Important Questions for Class 11

Maths
Chapter 13 – Limits and Derivatives

Very Short Answer Questions 1 Mark

 x2  9 
1. What is the limit’s value lim  .
x 3 x  3
 
x2  9 0
Ans: Here, we can see that the limit lim is in the form .
x 3 x  3 0
By representing the numerator as the product of two terms, we get,
(x  3) (x  3)
lim
x 3 (x  3)
33
6

 sin5x 
2. What is the limit’s value lim  ?
x 0
 3x 
Ans: Multiply and divide the numerator and denominator of the given limit with
5, then we get,
sin5x
lim
x 3 3x

sin5x 5
 lim 
x 3 3x 5
5
 1
3
5 sinax 
  lim  1
3  x0 ax 

3. What is the result of the derivative of 2x with respect to x .

Ans: Let us assume the given expression as,
y  2x
Now, differentiating on both sides with respect to x then we get,

Class XI Maths [Link] 1

dy
dx

d x
dx
2 
 2x log 2

4. The result when the expression sin2x when it is differentiated with

respect to x is.
Ans: By using the chain rule of differentiation the derivative of given expression
is given as,
d
sin 2x
dx
1 d
 sin 2x
2 sin 2x dx
1
  2cos2x
2 sin 2x
cos2x

cos2x

sin 2 4x
5. What is the limit’s value lim .
x 0 x2
Ans: Let us multiply and divide the given expression with 42 then we get,
sin 2 4x 2
lim 2 2  4
x 0 x 4
2
 sin 2 4x 
 lim    16
4 x 0 4x
 
 1 16
 16

 x 2  an 
6. What is the value of lim  ?
xa
 x  a 
Ans: By using the L’ Hospital rule that is differentiating the numerator and
denominator with respect to x we get,
xn  an
lim
x a x  a

Class XI Maths [Link] 2

 nx n 1
 lim
x a 1
n 1
 na

2x
7. What is the derivative of with respect to x ?
x
u
Ans: By using the formula of differentiating for the given expression, we get,
v
d  2x 
 
dx  x 
x  2x   2x  x 
d d
 dx 2
dx
x


 x  2 ln 2    2x 1
x

x2
[x ln 2  1]
 2x
x2

dy
8. If the expression is y  esin x , then find the value of .
dx
Ans: We are given the expression as,
y  esin x
Now, by differentiating on both sides with respect to x then we get,
dy
dx
  esin x 
d
dx
 esin x  cos x
 cos xesin x

x15  1
9. What is the limit’s value lim 10
x1 x  1
Ans: By using the L’ Hospital rule that is differentiating the numerator and
denominator with respect to x we get,
x15  1
lim 10
x 1 x  1

Class XI Maths [Link] 3

 15x14
 lim
x 1 10x 9

3
 lim x 5
x 1 2
3

2

10. Differentiate the expression xsin x with respect to x

Ans: By using the chain rule of differentiation, we get the derivative of the given
expression as,
d
dx
 x sin x 
 d   d 
 x   sin x    sin x   x  
 dx   dx 
 x  cosx   sin x 1
 x cos x  sin x

x2  1
11. What is the limit’s value lim ?
x1 x  100
Ans: By using the definition of limit, that is by directly substituting x  1 in the
expression we get,
x2  1
lim
x 1 x  100

11

1  100
2

101

12. What is the limit’s value lim[cosecx  cot x] ?

x
Ans: Rewriting cosecx and cot x in terms of sin x and cos x we get,
lim[cosecx  cot x]
x 

 1 cos x 
 lim  
 sin x
x  sin x 
Now, by using the half angle formula of sin x and cos x we get,

Class XI Maths [Link] 4

 x
2sin 2
 lim 2
x  x x
2sin cos
2 2
x
 lim tan
x  2
0

13. Find the value of f (x) at x  100 if f (x)  99x

Ans: By differentiating the given function with respect to x we get,
f (x)  99
Now, by substituting x  100 in the above derivative we get,
f  100  99

tan x
14. What is the limit’s value lim ?
x2 x  2
Ans: By using the L’ Hospital rule that is differentiating the numerator and
denominator with respect to x we get,
tan x
lim
x 2 x  2

 sec2  x 
 lim
x 2 1
 sec  2
2



15. Find the derivative of expression sinn x with respect to x .

Ans: Now, by using the power rule and chain rule of differentiation, we get the
derivative of the given expression as,
d
dx
 sin n x 

  nsin n 1 x 
d
dx
sin x 
 nsin n 1 x cos x

16. Find derivative of the expression 1  x  x2  x3   x50 at x  1 .

Ans: By using the power rule of differentiation, we get the derivative of given
function as,

