitate
scientific research into traditional knowledge.
● Intellectual Property Rights protection: Public access will discourage people from
filing fraudulent patents and thus enable in the protection of intellectual property rights of
traditional knowledge systems.
● Enable credit and benefit sharing: Public access of traditional knowledge will curb its
misattribution and thus enable credit and commercial benefit sharing to the rightful
owners.
● In line with international practices: Other countries such as Republic of Korea and
China do not impose any access restrictions to their traditional knowledge portals.

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Cons of Making TKDL Publicly Accessible
● Scope for misuse of open access: With an open TKDL database, people can eventually
work their way through the existing systemic loopholes by making a slight changes to the
formulations to gain patents.
● Misuse by large corporates for-profit motives: With such vast and accessible
knowledge, profit motivated corporates might try to appropriate traditional formulations
to gain undue profits.
● Scope for endless litigation: Public access to traditional knowledge might create
litigation between different countries or communities for ownership rights.
Conclusion:
TKDL is a powerful weapon in fighting erroneous and unethical patents. It must be made
publicly accessible in line with international practice while placing robust mechanisms to curb its
misuse.

Q.15 Discuss the Namami Gange and National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG)
programmes and causes of mixed results from the previous schemes. What quantum
leaps can help preserve the river Ganga better than incremental inputs?
Introduction:
Namami Gange mission was started by the government of India in 2014 to restore the cultural,
social, economic and environmental value of river Ganga. Ganga is the largest river in India that
supports agriculture, industries and drinking water needs in eleven states.
Details of the Namami Gange Programme
Two important decision making and implementation agencies have been established under this
programme. They are –
● National Ganga Council: It is the governing body, chaired by the Prime Minister. It has
been formed under the Environmental Protection Act, 1986. It replaced the erstwhile
National Ganga River Basin Authority. Its responsibilities include overseeing various
government policies and schemes being implemented to clean the Ganga River.
● National Mission for Clean Ganga: It is the implementation body of the National Ganga
Council. It supervises and monitors State Programme Management Groups.
Main pillars of the Namami Gange programme include:
a. River Surface Cleaning and River Front Development
b. Building Sewage Treatment Infrastructure and effluent monitoring systems
c. Creating public awareness
d. Safeguarding biodiversity and Afforestation programmes
Challenges faced in the Implementation of Previous Programmes
● Heavy industrial pollution: Ganga passes through some of the most populous states
such as Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, etc where certain stretches are heavily polluted. Tanneries in
Kanpur, Paper and Sugar Mills in the Kosi.
● Human body dumping: Ganga River is considered to be holy and the remains of human
bodies are dumped in Ganga as a ritual. In certain places, half-burnt bodies are dumped in
the rivers that pollute the river stretches.

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● Sewerage dumping: As mentioned earlier, Ganga River passes through some of the most
populous states in the country and hence large quantities of untreated sewage is dumped
into the river.
● Non-maintenance of e-flow: Maintaining a minimum flow of water called as
environmental flow is crucial to support aquatic life and biodiversity. Due to unplanned
construction of dams and reservoirs, such norms are often violated in Ganga River.
● Illegal constructions: Several illegal constructions near the river beds and the presence
of slums on the slopes of river channels in urban areas creates hurdles for cleaning the
river effectively.
● Lack of effective investment in waste management infrastructure: Solid waste
management and sewerage management levels remained quite low in spite of implanting
various schemes due to less funding.
● Cost overruns of various projects: Multiple projects to clean Ganga River in the past
have faced significant cost overruns due to delays in project approval, funding, land
acquisition issues, etc.
Way forward
● Sewerage management: Sewage treatment has been at the core of Namami Gange
Programme. Ramping up sewage treatment capacity is the key to maintain clean river systems.
● Solid waste management: Solid waste plays a significant role in river pollution. Care
must be taken to avoid dumping unprocessed solid waste in feeder drains and river slopes.
● Curbing cost overruns: Preparation of project DPRs must take into account a detailed
analysis of environmental norms, land acquisition delays, cash flows, etc to curb undue
delays in project execution and thus reduce cost overruns.
● Slum rehabilitation projects: Along with cleaning the river, illegal human settlements
that cause pollution in urban areas such as urban slums must be removed and the
inhabitants must be rehabilitated.
● River front development projects: In order to avoid pollution on the river fronts and
illegal settlements in the future, river fronts must be developed to become hotspots of
aesthetic beauty.
Conclusion:
Namami Gange has taken up the right issues to deal with the pollution of river Ganga. Its success
lies in executing its objectives by avoiding cost overruns and bringing out a sustained
behavioural change on the part of different stakeholders to avoid re-polluting the river.

Q.16 The frequency of earthquakes appears to have increased in the Indian subcontinent.
However, India’s preparedness for mitigating their impact has significant gaps.
Discuss various aspects.
Introduction:
About 59% of area in India is prone to earthquakes especially due to active tectonic activity
taking place at the northern boundary of the Indian sub-continent. Alongside the natural causes,
anthropogenic causes such as reservoir-induced seismicity, mining activity, etc. are increasing
earthquake vulnerability in other regions as well.

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Reasons for the Increasing Occurrence of Earthquakes in India
Anthropogenic causes:
● Increase in mining activities: An increase in underground mining activities for mineral
extraction as well oil exploration and subsequent oil extraction cause a hollow in the
earth’s interior. This might result in earth heaving and cause earthquakes.
● Increase in developmental activities: The spread of developmental activities has been
spreading continuously into vulnerable regions such as fault zones, hilly regions, etc
which further increases earthquake susceptibility
● Reservoir-induced seismicity: Building large multipurpose projects and storing huge
quantities of water in reservoirs increases the natural load on the earth surface and thus
induces seismicity locally.
● Nuclear detonation induced earthquakes: Nuclear testing and detonation releases large
quantities of energy in a small amount of time which might induce local seismicity.
Natural Causes
Natural cooling of earth: Earth’s interior has been cooling down continuously ever since its
formation. Such cooling of earth’s interior causes differential contraction in different layers of
the earth which could increase seismicity.
Earthquake Zones: Earthquakes that occur in India majorly fall under the category of high frequency,
reaching beyond 8.0. The north-eastern zone and the Himalayan ranges are highly prone to great
earthquakes that touch the magnitude of 8.0.
Earthquake impact mitigation strategy in India:
The guidelines issues by the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) regarding
earthquake related impact mitigation rests on the following six broad pillars –
● Earthquake resistant construction: Monitoring and enforcing earthquake resistant building
codes and safety codes along with appropriate planning measures must be taken up for new
constructions in the earthquake prone regions.
● National Retrofit Programme: NDMA has released guidelines for selective seismic
strengthening and retrofitting of existing structures in earthquake prone regions.
● Earthquake zone mapping in India: Regions in India have been mapped and grouped
into four zones (II, III, IV, & V) based on their earthquake vulnerability. Zone-V is the
most hazard prone region while Zone-II is the least prone.
● Handbook on Earthquake Safety: To generate awareness about dos and don’ts during
an earthquake event, NDMA has released a handbook on earthquake safety.
● Capacity building: Capacity development includes putting in place robust earthquake
early detection systems and necessary information disbursal systems to issue disaster
warnings.
● Emergency response through Incident Command System: Build and train quick
response teams to tackle with earthquake related disasters and take-up relief and
rehabilitation measures.
Lacunae in Earthquake Preparedness and Impact Mitigation Strategies
Scientific
● Inadequate enforcement safety codes: Although robust earthquake-resistant
building codes have been in place for a long time, there is a lacklustre enforcement of
such codes in actual practice.

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● Poor structural health monitoring mechanisms: There is almost a complete
vacuum in the field of structural health monitoring mechanisms in India.
Institutional
● Poor coordination: Due to overlap between the mandates of various bodies, there is
poor coordination during emergency response with the multiplicity of efforts.
● Lack of trained professionals: There is a dearth of engineers and professionals with
specialized knowledge in earthquake-resistant building design and seismic
strengthening and retrofitting in India.
Social
● Lack of awareness: Among people about earthquake vulnerability and good
practices, although India has taken up seismic mapping and NDMA has released
detailed earthquake safety guidelines, their awareness among the people is very low.
Way forward
● Proper implementation of NDMA guidelines: NDMA guidelines must be followed
strictly and their enforcement must be made in letter and spirit.
● Creation of earthquake management department: A special earthquake management
department must be created in high-risk states to ramp up preparedness and impact
mitigation activities.
● Improve adoption of earthquake-resistant building designs: People must be
encouraged to take up earthquake-resistant building designs through an appropriate tax
incentive structure.
● Investing in R&D and professional training of engineers: The government must invest
in research and development activities and in professional training of engineers to create
an able workforce in earthquake-resistant building design and seismic retrofitting.
● Adopting global best practices: Best practices must be adopted from nations with high
earthquake vulnerability such as Japan. Earthquake response drills must be regularly
conducted in high-risk areas to educate the local populace.
● Single-point emergency contact: A single point contact must be enabled during any disaster
events and must be widely publicized. A proper chain of command must be built to enable
smooth coordination between various departments for quick emergency response.
Conclusion:
A large portion of India is highly prone to earthquakes and hence, it is essential to put in place
robust early detection and warning systems, invest in capacity building, creating general
awareness and most of all adopt global best practices to mitigate disaster impacts.

Q.17 Human rights activists constantly highlight the view that the Armed Forces (Special
Powers) Act, 1958 (AFSPA) is a draconian act leading to cases of human rights abuses by
the security forces. What sections of AFSPA are opposed by the activists? Critically
evaluate the requirement with reference to the view held by the Apex Court.
Introduction:
Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 was initially brought by the British Indian government
during the Quit India movement to dissipate protests. Post-independence, the act was brought to
deal with continuous disturbances in the northeast region.
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Significance of AFSPA for Maintaining National Security
● Provides unfettered powers to armed forces: The Act provides special powers to the armed
forces and the central armed police forces to kill anyone acting in contravention of law and
search any premises or prosecute any person without the want of any warrant in “disturbed
areas”. It provides immunity to security forces from prosecution for any such acts.
● Required to maintain territorial integrity: Such special powers are required for
security forces to safeguard territorial integrity of the nation and quell any anti-national
activities in disturbed border areas.
● Empowers security forces to act without any fear of prosecution: The Act empowers
security forces to serve their primary duty of safeguarding national security without any
fear of prosecution.
● Hinders interference of security agencies of the states: The act also hinders any
unwarranted interference from the state agencies to the central armed forces.
Drawbacks of the AFPSA and its Misuse by the Security Forces
● Violates Article 21: The express powers provided in Section 4(a) of the AFSPA to the
armed forces to cause even death to enforce law is in violation of Right to Life and
Liberty provided in the constitution.
● Violates Article 14: Searching any premises and prosecuting citizens without any
warrant is in contravention to the provisions of equality before law and equal protection
of law.
● Violates Article 22: Section 5 of the AFSPA provides that any person arrested and
detained by the armed forces must be handed over to the nearest police station with the
least possible delay along with the circumstances warranting such arrest. However, this
provision is often not followed by the armed forces.
● Human rights violation: Instances such as killing of 14 civilians in Nagaland in
December 2021 are a blatant violation of human rights and shows the misuse of the
powers given to armed forces by the AFSPA. Armed forces are also severely criticized
for misusing their powers to commit sexual offences against civilians.
● Immunity from prosecution for violations of human rights: Section 6 of the AFSPA
provides immunity from prosecution of armed forces except with the prior consent of the
central government. Such express immunity can’t be justified for blatant misuse of
powers by the armed forces.
Supreme Court Verdicts in Relation to AFSPA
● Naga People’s Movement of Human Rights v. Union of India, 1997: The Supreme
Court upheld the constitutionality of the AFSPA. The SC ruled that the declaration of
disturbed areas can be done by the central government suo motu, however it is desirable
that the states are consulted prior to such declaration.
● In a 2016 judgement, Supreme Court ruled that the armed forces cannot escape
investigation for excesses committed in the discharge of their duties even in “disturbed
areas”.
Arguments in favour of AFSPA
● Implemented with ordinary laws of the land are inadequate: In disturbed areas,
ordinary laws often fail to contain and deal with insurgency. Therefore, AFSPA is
essential in dealing with such situations

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● Best way to deal with cross-border activities: As insurgency groups become more
powerful with external aid and support, it is essential that they are dealt with iron fist to
safeguard national security and territorial integrity.
● Effective in dealing proxy wars: As insurgent and terrorist movements have become
proxy wars, regular steps and methods might not be effective in dealing with such
situations.
Arguments against the AFSPA
● Increasing civilian killings: An increase in excesses committed against the civilians is a
cause of concern.
● Contravention to rule of law: The Act was envisaged to be a last resort to deal with
extreme situations. However, in regular parlance, it has become an instrument of first
resort to deal with even petty issues.
● Cynical manner of conduct: The conduct of armed forces against the civilians is often
ruthless and overtly dictatorial. Such conduct and excesses by the armed forces is an
outright joke on the constitutional rights of innocent citizens living in disturbed areas.
Conclusion:
The AFSPA is being called a draconian law by many due to increasing incidents of civilian
killing and excesses against the civilians. Both the second ARC and Jeevan Reddy Commission
have recommended repealing the Act and including some of its provisions in the Unlawful
Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967.

Q.18 Religious indoctrination via digital media has resulted in Indian youth joining ISIS.
What is ISIS and its mission? How can ISIS be dangerous for the internal security of
our country?
Introduction:
The term religious indoctrination means to impart uncritical dedication to certain religious
doctrines. Religious indoctrination induces people to believe that only a particular religion is
supreme and correct and other ideologies are against their own religion. Digital media has
become a tool in the hands of perpetrators of such practices to easily target civilians.
ISIS and its objectives
● ISIS is a religious supremacy group related to the Islamic sect of Sunni. It is a militant jihadist
organisation which follows Wahhabi doctrine of Sunni Islam and declares itself to be the
representator of Muslims in the world.
● Objectives of ISIS include establishing Islamic caliphate rule all over the world and “to
seize the world”.
Internal Security Challenges posed by ISIS in India
● Radicalisation: ISIS being an Islamic fundamentalist organization can exert undue
influence on the minds of innocent Indians and assimilate a large section of them into its
folds.
● Economic Situation: Lower income sections of India are relatively poor and vulnerable.
This makes them attracted to such religious fundamentalist doctrines easily.
● Surrounded by adverse countries: Presence of terrorist factions and state support from
Pakistan can also prove to be disastrous

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● India on the ISIS recruitment radar: India has long been under the radar of ISIS and the
organisation has been luring and recruiting many Indians into its ranks. Kerala is one of the
largest contributors to such recruitments.
● ISIS’s India vow: ISIS has vowed to turn India into a Khorasan state and even released a
map of India as a Khorasan State. This becomes a major threat to India’s sovereignty.
● ISIS as an umbrella body: ISIS can act as an umbrella body and focal point of all the
terrorist activities against India. With the aid of adversaries such as Pakistan, China and
Bangladesh, such an ugly collaboration can be very heavy to handle for India.
Way forward
● Ensure balanced growth of all communities: India must try to reduce inequalities
across communities and provide equitable opportunities to the youth of all communities.
● Improve intelligence capabilities: India must proactively invest in developing
intelligence capabilities especially related to radicalization activities and reduce such
activities.
● Create community awareness and educate youth: Youth and teens have been largely
susceptible to radicalization. Therefore, awareness must be created about the ill effects of such
fundamentalist doctrines from a tender age.
● Digital tools at the hands of security agencies: Security forces must be trained and
provided with advanced technological tools to proactively detect and intercept acts of
indoctrination in the digital space.
● Seek international corp.: India must seek international cooperation to deal with cross-border
radicalization attempts and to take stern action against such organizations on foreign soil.
Conclusion:
India is a land of unity in diversity. In order to safeguard such a unity, the diversity must be
carefully preserved and the needs of diverse groups must be met by the government policies.
India needs to ramp up its vigil against radicalization of its youth to safeguard its
multiculturalism.