Class XI Maths [Link] 5

f 1(x)  1  2x  3x 2   50x 49
Now, by substituting x  100 in the above derivative, we get,
f (1)
 1  2  3   50
50(50  1)

2
 25  51
 1275

e2h  1
17. What is the limit’s value lim ?
h0 h
Ans: By using the L’ Hospital rule that is differentiating the numerator and
denominator with respect to h we get,
e2h  1
lim
h 0 h
2e2h
 lim
h 0 1

2

(1  x)6  1
18. What is the limit’s value lim ?
x 0 (1  x) 2  1

Ans: By using the L’ Hospital rule that is differentiating the numerator and
denominator with respect to x we get,
 (1  x)6  1 
lim  
x 0 (1  x ) 2  1
 
 6 1  x  
5

 lim  
x 0
 2 1  x  
31  0 
5


1  0 
3

x7  a7
19. Find the value of the variable a if the limit value is lim  7.
xa x  a
Ans: By using the definition of limit, that is by directly substituting x  a in the
expression we get,

Class XI Maths [Link] 6

 x7  a7
lim 7
x a x  a

a7  a7
 7
aa
 a6  7
a  6 7

20. Find the derivative of expression x3 (5  3x) with respect to x .

Ans: First multiply x 3 to each term in brackets and then differentiate the
expression we get,
d 3
x (5  3x)
dx
d
 5x 3  3x 2 
dx
 15x 4  6x 3
15 6
 4  3
x x

Long Answer Questions 4 Marks

 ex  1 
1. Prove that the value of the limit is, lim 
x0
1 .
 x 
Ans: First let us take the left hand side (LHS) of the given equation that is,
ex  1
lim .
x 0 x
First by using the definition of limit substitute x  0 in the expression then we
get,
e x  1 e0  1
 lim 
x 0 x 0
ex  1 0
 lim 
x 0 x 0
Here, we can see that the limit is in undetermined form.
So, by using the L’ Hospital rule, that is differentiating both numerator and
denominator with respect to x then we get,
ex  1
 lim
x 0 x
Class XI Maths [Link] 7
 ex
 lim
x 0 1

 e0
1
Hence we can say that the required result has been proved.

(2x  3)( x  1)
2. What is the limit’s value lim ?
x1 (2x2  x  3)
Ans: First let us represent the denominator as the product of two factors then we
get,
(2x  3)( x  1)
lim
x 1 (2x 2  x  3)

(2x  3)( x  1)
 lim
x 1  2x  3  x  1

Now, Let us use the formula of difference of squares of two numbers that is,
a 2  b 2   a  b  a  b 
Using this formula for the expression x  1 in the denominator we get,
(2x  3)( x  1)
lim
x 1  2x  3  x  1

(2x  3)  x 1 
 lim
x 1
 2x  3  x 1  
x 1
(2x  3)
 lim
x 1
 2x  3  x 1 
Now by using the definition of limit substitute x  1 in the expression then we
get,
(2x  3)
 lim
x 1

 2x  3 x  1 

 2  3
 2  31  1
1

10

Class XI Maths [Link] 8

 xtan4x
3. What is the limit’s value lim ?
x0 1  cos4x

Ans: We know the half angle formula of trigonometric ratio cos 2x is given as,
cos2x  1  2sin 2 x
 1  cos2x  2sin 2 x
We also know the half angle formula of sin 2x as.
sin 2x  2sin x cos x
Now, by using these formulas for the angle 4x for the numerator and the
denominator of given expression we get,
x tan 4x
lim
x 0 1  cos4x

xsin 4x
 lim
x 0 cos4x[2sin 2 2x]