Q.19 The persisting drives of the Government for development of large industries in
backward areas have resulted in isolating the tribal population and the farmers who
face multiple displacements. With Malkangiri and Naxalbari foci, discuss the
corrective strategies needed to win the Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) doctrine affected
citizens back into the mainstream of social and economic growth.
Introduction:
Left-Wing Extremism is a form of revolutionary terrorism in which left-leaning Marxist-Leninist
groups try to overthrow the democratically elected government and the current capitalist systems
and institute socialism in the society.
Major causes of LWE in India
Economic
● Inequalities: The birth of Naxalism in India took place in 1967 in the Naxalbari
district of West Bengal as a reaction to extreme inequality in land-owning structure
and the exploitation of people at the hands of big landlords.

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● Inequitable development: Certain regions especially those dominated by tribals have
remained relatively less developed. The existence of such inequalities leads to a sense
of deprivation among the people.
● Livelihood Issues: Lack of employment in the region also contributes to the
extremism.
Political
● Political deprivation: Most of the castes and tribal groups are not empowered
politically with almost zero political representation despite the affirmative action of
the State in the form of reservations.
● Political Pawns: The groups have been in the past used for political purposes by
opposition groups to embarrass the party in power.
● Discrimination against tribals: The discriminatory nature of public servants and
landlords towards tribals, non-regularization of traditional land rights provided to
tribals under Forest Rights Act, 2006, etc have created dissatisfaction towards the
government among the tribals.
Social
● Disruption of traditional occupations: With the technological advancement and
changes in the preferences of consumers, a majority of traditional artisans and
workers in cottage industries lost their employment.
● Displacement of people especially tribals: Tribals have been displaced from their
traditional homes ever since the time of British rule. Post-independence, this trend has
only increased due to various developmental projects displacing a large number of
people, especially tribals.
a. Data: About 60 million people have been displaced due to developmental projects
in between 1947 and 2000.
● Lack of adequate compensation and proper rehabilitation of the displaced: The
displaced people have not been adequately compensated and were not provided with
proper rehabilitation as promised which led to their alienation.
Strategies adopted by the Government to Deal with LWE
Economic
● Encouraging inclusive growth: The main strategy of the government to deal with
LWE has been to promote inclusive growth and bring development in the LWE
affected districts.
● Promoting education: Education has been promoted through institutions such as
Eklavya Model Schools to educate tribals and bring them into the mainstream by
enabling them to take part in modern employment opportunities.
● Infrastructural Development: Road connectivity, communication facilities, social
infrastructure such as schools and hospitals are being developed in LWE affected
areas.
Political
● Devolution of political power: Through the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, the
Panchayati Raj institutions have been created as a third tier of government to promote
democratic decision-making at the grassroots
● Introduction of PESA, 1996: Through this Act, the right of self-governance was
extended to the scheduled areas to empower tribals to govern themselves with certain
flexibilities.

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● Special security forces: Some states have instituted specially trained security forces
such as Greyhounds in Andhra Pradesh to tackle the issue of LWE.
Schemes Led
● SAMADHAN Strategy of the Union Home Ministry to deal with LWE: Smart
Leadership, Aggressive Strategy, Motivation and Training, Actionable Intelligence,
Dashboard based KPIs, Harnessing Technology, Action Plans for each theatre, and
No access to financing.
● Skill Development: Skill development has been promoted in 34 LWE affected
districts since 2011-12 under which ITI branches and Skill Development Centres have
been established.
● Social Integration of LWE Cadres: States have come up with their own surrender
and rehabilitation policies and provide certain stipends and incentives for those cadres
who voluntarily surrender to the government.
● Confidence Building Measures and Awareness campaigns: Reaching out to people
to know and address their grievances and creating awareness about various benefits of
government developmental projects go a long way in reducing the feeling of
alienation among the people.
Way Forward
● Effective implementation of Forest Rights Act: The traditional land rights must be
provided to the tribal populace and for its sake the FRA, 2006 must be implemented in letter
and spirit.
● Provision of adequate compensation and rehabilitation: Adequate compensation must be
provided along with proper rehabilitation facilities including alternative employment
opportunities for the displaced persons.
● Increasing the pace of infrastructural development: Although the government has been
continuously investing on developing infrastructural facilities in LWE affected areas, project
development has been very slow due to geographical difficulties, lack of sufficient funds, etc.
Conclusion:
Education, Economic Development and Equitable representation in the political arena are the three key
areas that the government needs to work on to effectively deal with the problem of LWE.

Q.20 Considering the threats cyberspace poses for the country, India needs a “Digital
Armed Force” to prevent crimes. Critically evaluate the National Cyber Security
Policy, 2013 outlining the challenges perceived in its effective implementation.
Introduction:
Digital India programme and the COVID-19 pandemic have greatly increased the adoption of
digital means for providing various public services. India announced its first National Cyber
Security Policy in 2013 to tackle the ensuing cyber security problems such as phishing,
spamming, malware attacks, etc.
Need for having a Robust Cyber Security Infrastructure in India
● High vulnerability to cyber-attacks: India is among the top 10 countries in the world in
terms of number of cyber-attacks faced. The recent trend shows a sharp increase in cyber-
related security challenges in India.

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● Increasing adoption of digital means: Due to government efforts such as Digital India
mission and the recent COVID-19 pandemic have increased the adoption of digital means
in various fields such as financial services, online education, telemedicine, etc.
● Growing significance of Cyber space: Economic growth in India has been driven by the
growth of services sector. Services sector composition has been greatly tilted towards ICT
based services. Mass migration to online services during the COVID-19 lockdowns has
increased its significance further.
● Rapid increase in mobile and internet penetration: India is one of the largest users of
data in the world. With low data costs, internet usage is slated to increase sharply in the
near future.
● Safety of Critical Information Infrastructure: Critical infrastructure such as defence,
communication and electricity grids are being increasingly operated through digital modes.
● Impact of globalization: Businesses across the world are connected through the internet.
Most of the accounts, business transaction details, etc are stored in cloud-based systems.
● Increasing malicious traffic: During the COVID-19 induced lockdowns, there has been
a 56% rise in malicious content on the internet.
Salient features of National Cyber Security Policy, 2013:
The National Cyber Security Policy, 2013 was the first comprehensive cyber security document
released by the government of India. It tried to set out a broad cyber security framework in the
country and led to the establishment of several national level bodies to tackle emanating cyber
security threats.
● To create a secure digital space: It aims at creating a secure computing environment and
build trust and confidence in electronic transactions so as to increase their adoption.
● Outlines a roadmap to create cyber security framework: It outlines a roadmap to
create a comprehensive cyber security framework to deal with the issues of cyber security
at all levels of the government in the country.
● Frameworks and initiatives: It provides broad frameworks and initiatives that can be
implemented at different levels such as the government level, sectoral level, etc.
● Monitoring key trends: It envisages a monitoring system to keep a tab on trends in
cyber-crime, cyber-attacks, and cyber infrastructure growth.
● Strategies to reduce vulnerabilities: It puts forward strategies to reduce national
vulnerabilities to cyber-attacks and prevent cyber-crime.
● National Cyber Security Centre: It envisages setting up National Cyber Security Centre
to deals with mitigating cyber security threats and vulnerabilities.
● Other Cyber Security bodies: It envisages setting up testing infrastructure, Malware
Monitoring and Cleaning Centre, National Critical Information Infrastructure Centre, etc.
● Target of skilled workforce: It envisaged to build a skilled workforce of 5 lakh cyber
security professional in a span of five years
Drawbacks of the National Cyber Security Policy, 2013
● Absence of a single umbrella body: India has more than 35 different bodies at the
central level to deal with cyber security challenges that have different organisational
structure and priorities.
● Need for a comprehensive legislation: Indian laws are inadequate to deal with ever
increasing cyber security challenges and there is a need to modernize and bring out a
comprehensive legislation to deal with new age technological problems.