2x sin 2x cos2x
 lim
x 0 cos4x[2sin 2 2x]

 cos2x 2x 1
 lim    

x 0 cos4x sin 2x 2
Now, by separating the limits to each expression that is present then we get,
1 lim cos 2x  2x 
 x 0
 lim 
2 lim cos 4x x0  sin 2x 
x 0
1 1
  1
2 1
1

2

(1  tanx)
4. If the expression is given as y  , then show that the derivative
(1  tanx)
dy 2
is  .
dx (1  sin2x)
Ans: First let us differentiate the given expression with respect to x on both sides,
then we get,
dy d  (1  tan x) 
  
dx dx  (1  tan x) 

Class XI Maths [Link] 9

 u
Now, by using the formula of derivative of the form for the above expression,
v
then we get,
d d
dy (1  tan x) dx (1  tan x)  (1  tan x) dx (1  tan x)

dx (1  tan x) 2
dy (1  tan x)( sec2 x)  (1  tan x)(sec2 x)

dx (1  tan x)2
 sec2 x  tan x sec2 x  sec2 x  tan x sec2 x

(1  tan x)2
2sec2 x

(1  tan x)2
Now, let us represent sec x and tan x in terms of cos x and sin x then we get,
2
 2
2  sin x 
cos x 1  
 cos x 
2

  cos x  sin x 
2

cos x 
2

 cos2 x 
2

cos2 x  sin 2 x  2sin x cos x
2

1  sin 2 x
(1  tan x)
Therefore, the required result has been proved that is, if y  then the
(1  tan x)
derivative is,
dy 2

dx 1  sin 2 x

5. Find the derivative of the expression e cot x with respect to x .

Ans: First by using the chain rule of differentiation for the given expression the
derivative will be,
d
dx
e cot x

Class XI Maths [Link] 10
e cot x d
dx
 cot x 
Now, again by using the chain rule for the remained expression then we get,
 1  d
 e cot x     dx  cot x 
 2 cot x 
e cot x

2 cot x
 cosec2 x 


 cosec2 x  e cot x
2 cot x

a  bx ,x  1

6. Let f (x)   4 ,x  1 and if limf (x)  f (1) . What are the possible value
x1
b  ax ,x  1

of a and b ?
Ans: We know that the limit of a function exists when the left hand limit and
right hand limit both equal to value of function at that point that is,
lim f  x   lim f  x 
x a x a
Now, by using the above equation for the given function at x  1 then we get,
lim f  x   f 1  4 …….. 1
x 1

lim f  x   f 1  4 ……..  2 

x 1
For x  1 we have the given function as,
f (x)  a  bx
Now, by using the equation 1 we get,
lim f (x)  lim(a  bx)
x 1 x 1
 4  a  b ……..  3 
Now, for x  1 we have the given function as,
f  x   b  ax
Now, by using the equation  2  we get,
lim f (x)  lim(b  ax)
x 1 x 1
 4  b  a ……….  4 
Now, by adding both equation  3  and equation  4  then we get,
4  4  a  b  b  a 
 8  2b
Class XI Maths [Link] 11
b4
Similarly we get the value of other variable as,
a 0

1 dy
7. If the function is given as y  , then find the value of
.
a x
2 2 dx
Ans: First let us take the denominator of given function to numerator by assuming
the negative power then we get,
1
y  a  x
2 2
 2

Now, by using the power rule and chain rule of differentiation then we get the
derivative of above function as,
1
dy 1 2
dx 2
  a x 
2 2 1 d

dx

a2  x2 
 
   d 2

1
3   a  x2 
  a 2  x 2  2  dx
 
Now, again by using the power rule for the above equation then we get,
 
 1 
3 
 2x 
 a2  x2 2 
 
 
 2x 
 3 
 a2  x2 2 
 
dy 1
Therefore, we can conclude the value of for the given function y 
dx a2  x2
is given as,
 
dy  2x 
 3 
 
dx  2 
a  x 2 2


1  tan x
8. Differentiate
1  tan x

Class XI Maths [Link] 12

Ans: First, consider the given expression,
1  tan x
y
1  tan x
Now, let us assume the expression inside square root as,
1  tan x
t
1  tan x
Differentiating on both sides with respect to x , using quotient rule, we get,
d d
dt (1  tan x) dx (1  tan x)  (1  tan x) dx (1  tan x)

dx (1  tan x) 2
(1  tan x)(0  sec2 x)  (1  tan x)(0  sec2 x)

(1  tan x)2
sec2 x[1  tan x  1  tan x ]

(1  tan x)2
2sec2 x

(1  tan x)2
Next, we have the function of y in terms of t as,
y t
Differentiating on both sides with respect to t , we get,
dy d 12
 t
dt dt
1 12 1
 t
2
1

2 t
1  tan x
Substituting  t , we get,
1  tan x
1 1  tan x

2 1  tan x
Using the standard definition of chain rule for differentiation, we get,
dy dy dt
 
dt dt dx

Class XI Maths [Link] 13

 2 sec2 x 1 1  tan x
 
(1  tan x)2 2 1  tan x
 sec2 x
 3 1
(1  tan x) (1  tan x)
2 2

9. Differentiate
 sin x  cos x 
i)  
 sin x  cos x 
Ans: We are given the expression,
sin x  cos x
,
sin x  cos x
which we have to differentiate.
Using quotient rule, we can derivate the given expression as,
dy  sin x  cos x 
 
dx  sin x  cos x 
d d
(sin x  cos x)   sin x  cos x   (sin x  cos x)   sin x  cos x 
 dx dx
(sin x  cos x) 2

(sin x  cos x)  cos x  sin x   (sin x  cos x)  cos x  sin x 


(sin x  cos x) 2
On simplifying, we get
dy  sin x  cos x   (sin x  cos x)  (sin x  cos x) 
2 2

 
dx  sin x  cos x  (sin x  cos x) 2
(sin 2 x  cos 2 x  2sin x cos x  sin 2 x  cos 2 x  2sin x cos x)

(sin 2 x  cos 2 x  2sin x cos x)
2

(1  sin 2x)

 sin x  1 
ii)  
 sec x  1 
Ans: We are given the expression,
sin x  1
sec x  1
which we have to differentiate.
Class XI Maths [Link] 14
 Using quotient rule, we can differentiate the given function as,
d d
(sec x  1) (sin x  1)  (sin x  1) (sec x  1)
d  sin x  1  dx dx
 
dx  sec x  1  (sec x  1) 2

(sec x  1)  cos x  (sin x  1)  sec x tan x


(sec x  1)2
1  cos x  tan 2 x  sec x tan x

(sec x  1) 2

sin x  cos x
10. Evaluate lim
x
  
4 x 4 
 
Ans: We have to determine the limit for the given expression. We will see the
substitution method to do so.
  
Put  x    y , so that when x  then y  0 .
 4 4
Now, replace the variable x , with the new definition for y .
    
 sin   y   cos   y  
sin x  cos x 4  4 
lim  lim 
x   y0 y
4 x  
 4
Then, using the addition formula for trigonometric functions, we get,

     
 sin cos y  cos sin y  cos cos y  sin sin y 
sin x  cos x
 lim  
4 4 4 4
lim
x   y  0 y
4 x  
 4
      
  sin 4  cos 4  cos y   cos 4  sin 4  sin y 
   
 lim  
y0 y
Evaluating further,
sin x  cos x 2  sin y 
lim   lim  
x   2 y0
 y 
4 x  
 4
 2 1  2

Class XI Maths [Link] 15

 (1  x)6  1
11. Evaluate lim .
x 0 (1  x)5  1

Ans: We have to determine the limit for the given expression. We will see the
substitution method to do so.
Put (1  x)  y , so that when x  0 then y  1 .
Now, consider the given expression, and substitute the new variable,
(1  x)6  1  y6  1
lim  lim  5 
x 0 (1  x)5  1 y1 y  1
 
Evaluating this limit, using L ’Hospital’s rule,

(1  x)  1
6
d 6
dy
 
y 1
lim  lim
x 0 (1  x)5  1 y1 d

dy
 
y5  1

 lim
 6y  5

 5y 
y1 4

6

5

a  2x  3x
12. Evaluate lim .
x a 3a  x  2 x
Ans: The given expression is

a  2x  3x 
 
lim
x a
3a  x  2 x
We will evaluate its limit, using the rationalization method,
 
a  2x  3x

 3a  x  2 x 
lim
x a

 a  2x  3x   3a  x  2 x  
 
a  2x  3x 
 3a  x  2 x   3a  x  2 x   3x 
lim
x a
a  2x 

(a  2x)  3x    3a  x  2 x 
 lim
(3a  x)  4x    a  2x  3x 
x a

Class XI Maths [Link] 16

 lim
 3a  x  2 x 
(a  x) 
3 (a  x )   a  2x  3x 
x a

 lim
 3a  x  2 x 
3  a  2x  3x 
x a

On simplifying, we get,
 a  2x  3x    4a  2 a 
 x  3  3a  3a 
lim
x a
3a  x  2
4 a