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● Overtly defensive policy: While the policy talks about defensive measures to be taken to
tackle cyber security challenges, it doesn’t envisage building any offensive capabilities to
take on enemy nations in the scenario of a cyber war.
● Lacks depth in detailing: The policy follows a piecemeal nature and talks about building
trust and protect citizens’ privacy while not prescribing any data security detailing such as
encryption policy.
● Absence of guidelines in case of an attack: The policy falls short of creating awareness
in the users about the vulnerabilities and actions to take in case of a cyber-attack.
Conclusion:
The NCSP, 2013 creates a broad framework of cyber security in India. There is a need to update
the policy by including measures to create offensive capabilities, provide guidelines to respond to
a cyber-attack and also bring a comprehensive legislation to deal with evolving cyber security
challenges.

*******

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UPSC CSE 2015 EXAM

(Model Answers – GS - IV)

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Q 1(a) What is meant by ‘environmental ethics’? Why is it important to study? Discuss any
one environmental issue from the viewpoint of environmental ethics.
Introduction:
Environmental ethics is the branch of ethics that studies the moral and ethical relationship of
human beings with the environment. This branch believes that the environment is a very
important part of human life, thus it becomes important to study the relationship among them.
Principles Of environmental ethics:
● Anthropocentrism: This principle suggests that human beings are most important and
other living beings play a passive role.
● Non - Anthropocentrism: This principle goes value to every object in the
● Biocentrism: It is a philosophy that considers every living being as an important entity
for proper balance of the planet.
● Holism: Holism considers environment systems as a whole rather than being individual
part of something. This principle believes that every element of this earth is important.
● Psychocentrism: According to this principle human beings hold more value in the
environment due to their mental capacities which are far more developed then others.
Importance of Study of Environmental Ethics:
● For preservation and conservation: This emphasis on the fact that just like earth gives
humans resources , humans need to help give back resources o nature and ecosystem.
● Securing environmental justice: Environmental ethics ensure that justice is done with
every element of this environment.
● Ensure Solidarity and participation: This study helps in building solidarity among civil
society to fight against environmental concerns.
● Decision making: Study helps in making decisions to the question like. Is killing of
endangered species should be allowed?’
● Policy making: This study helps policy makers to make rules regarding conservation of
environment.
● Societal importance: This ethics helps in generating awareness among members of the
society regarding environment conservation.
Environmental Issue:
● Climate change: Climate change has brought many problems like frequent disasters, sea
level rise, increased global temperature etc.
● Causes: This problem is being created due to negligence of environmental ethics by
human beings. The anthropocentric approach towards resource utilisation threatens the
existence of many other species as well as promotes human beings to gain resources at
the cost of the environment.
● Solution: Environmental ethics suggest that holism should be the approach, when we go
for resource utilisation. It emphasises the importance of every component of the earth and
asks human beings to preserve them.
Conclusion:
Environmental ethics has potential to deal with the problem of unsustainability of the human
resources and prevent the destruction of the environment.

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Q.1 (b) Differentiate between the following ( 200 words)
(i) law and Ethics
(ii) Ethical management and Management of ethics
(iii) Discrimination and Preferential treatment
(iv) Personal ethics and Professional ethics
(i) Law and Ethics
Law Ethics
1. Definition Law is a system of rules created These are the moral principles
and enforced through legislative that govern a person’s behaviour
institutions to regulate its subjects. in the society.
2. Purpose To ensure order and justice in the To create morally right people in
society. society.
3. Instruments to Those who break the law are Social isolation of the people who
make it effective punished by the government. go against ethics.
4. Example The Prevention Of Cruelty To To speak the truth and respect
Animals Act,1960 elderly is the ethics of our society.

(ii) Ethical Management and Management of ethics

Ethical management Management of ethics
1. Meaning  Ethical management is when ethics  It is the discipline that deals with
comes into action in working of a what is good and bad, or right or
firm. wrong , or with moral duty and
obligation in management of a firm.
2. Purpose  To ensure no willful wrong is  To ensure social responsiveness of a
done. firm.
 To ensure a good work culture in  To guide individual managers in
the organisation. their work.
3. Other  Ethical management presumes  It deals with continually managing
already known and set ethics. the ethics.
 It helps in setting code of conduct for  Management of ethics is the previous
firms. step of ethical management.

(iii) Discrimination and Preferntial treatment

Discrimination Preferential treatment
1. Meaning  It refers to treatment of another  It refers to giving someone
person with a degree of biasness. priority over others.
2. Criteria  Criteria is based on bias, prejudice  Criteria is based on vulnerability
and nepotism. of the person
3. Character  It is negative in character.  It is both positive and negative in
character.
4. Examples  Discrimination with female child  If a white employee is promoted
vis-a-vis male child. over a minority employee based
 Discrimination based on caste. on a perceived work ethics.

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 UPSC CSE 2015 EXAM
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(iv) Personal ethics and Professional ethics

Personal Ethics Professional Ethics
1. Meaning  Personal ethics refers to an  Professional ethics refers to a person’s
individual's personal morals and values and principles that are introduced
code of conduct. to an individual in a professional
organisation.
2. Origin  These are instilled generally,  These are developed during working in
during childhood, by your parents , organisation.
family , school and friends.
3. Example  I will always speak the truth.  Punctuality: To visit the office on time.
 I will respect all those who are  Work performance: To provide for best
elder to me. optimal performance in work.

Q.2 Given are two quotations of moral thinkers/ philosophers. For each of these, bring
out what it means to you in the present context:
(a) “ The weak can never forgive ; forgiveness is the attribute of the strong.”
Introduction:
The above quote is given by Mahatma Gandhi. According to this forgiveness refers to the process of
letting go of feelings of hatred, bitterness , anger and vengeance toward someone who we believed has
done wrong to us. According to Gandhi this can be practised by only mentally strong people.
Meaning in the Present Context:
● Individual life: In my individual life I forgave my friend who had stolen my notes during exams .
This helped him in realising his mistake and also the continuation of our friendship.
● Society: In our society the upper caste people can seek forgiveness from dalits for historical
atrocities , and dalits can forgive them. This will help in building communal harmony in the society.
● Politics: Canada’s President asked for forgiveness towards the Komagata Maru incident,
which happened in pre pre-independence era.
● Environment: We can resolve the problem of environmental pollution by dealing with
developed countries in mutually forgivable terms.
● International context: If Russia and Ukraine forgive each other then it will help in
normalising the threatening situation in the world.
Conclusion:
The concept of “Michhami Dukkadam” in Jainism also deals with the idea of forgiveness to
everyone. These ideals should guide us in our day to day life.

Q. 2 (b) We can easily forgive a child who is afraid of the dark; the real tragedy of life is
when men are afraid of the light.”
Introduction:
The above quote is given by Plato. According to this, the real threat is not when an innocent
person is afraid of taking any action but when a knowledgeable person knowingly refrain from
taking any action.

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 UPSC CSE 2015 EXAM
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Meaning in the present context
● Vaccine hesitancy: Vaccine hesitancy during COVID-19 among educated classes due to
misinformation , shows how real tragedy is created when men make decisions without
knowing the complete truth.
● Terrorism: The fear of Afghanistan government against Taliban and their withdrawal
cause army to surrender without any fight. This has created a situation of threat in
Afghanistan where people refrain to speak against terrorism.
● Nazism: During Nazism in Germany many people due to fear of punishment didn't come
forward to help dying Jewish people. This shows that these people were afraid of the right
path of humanity.
● British rule: During British rule many Indians considered British rule as a blessing,
despite being highly educated and knowing the nuances of foreign rule.
Conclusion:
Therefore men should not be afraid if dark rather fought bravely in every situation with fortitude
and conviction.