6 3 a
2

3 3

13. Find the derivative of f (x)  1  x  x2  x3   x50 at x  1 .

Ans: We are required to find the derivative of f (x)  1  x  x 2  x 3   x 50
at the point x  1.
Differentiating the function, we get,
f '(x)  1  x  x 2  x 3   x 50 
d
dx
 0  1  2x  3x 2   50x 49
 1  2x  3x 2   50x 49
Now, evaluating the derivative at x  1, and using the formula for sum of first n
 n(n  1) 
natural numbers, 1  2  3   n 
 2 
f '(1)  1  2  3   50
25
50 (50  1)

2
 25  51
 1305

14. Find the derivative of sin 2 x with respect to x using product rule.
Ans: Let the given function be y  sin 2 x .
We can write it as product of two functions.
 y  sin x  sin x

Class XI Maths [Link] 17

Differentiating, using product rule,
dy d
  sin x  sin x 
dx dx
d d
=sin x sin x  sin x sin x
dx dx
=sin x cos x  sin x cos x
=sin 2x

x 5  cos x
15. Find the derivative of with respect to x .
sin x
x 5  cos x
Ans: Let the given expression be y  .
sin x
Differentiating using quotient rule,
dy d  x 5  cos x 
  
dx dx  sin x 

sin x  x 5  cos x    x 5  cos x  sin x

d d
 dx dx
2
sin x


   
sin x 5x 4  sin x  x 5  cos x cos x
sin 2 x
On simplifying, we get,

5x 4 sin x  sin 2 x  x 5 cos x  cos 2 x


sin 2 x
5x 4 sin x  x 5 cos x  1

sin 2 x

x
 ,x  0
16. Find limf (x) when f (x)   x .
x0
 0, x  0

Ans: We are given the function as
x
 ,x  0
f (x)   x
0, x  0

We know that, by definition,

Class XI Maths [Link] 18

  x, x  0
x 
 x, x  0
x
 x  1, x  0

 x
 f (x)    1, x  0
 x
0, x  0

Now, we evaluate the limits separately:
L.H.L as lim f (x)  lim  1  1
x 0 x 0
and
R.H.L as lim f (x)  lim1

1
x 0 x 0
As, we can see that L.H.L  R.H.L,
 limf (x) does not exist.
x 0

17. Find the derivative of the function f (x)  2x2  3x  5 at x  1 .

Also show that f '(0)  3f '( 1)  0
Ans: We are required to find the derivative of the function f (x)  2x 2  3x  5
at the point x  1 .
Differentiating, we get,
f 1 (x)   2x 2  3x  5 
d
dx
 4x  3
At x  1 , the derivative is obtained to be
f 1 (1)  4  (1)  3
 4  3
 1
Similarly, we evaluate at x  0 ,
f 1 (0)  4  0  3
3
This gives us,
f 1 (0)  3f 1 (1)  3  3  1
33
0
Hence proved.

Class XI Maths [Link] 19

 ax  xcos x
18. Evaluate lim .
x 0 bsin x
Ans: We have to evaluate the expression
ax  x cos x
lim
x 0 bsin x
First, we will simplify the expression.
ax  x cos x x[a  cos x]
lim  lim
x 0 bsin x x 0 sin x
xb
x
lim  a  cos x 
 x 0
sin x
lim b
x 0 x
a 1

b 1
a 1

b
sin x
Using the formula, limcos x  1 and lim  1 , we get
x 0 x 0 x
ax  x cos x a  1
lim 
x 0 bsin x b 1
a 1

b

19. Find derivative of tanx by first principle.

Ans: Let the given function be f (x)  tan x . From this, we get
f (x  h)  tan(x  h) .
Using the limit formula for derivative, we get,
f (x  h)  f (x)
f 1 (x)  lim
h 0 h
tan(x  h)  tan(x)
 lim
h 0 h
sin(x  h) sin x

cos(x  h) cos x
 lim
h 0 h
Simplifying, we get,
sin(x  h)cos x  cos(x  h)sin x
f '(x)  lim
h 0 h cos(x  h)cos x