Q.3 (a) “ A mere compliance with law is not enough , the public servant also has to have a
well-developed sensibility to ethical issues for effective discharge of duties.” Do you
agree? Explain with the help of two examples , where (i) an act is ethically right, but
not legally and (ii) an act is legally right, but not ethically.
Introduction:
Public servants often face situations in which there is a conflict between ethics and law. Laws
are the legal codes written in the rule books of a country and ethics is the moral code of conduct
established by the society.
According to the principles Of Public administration, a public servant has to use emotional
intelligence to deal with the issue when law and ethics are in contrasting situations. Being a
public servant the first duty of an officer is to serve the public.
Do you agree: Yes I do agree with the above statement, as the values of emotional intelligence,
equity , justice, probity etc. suggest one to sensibly deal with ethical issues for effective
discharge of duties.
Examples
● An act is ethically right,but not legally
- Providing ration to pregnant women is ethically right but according to law books
public servants can’t differentiate between the public. In such a situation the
compassion towards pregnant women guides us to give her preference.
- An officer providing shelter home to an old person having a lack of documents is
ethically right but legally wrong.
● An act is legally right , but not ethically
- Death sentence under Indian Penal Code is legally right but ethically wrong. As it
takes away the life of a person convicted of crime.
- In the pre-independence era punishing someone for making salt was legally right
under Salt law, but it was ethically wrong to prevent someone from fulfilling his bare
minimum necessity.

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Conclusion:
Therefore it becomes necessary for a public servant to use sensibility and emotional intelligence
to deal with the dilemmas of ethics and legality.

Q.3 (b) How do the virtues of trustworthiness and fortitude get manifested in public
service? Explain with examples.
Introduction:
Trustworthiness is a moral value considered to be a virtue. A trustworthy Person is someone in
whom we can place our trust and feel assured that the trust shall not be betrayed.
Fortitude can be defined as value of displaying courage and valour in times of great adversity & pain.
Trustworthiness Get Manifested in Public Servants
● Ways: Trustworthiness is developed by the way of training, code of conduct of public service
and work culture of a public servant.
● Current example: In order to gain the trust of tribals of Adilabad, Telangana , IAS officer
Divya Devarajan learned their language and resolved their decades old problems by
consulting them. The villagers developed such a deep connection with her that they named a
village ‘Divyaguda’ in her name.
● Other example: The constructive work of IAS officer Armstrong Pame, helped him in
building trustworthiness. That’s why more and more people come in front to donate for road
construction in Manipur.
Fortitude Get Manifested in Public Servants
● Ways: The attitude of a person towards difficulties in life , training as well as work place
conditioning.
● Current example: IAS Ashok Khemka courage to fight against malpractices in
administration despite having frequent transfers.
● Other example: IPS Sanjukta Parashar, with her fortitude was able to fight severa military
operations in Sonitpur district of Assam.

Conclusion:
The values of trustworthiness and fortitude helps in building an efficient public administration.

Q.4 (a) “Social values are more important than economic values.” Discuss the above
statement with examples in the context of inclusive growth of a nation.
Introduction:
Social values are the ideals that govern as well as guide the society. On the other hand economic
values are the values which guide us for economic competition, revenue maximisation and
business growth etc.
Example in context of inclusive growth of a nation
● Social inclusion: Economic values can increase employment in the society but it cannot
create social cohesion. For social cohesion social values like brotherhood and harmony
are more important.

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● Economic inclusion: From economic inclusion GDP of a nation can be enhanced but it
cannot ensure equitable distribution of wealth. This leads to inequality in society.
● Nature of values: Social values are permanent while economic values change with time.
Like economic values of mercantilism, capitalism and communism varies with time.
● Sectional inclusion: Social values ensure that all sections of society like children, women,
elders etc. get benefits of development. While economic values create discrimination based on
the productivity of every section.
● Political inclusion: Economic values promote powers in the hands of the wealthy corporate
class. While social values ensure power in the hands of apt leadership. Eg. Election of Donald
Trump was based on economic values.
But we can’t undermine the role of economic values in the growth of a country , which in turn
promotes inclusive growth. Economic values can help in dividing the pie and social values can
help in equal division of the pie.
Conclusion:
Therefore for the growth of a nation social values should become the foundational stone of
growth and then only we should move towards economic growth.

Q.4 (b) Some recent developments such as introduction of RTI Act, media and judicial
activism, etc., are proving helpful in bringing about greater transparency and
accountability in the functioning of the government. However , it is also being
observed that at times the mechanisms are misused. Another negative effect is that
the officers are now afraid to take prompt decisions.
Analyse this situation in detail and suggest how this dichotomy can be resolved.
Suggest how these negative impacts can be minimised.
Introduction:
The introduction of RTI act, media and judicial activism has helped in strengthening public
administration in our country on one hand but on the other hand it created hurdles in the efficient
working of the officers , due to misuse of the mechanism.
Misuse
● Irrelevant queries: People use RTI to ask for unnecessary details therefore diverting the
attention of officers towards unnecessary things.
● Personnel benefit: RTI is being used for personnel benefit rather than greater public
good.
● Create fear: Media houses use the media as well as RTI to threaten the officers. Due to
corporatisation of media it has become a tool in the hands of the rich. They use it against
the officers who refuse to work according to them.
● Judicial activism: It creates a sense of fear among officers and they abstain from taking
creative decisions.
● Dilemma: RTI creates a situation of dilemma among officers when it creates a confusion
regarding disclosure of information having security repercussions. For example the
information regarding details of Rafale were sought from the Ministry of Defence.

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How to Minimise the Negative Impacts
● Legislative measures: A law should be made on media activism and judicial activism, so
that they guide their work.
● Administrative measures: Digitization of records of all departments, will help an officer
from unnecessary questions on his working.
● Social measures: Public should create awareness regarding proper working of RTI, so
that the provisions cannot be used for personal gains.
● Political measures: Various ministries should pre actively disclose the relevant
information on public portals, so that transparency is created.
● Judicial measures: Judiciary should ensure that judicial activism can’t be used to hinder
the decision making power of the officials.
● Criteria demarcation: Proper criteria should be refined regarding what subjects come
under RTI Act
Conclusion:
The misuse of provisions can be best resolved when the public as well as government come
together with the aim of development of the whole nation.

Q.5 Two different kinds of attitudes exhibited by public servant towards their work have
been identified as the bureaucratic attitude and the democratic attitude.
(a) Distinguish between these two terms and write their merits and demerits.
(b) Is it possible to balance the two to create a better administration for the faster
development of our country?
Introduction:
Bureaucratic attitude refers to the attitude of a public servant based on the idea of hierarchical
discipline, implicit obedience to orders, top down instructions and rule bound approaches.
Democratic attitude refers to an attitude based on the democratic ideals of decentralisation, rule
of law and equality etc.
Differences
Attitude Democratic Bureaucratic
Merits  Increase participation of the public in  Strict adherence to laws ensures
democracy. objectivity in decision making.
 Promotes rational and creative decision  Quick decision making due to lack
making among civil servants. of participation of the public.
 Helps in compassionate and subjective  Ensure unbiased attitude in decision
decision making. making.
Demerits  Due to public participation this attitude  Destroy rational thinking among
creates delays in decision making. bureaucrats.
 Lack of defined criteria, creates a  Give rise to red tapism as a lot of
situation of confusion in decision power is in the hands of bureaucrats.
making.

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 UPSC CSE 2015 EXAM
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(b) Balance the bureaucratic and democratic attitude
Yes the two can be balanced in following ways:
● Defining the areas: There are some areas like security needs bureaucratic decision
making and other areas like pds which need democratic decision making . So proper
demarcation of fields can help in achieving faster development of our country.
● Time limits: Setting the time limits for decision making as well as execution can help in
balancing the two attitudes. This will help in quick decision making as well as faster
development of our country.
● Training: Training bureaucrats in both bureaucratic and democratic attitudes can help in
taking the best out of the two approaches.
● Digitization: Enhanced digitization will help in increasing transparency and reducing red
tapism. This will quicken the implementation process and fast development of our
country.
Conclusion:
Talisman of Gandhiji should act as a guiding light to a bureaucrat when he has to choose among
bureaucratic and democratic attitudes.

Q.6 Today we find that in spite of various measures like prescribing codes of conduct,
setting up vigilance cells/ commissions, RTI, active media and strengthening of legal
mechanisms, corrupt practices are not coming under control.
(a) Evaluate the effectiveness of these measures with justifications.
(b) Suggest more effective strategies to tackle this menace.
Introduction: India ranks 85 among 180 countries in the Corruption Perception Index of
Transparency International. This shows that despite several measures we are unable to curb the
practice of corruption in our country.
Evaluation of Effectiveness of these Measures
● Code of conduct: Despite prescribing code of conduct, various offices haven’t made
these codes based on public consultation as well as are taking no steps to create
awareness regarding these among the public. This makes them ineffective in dealing with
corruption.
● Vigilance cells: Vigilance cells are made to keep an eye on the public department, But they
themselves come under question due to lack of transparency. Ex. CBI came under question due
to malpractice in the appointment process.
● RTI: The denial of information on the ground of public interest hinders the agenda of
RTI Act. Therefore it’s far beyond its potential in curbing corruption.
● Active media: The corporatisation of media, Godi media and use of media just for the
sake of increasing trp rating , has reduced its effectiveness in bringing out cases of
corruption.
● Strengthening of legal mechanism: Despite enacting several laws against corruption ,
ineffective implementation of laws has prevented them from working at full efficiency.
(b) More effective strategies to deal with this menace
● Ethical Code of Conduct: Setting up an ethical code of conduct based on public
consultation can help in dealing with the issue of corruption in administration.

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● Strict punishment: There should be strict punishment for collusive corruption, so that
both bribe giver as well as taker could be punished.
● Education: Moral values which prevent one person from indulging in corruption should
be taught in schools, colleges as well as training institutes.
● Digitization: Digitization of practises like land bidding, where there are more chances of
corruption can help in curbing corruption in these fields.
● Legal measures: The law should be made free of loopholes, which help a corrupt person
in evading judicial scrutiny.
Conclusion:
For the development of India in the 21st century we need to ensure that cancer of corruption can
be diminished from the roots in the country.

Q.7 At the international level, the bilateral relations between most nations are governed on
the policy of promoting one’s own national interest without any regard for the interest
of other nations. This leads to conflicts and tensions between the nations. How can
ethical consideration help resolve such tensions? Discuss with specific examples.
Introduction:
It’s said that international relations are guided by the idea of national interest rather than on the
ideas of ethics. This view is called realism in international relations.
Conflict and tension among nations due to lack of ethical considerations
Example of Conflicts and tensions among nations: If both nations give priority to their own
national interest then it gives rise to wars.
 Example 1: During the Vienna Conference , when the winning nation avoided the
interest of defeating power it paved the way for World War 2.
 Example 2: Economic interest of America and China, has given rise to a trade war among both
the nations. Thus has created instability creating a situation like Cold War 2.0.
 Example 3: The conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan, due to mutual disrespect of
each other’s interest is an example of tension due to lack of ethical consideration in
international relations.
 Example 4: The current situation of war between Russia and Ukraine, is also due to
negligence of other nation’s interest at the cost of one’s own interest.
Ethical Consideration as solution
● Economic ethics: The values of mutual benefits can help in preventing conflicts due to
economic disparities. This will also help in strengthening global economic institutions
like the World Bank and IMF.
● Humanity: The value of humanity helps in giving importance to every human being, over
shallow national interest. This helps in preventing wars as wars are cause of loss of humanity.
● Soft power: Values of cultural integration helps in dealing complex problems in a
smoother manner. E.g. Use of Yoga by India has helped in developing good relations
with other countries.
● Justice: Ethical value of justice helps in preventing one country to do injustice with
weaker countries. Therefore reducing the chances of conflicts.

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Conclusion:
The idea of ‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam’ i.e. the whole universe is one family, should guide
nations in dealing with other nations.

Q.8 Public servants are likely to confront with the issues of ‘Conflict of Interest’. What do
you understand by term ‘Conflict of interest’ and how can does it manifest in the
decision making by public servants? If faced with the conflict of interest situation,
how would you resolve it? Explain with the help of examples.
Introduction:
Conflict of interest is a situation in which there is a mismatch between personal interest and
professional interest of a public servant. In such a situation it becomes hard to make any decision.
Manifestation in Decision Making by Public Servant:
● Example 1: ICICI bank head Chandra Kochar had alleged for allocating funds to his
relatives, as for her personal interest.
● Example 2: When an IAS officer has to deal with the concern where on one hand his
native place is in question vis-a-vis the interest of the nation. It creates a situation of
conflict of interest.
● Example 3: When an officer wants to buy a property on a land which he comes to know
that in future will be taken by the government for a developmental project.
● Example 4: Conflict of interest is also faced by a public servant when he has to choose
between his personal benefit like promotion vis-a-viz working against the wrong orders of
his senior.
How to Resolve such Situation:
● Objectivity: If objectivity becomes criteria in decision making then conflict of interest
can be reduced, as he will make decisions based on the facts.
● Public service: The sole motto should be the welfare of the maximum number of people
while making any decision.
● Rule of law: Every public servant should keep the Constitution as guiding light while
making any law.
● All India Services Conduct Rule, 1964: They should be implemented in letter and spirit
to deal with the situation of conflict of interest.
Conclusion:
The training module of Mission Karmayogi needs to be strengthened so that a public servant can
effectively deal with the situation of conflict of interest.

Q.9 A private company is known for its efficiency, transparency and employee welfare. The
company though owned by a private individual has a cooperative character where
employees feel a sense of ownership. The company employs nearly 700 personnel and
they have voluntarily decided not to form union.
One day suddenly in the morning, about 40 men belonging to political party gate
crashed into the factory demanding jobs in the factory. They threatened the
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management and employees, and also used foul language. The employees feel
demoralized. It was clear that those people who gate crashed wanted to be on the
payroll of the company as well as continue as the volunteers/members of the party.
The company maintains high standards in integrity and does not extend favors to
civil administration that also includes law enforcement agency. Such incident occur in
public sector also.
(a) Assume you are the CEO of the company. What would you do to diffuse the volatile
situation on the date of gate crashing with the violent mob sitting inside the company
premises?
(b) What can be the long term solution to the issue discussed in the case?
(c) Every solution/action that you suggest will have a negative and a positive impact on you
as (CEO), the employees and the performance of the employees. Analyze the
consequences of each of your suggested actions.
Introduction:
The above case deals with the issue of discrepancy created by men of political parties in the
working of a well efficient, transparent and Employee welfare oriented party. The company does
not extend favors to civil administration yet is threatened to do so.
Stakeholders:
Me as the CEO, Party workers, Employees, Government at large.
Steps taken to diffuse the volatile situation on the date of gate crashing:
● Enhance security: By engaging all the guards on the gate on which protesters are
crashing.
● Police help: Contacting the police for providing protection to the employees of the
company.
● Consultation: Being a CEO, I would hold consultation with the leader of the political
party and assure them to do necessary enquiry to understand their demands.
● Morale upkeep: I’ll also ensure that my employees don't feel threatened due to the men
crashing in the factory.
Long term solution to the issue:
● Solution 1: To employ the persons belonging to a political party in the company.
● Solution 2: To deny them jobs in the company straight forward.
● Solution 3: Hold consultation with political parties and take the relevant steps.
● Solution 4: Amend the policy of employment of the company in order to deal with the
challenges based on consultation with employees.
( c) Negative and Positive impact of the solutions:
Negative Positive
Sol. 1.  Will impact the integrity and  The protest could be stopped.
efficiency of the company.  The threat of security to the employees could
 Will lead to an increase in such also be prevented.
demand in future.
Sol. 2.  Further the protest by the people  Work culture and efficiency would not be
belonging to political parties. compromised.