Class XI Maths [Link] 20

 sin(x  h  x)
 lim
h 0 h cos(x  h)cos x

sin h
lim
h 0 h

limcos(x  h)cos xh
h 0
Evaluating the limits,
1
f '(x) 
cos(x  0)cos x
1

cos 2 x
 sec2 x

x  x 2  x 3   xn  n
20. Evaluate lim .
x1 (x  1)
Ans: We are required to evaluate the limit of the expression,
x  x 2  x3   x n  n
lim
x 1 (x  1)
Separating the n into 1 ’s,
x  x 2  x3   x n  n
lim
x 1 (x  1)
(x  1)  (x 2  1)   (x 3  1   (x n  1) 
 lim
x 1 (x  1)
(x  1) 1  (x  1)  (x 2  x  1)   x n 1  x n 2   1
 lim
x 1 (x  1)
1 2  3  n
n(n  1)

2

4x
21. Evaluate lim (if it exist).
x 4 x  4

Ans: We are required to evaluate the limit of the expression:

4x
lim
x 4 x  4

We will evaluate the limits separately:

Class XI Maths [Link] 21

 (4  x) ( 4  x)
L.H.L as lim  lim 1
x 4 x4 x 4 ( 4  x)

and
4x (x  4)
R.H.L as lim  lim  1
x 4 x  4 x 4 (x  4)

Clearly, we can see that L.H.L  R.H.L.

4x
 lim does not exist.
x 4 x  4

22. For what integers m and n does both limf (x) and limf (x) exist if
x4 x1

mx  n,x  0
2


f (x)  nx  m,0  x  1 .
nx 3  m,x  1

Ans: Consider the point x  0 .
The left hand limit at this point is
lim f (x)  limmx 2  n
x 0 x 0
m

Similarly, the right hand limit at the point is

lim f (x)  limnx  m
x 0 x 0
m
As, L.H.L.  R.H.L.
We get that,
limf (x) exist, and is obtained to be,
x 0
lim f (x)  lim f (x)
x 0 x 0
n m

Therefore, for all real numbers m  n, the limit limf (x) exists.
x 0
Consider the point x  1
The left hand limit at this point is
lim f (x)  limnx  m
x 1 x 1
nm

Similarly, the right hand limit at the point is

lim f (x)  limnx 3  m
x 1 x 1

Class XI Maths [Link] 22

nm

As, L.H.L.  R.H.L.

We get that,
limf (x) exist, and is obtained to be,
x 1
lim f (x)  lim f (x)
x 1 x 1
nmnm
At all integral values of m  n, the limf (x) exists.
x 1

1 dy
23. If y  x  , prove that 2x y2 x .
x dx  y
Ans: We are given the function:
1 1
1
y x  x x2
2
x
Differentiating with respect to x , we get,
dy 1 21  1  23
 x   x
dx 2  2 
1 1
  3
2 x
2x 2

Simplifying,
dy 1
2x  x
dx x
dy  1   1 
2x y x    x  
dx  x  x
dy
2x  y  2 x
dx
Hence proved.

1  cos 2x
24. Evaluate lim .
   2x 
2
x
2
Ans: We have to find the value of the limit,
1  cos 2x
lim .
x     2x 
2
2

We will use the substitution,   2x  y

Class XI Maths [Link] 23

 2x    y
and the limits become,

x  , y0
2
Substituting these values, in the given function,

1  cos(  y) 1 1  cos y
lim 2
 lim
y0 y y0 2 y2
2
2 y
2sin
 lim 2
y0 2
y
4
4
Simplifying,
2
2 y
1  cos 2x 1 sin 2
lim  lim 
x     2x 
2 2
y 0 2
y
2
 
4
2
 y
1  sin 2 
 lim  
2 y 0  y 
 2 
1
 1
2
1

2

(x  2)(3x  1)
25. Differentiate the function y  with respect to x .
(2x  5)
Ans: We are given the function,
(x  2)(3x  1)
y .
(2x  5)
Differentiating using the quotient rule,
dy d (x  2)(3x  1)

dx dx (2x  5)