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 Can have negative repercussions  Integrity of the company would be maintained.
for the working of the company.
Sol. 3.  This will help in calming the  It’ll promote political biases in the transparent
protesters. working of the company.
 Political leaders will provide  May lead to an increase in such protests in
political favors. future.
Sol. 4.  This will help in paying heeds to the demand of
the protesters.
 A consensus based approach will prevent
compromise on the part of efficiency in the
working of a company.
Conclusion:
In future the government should ensure that political interference should be stopped in the
working of political parties. Also political parties should also ensure that its members don't
indulge in such kinds of activities.

Q.10 You are the Sarpanch of a Panchayat. There is a primary school run by the
government in your area. Midday meals are provided to children attending the school.
The headmaster has now appointed a new cook in the school to prepare the meals.
However, when it is found that cook is from Dalit community, almost half of the
children belonging to higher castes are not allowed to take meals by their parents.
Consequently the attendance in the schools falls sharply. This could result in the
possibility of discontinuation of midday meal scheme, thereafter of teaching staff and
subsequent closing down the school.
(a) Discuss some possible strategies to overcome the conflict and to create the right
ambiance.
(b) What should be the responsibilities of different social segments and agencies to create
positive social ambiance for accepting such changes?
Introduction:
Discrimination against dalits has remained a cause of concern since long time in India. The
formation of Harijan Sevak Sangh by Gandhiji and Bahishkrit Hitkarni Sabha by Ambedkar was
based on idea of elimination of caste based discrimination in India. Post independence
government has taken many measures to deal with these practices yet the case above depicts a
different picture.
Stakeholders:
Me as Sarpanch of the Panchayat , Children , Headmaster, New cook belonging to Dalit
coounity, Parents, Teaching staff etc.
Feasible Strategies to Overcome the Conflicts and to Create Right Ambiance are:
Short term strategy:
● Setting an example: Me being as Sarpanch would eat mid-day meal prepared by the
Dalit community.

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● Education based Strategies: Teaching the values of equality to students in school
and creating an ambiance of equality in schools.
● Behavioual nudge: through nukkad natak, dramas and puppet shows villagers should
be taught lessons against discrimination based on caste.
● Home outreach: Teachers should be requested to reach the house of every student
and talk to their parents about ill effects of such discrimination.
● Religious outreach: Local community leaders could be requested to talk to parents,
so that they don’t teach such practices to their children.
Long term strategy:
● Economic strategy: By utilizing government schemes and providing employment the
community should be empowered economical terms.
● Social Strategy: By increasing social cohesion among different communities on the
basis of the spirit of Nationalism. This will help in developing the spirit of equality.
● Political Strategy: Increasing reservation for Dalits in local elections along with intra
party reservation for Dalits.
● Create conducive environment: For overall development of Dalit community.
● Legal Measures: For people spreading negative feelings toward Dalits, strict laws
should be enacted.
Responsibility of different social segments:
● Children: To convey the message of equality to their parents and society at large.
● Parents: To teach good moral values based on the idea of truth, equality and justice
to their children.
● Teachers: To teach the ideals of Constitutionalism and Fundamental Rights to their
students.
● Society: Society should prevent such practices. It’s the duty of the society to ensure
that nobody is discriminated against on the basis of caste.
● Leaders: They should setan example like Mahatma Gandhi himself cleaned toilets
and took food with Dalits.
● Government: To ensure legislation and strict enforcement of laws like Prevention of
Atrocities against SCs and STs.
Conclusion:
21st century India should be based on progressive ideas of communal harmony and respect for
human dignity. This will help in elimination of such practices in India.

Q.11 One of the scientists working in the R&D laboratory of a major pharmaceutical
company discovers that one of the company’s bestselling veterinary drugs has the
potential to cure a currently incurable liver disease which is prevalent in tribal areas.
However, developing a variant of the drug suitable for human beings entailed a lot of
research and development having a huge expenditure to the extent of Rs. 50 crores. It
was unlikely that the company would recover the cost as the disease was rampant only
in poverty stricken areas having very little market otherwise.
If you were the CEO, then
(a) Identify the various actions that you could take

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Introduction:
The Scientist community adds a lot of value to human lives. In recent times there is a debate
going on regarding whether the researcher should go for profit maximisation or for the larger
goal of humanity. The case above depicts such a scenario.
Stakeholders:
Me as CEO, Tribal people, General public, Pharmaceutical company
Actions I could take as a CEO:
● Action 1: Going for profit maximisation.
● Action 2: Analysing the situation and discussion with team members: First of all, I'll
objectively read about every piece of data regarding the research and find out the
measures for cost reduction. Being a leader I'll actively listen to the opinion of my
teammates and chart out relevant strategies to deal with the situation.
● Action 3: Government help and philanthropy: If we're not able to recover our losses, I
would request the Ministry of Health to help the company in funding. In order to prevent
losses for my company I would ask for donations and philanthropic help.
● Action 4: Larger Public interest: The ultimate aim of any company is to protect the larger
public interest, therefore I would go for research despite profit so that people in poverty
stricken areas should be benefitted.
Pros and Cons of Each of Action
Action Pros Cons
1  No revenue loss for the  Against the voice of conscience of me as
company. human beings.
 Prevent unnecessary hurdles  Against the responsibility of scientific
community towards society
2  Consensus will be developed  If the consensus develops against the
over the situation continuation of research then the poor people
 Objective evaluation will help will not be benefited.
in removing subjectivity  Also in ethical matters subjectivity also plays
an important role.
3  Funding from the government  But if these resources are not available or they
and Philantropher would help refuse to help then the company will go in loss.
in reducing the cost of the  Also research for such disease would be
company. hampered.
4  Help in preventing crises of  Profit maximisation should not come in the way
conscience. of societal responsibility
 Create a good image of the  Though in the short term the company will
company among stakeholders. suffer from losses but in the long term good
 will enhance the customer image of the company will help it in fetching
base of the company. more funds.

Conclusion:
There is a need to bring the perspective of the poor in focus in all occupations. The utmost
priority should be given to public interest while balancing profit and loyalty towards the
company.

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Q.12 There is a disaster prone state having frequent landslides, forest fires, cloudbursts,
flash floods and earthquakes, etc. Some of these are seasonal and often
unpredictable. The magnitude of the disaster is always unanticipated. During one of
the seasons a cloudburst caused devastating floods and landslides leading to high
casualties. There was major damage to infrastructure like roads, bridges and power
generating units. This led to more than 100000 pilgrims, tourists and other locals
trapped across different routes and locations. The people trapped in your area of
responsibility include senior citizens, patients in hospitals, women and children,
hikers, tourists, ruling parties, regional presidents along with his family, additional
chief secretary of the neighbouring state and prisoners in jail.
As a civil services officer of the state, what would be the order in which you
would rescue these people and why?
Introduction:
This case represents a similar situation as was faced by India during Uttarakhand floods of 2014.
There was an ethical dilemma among rescuers to choose the priority of relief operations among
different victims.
My Criteria as a civil service officer:
I would go by the objective criteria of ‘degree of vulnerability and equal human dignity’. My selection
would be guided by the ethical principles of equality, justice, respect to human dignity etc.
Order of rescue:
The above criteria would be the foundation of my decision regarding the order of rescue of
people.
1. Patients in hospitals: Since they are the most vulnerable of all due to their medical
conditions, they need to be rescued first in order to save their lives and continue their medical
treatment.
2. Senior citizens: Due to their physical weakness they’ll not be able to withstand long periods
of disturbance. Therefore they need to be rescued at second place.
3. Women and Children: The women are the care-takers of their children and they need to be
rescued so that they can help children in distress. Children are not physically strong enough
to deal with disasters so they need to be rescued in priority.
4. Tourist: It’s the responsibility of the administration to ensure the safety of the tourists as they are
guests in our territory.
5. Additional Chief Secretary of the neighbouring state: The post is of high responsibility,
his availability is vital for the neighbouring state so he needs to be rescued.
6. Regional presidents of the ruling party: They will be rescued based on their vulnerability &
capability. As they are public servants, they have to ensure public safety first.
7. Prisoners in jail: They should be protected as they are going for reform in prisons and they
have equal human rights with respect to other strata of the society.
8. Hikers: In comparison to other sections, they know techniques for survival in difficult
circumstances. So they can sustain for long periods and can be rescued at last.
Conclusion:
In order to deal with such a dilemma one should be guided by the principle of vulnerability
assessment and public service as sole most criteria among others. Also in future we should ensure
that we can prevent such tragedies from happening.

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Q.13 You are heading a district administration in a particular department. Your senior
officer calls you from the State Headquarters and tells you that a plot in Rampur
village is to have a building constructed on it for a school. A visit is scheduled during
which he will visit the site along with the chief engineer and the senior architect. He
wants you to check out all the papers relating to it and ensure that the visit is
properly arranged. You examine the file which relates to the period before you
joined the department. The land was acquired for the local panchayat at a nominal
cost and the papers showed that clearance certificates are available for the two of
the three authorities who have to certify the site’s suitability. There is no
certification by the architect available on file. You decide to visit Rampur to ensure
that all is in the order as stated on file. When you visit Rampur, you find that the
plot under reference is a part of Thakurgarh fort and that the walls, ramparts, etc.,
are running across it. The fort is well away from the main village, therefore a school
here will be a serious inconvenience for the children. However, the area near the
village has potential to expand into a larger residential area. The development
charges on the existing plot, at the fort, will be very high and the question of heritage
site has not been addressed. Moreover, the Sarpanch, at the time of acquisition of
the land, was a relative of your predecessor. The whole transaction appears to have
been done with some vested interest.
(a) List the likely vested interest of the concerned parties.
(b) Some of the options for action available to you are listed below. Discuss the
merits and demerits of each of the options:
(i) You can await the visit of the superior officer and let him make a decision.
(ii) You can seek his advice in writing or on the phone.
(iii) You can consult your predecessor/ colleagues, etc, and then decide what to do.
(iv) You can find out if any alternate plot can be got in exchange and then send a
comprehensive written report.
Can you suggest any other option with proper justifications?
Introduction:
The above case deals with the issues of fraudulent acquisition, misuse of funds, destruction of
heritage sites and vested interests. This case represents corruption in Public policies.
Stakeholders:
Me as head of district administration, Senior officials, Sarpanch, Government, Public and other
vested interests.
(a) Likely vested interest of the concerned parties are
Me: My interest lies in ensuring that proper facts are represented in front of the visiting
senior officials. Aling with this public welfare in the project should be priority without any
corruption and malpractices.
Constructor: They are benefited due to the high development cost of the project.
Village Panchayat: As they acquired the plot at a very nominal cost and have potential for
the profit.
Options And their merits and demerits:
i) Wait For The visit of the superior officer and let him take a decision:
● Merits
- Prevent unnecessary hustle on my part.

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- I will benefit from the experience of my superior.
● Demerits
- It will represent a tendency towards proactive decision making.
- Delay the project implementation process.
ii) Seek his advice in writing or on phone
● Merits
- Necessary information could be discussed.
- Timely implementation or modifications in the project can be started.
● Demerits
- Vested interest can manipulate the opinion.
- There will be chances of approval of projects despite several irregularities.
iii) Consult your predecessor and then decide what to do:
● Merits
- Help me in making the decision.
- Helps in understanding the exact facts and conditions of the contract.
● Demerits
- There are chances of manipulation by predecessor as he was the relative of the
sarpanch.
- The information might get circulated among vested interests and they can use tactics to
hamper my working.
d) find out an alternative plot in exchange and then send a comprehensive report:
● Merits
- Help in protecting heritage sites.
- Protect Right to Education of children.
- Prevent as well as present the faces of people doing corruption in front of police.
Other Options:
● Holding meetings with the villagers and collecting their opinion: This will help in
promoting active participation of citizens in public works.
● Holding Enquiry: In the contract so that vested interests can be punished and then
continue with the project in the best suitable manner.
Conclusion:
In the larger term we need to ensure e-bidding and e-approval of the projects so that greater
transparency and accountability can be ensured.

Q.14 You were recently posted as district development officer of a district. Shortly
thereafter you found that there is considerable tension in the rural areas of your
district on the issue of sending girls to schools.
The elders of the village feel that many problems have come up because girls
are being educated and they are stepping out of the safe environment of the
household. They are of the view that the girls should be quickly married off with
minimum education. The girls are also competing for jobs after education, which
have traditionally remained in boys’ exclusive domain, adding to unemployment
amongst male population.

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The younger generation feels that in the present era, girls should have equal
opportunities for education and employment, and other means of livelihood. The
entire locality is divided between sexes in both generations. You come to know that
in Panchayat or in other local bodies or even in busy crosswords, the issue is being
acrimoniously debated.
One day you are informed that an unpleasant incident has taken place. Some
girls were molested, when they were en route to schools. The incident led to clashes
between several groups and a law and order problem has arisen. The elder after
heated discussion have taken a joint decision not to allow girls to go to school and to
socially boycott all such families, which do not follow their dictate. (250 words) (25
Marks)
(a) What steps would you take to ensure girls’ safety without disrupting their
education?
(b) How would you manage and mould the patriarchal attitude of the village elders to
ensure harmony in the inter- generational relations?
Introduction:
The given case deals with the issue of girls' education and difference in thinking of generations.
It also depicts the unfortunate incidents like molestation happening with the girls in present
times.
Stakeholder:
Me as district development officer, Girls of the area, Elders, Younger generation and Several
groups in the village.
What steps would you take to ensure girls safety without disrupting their education:
Short term measures:
● Punishing the molesters: I would take the help of police to file cases against molesters
and ensure strict punishment for them.
● Complete justice: Victim girls would be provided with compensation and well as
psychological support so as to come out of trauma.
● Increase security: I’ll ensure that security in the areas surrounding the educational
institute would be increased, so that girls feel safe.
Medium term measures:
● Educational reforms: Gender sensitization in education is necessary so that crime
against women can be reduced.
● Meeting of Gram Sabha: I’ll hold a meeting of Gram Sabha to know about the
difference of opinion. Later on I'll address all of their concerns.
● Establishing Kishor Vahini: A girls led girls own squad would be established to help all
the girls in the village.
● Attitude change: By establishing role models as well as use of dramas, movies and other
modes to change the attitude of elders.
Long term measures:
● Political measures: Increasing political participation of women by reservation, can help
in increasing the role of women in policy making.
● Economic measures: Providing vocational education and jobs to girls will increase their
role in the community and will help in eradicating evil practises.

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● Social reforms: In order to change the thinking of society they should be educated about
the benefits of education and the great role played by women in different parts of the
world.
(b) How to manage and mould patriarchal attitude of the village elders:
● Behavioural nudge: Use methods like example setting in order to prompt the
importance of girls' education among elders.
● Holding interactive sessions: Regular meetings would be held among the young
generation and elders so that both can understand each other's opinion and a common
consensus emerges between them.
● Activities: Special fairs and festivals are held which focus on neutralising the patriarchal
attitude by throwing a positive light on girls' education.
● Educational apparatus: Elderly would themselves be promoted to take part in education
so that they can understand the importance of education as well as the concept of gender
neutrality.
Conclusion:
Girls education is very important for a society, because if we educate a boy we educate a person
but if we educate a girl we educate a generation. So attitude of elderky needs to be changed
toward the idea of girl’s education.

*******

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