Class XI Maths [Link] 24

 d d
(2x  5) (x  2)(3x  1)  (x  2)(3x  1) (2x  5)
 dx dx
(2x  5) 2

 d d 
(2x  5) (x  2) (3x  1)  (3x  1) (x  2)   (x  2)(3x  1)  2  0 
  dx dx 
(2x  5) 2

Simplifying,
dy (2x  5) (x  2)  3  (3x  1)  1  2 3x  6x  x  2 
2


dx (2x  5)2
(2x  5) 3x  6  3x  1  6x 2  12x  2x  4

(2x  5)2
12x 2  30x  10x  25  6x 2  10x  4

(2x  5) 2
6x 2  30x  29

(2x  5) 2

26. Find lim x  5 .

x 5
Ans: First, we will evaluate the left hand limit, i.e., lim f (x) .
x 5
Let x  5  h . Then, we get x  5, as h  0 .
Evaluating the limits,
lim f (x)  lim f (5  h)
x 5 h 0

 lim 5  h  5
h 0

0
Next, we will evaluate the right hand limit, i.e., lim f (x) .
h 5
Let x  5  h . Then, as h  0 , x  5,
Evaluating the limits,
lim f (x)  limf (5  h)
x 5 h 0

 lim 5  h  5
h 0
0
As, L.H.L.= R.H.L.,
limf (x) exists and
x 5
limf (x)  0
x 5

Class XI Maths [Link] 25

  2x  3,x  0
27. Find limf (x) and limf (x) where f (x)   .
x0 x1
 3(x  1),x  0
2x  3, x  0
Ans: Given function is f (x)  
3(x  1), x  0
We can calculate the limits separately as:
At the point x  0 ,

L.H.L. as lim f (x)  lim2x  3  3

x 0 x 0
and
R.H.L. as lim f (x)  lim3(x  1)  3
x 0 x 0

As, L.H.L. = R.H.L., we have limf (x) exists and

x 0
limf (x)  3 .
x 0

At the point x  1 ,

L.H.L. as lim f (x)  lim3(x  1)  3(1  1)  6

x 1 x 1
and
R.H.L. as lim f (x)  lim3(x  1)  3(1  1)  6
x 1 x 1
As, L.H.L. = R.H.L., we have limf (x) exists and
x 1
limf (x)  6 .
x 1

28. Find derivative of secx by first principle.

Ans: Let the given function be f (x)  sec x .
From this, we can write,
f (x  h)  sec(x  h)

By definition, we have,
f (x  h)  f (x)
f '(x)  lim
h 0 h

Substituting the values of the functions,

sec(x  h)  sec x
f '(x)  lim
h 0 h

Class XI Maths [Link] 26

 1 1

cos(s  h) cos x
 lim
h 0 h
cos x  cos(x  h)
 lim
h 0 cos(x  h)cos xh

Simplifying,
 2x  h   h 
2sin  sin  
 2   2 
f '(x)  lim
h 0 cos(x  h)cos xh
 2x  h  h
2sin  sin
 2  2
 lim
h 0 cos(x  h)cos xh

Using the formula sin()   sin  , we get,

h (2x  h)
2sin limsin
f '(x)  lim 2  h 0 2
h 0
2
h lim cos(x  h)cos x
h 0
2
 2x  0 
sin  
 1  2 
cos(x  0)cos x
sin x

cos x cos x
 tan xsecx

4x  5sinx
29. Find derivative of f (x)  .
3x  7cosx
Ans: We have to find the derivative of the function
4x  5sin x
f (x)  .
3x  7cos x

Differentiating using the quotient rule,

d d
(3x  7cos x) (4x  5sin x)  (4x  5sin x) (3x  7cos x)
f 1 (x)  dx dx
(3x  7cos x) 2

Class XI Maths [Link] 27

 (3x  7cos x)(4  5cos x)  (4x  5sin x)(3  7sin x)

(3x  7cos x)2

Simplifying,
12x  15x cos x  28cos x  35cos 2 x  12x  28sin x  15sin x  35sin 2 x
f '(x) 
(3x  7cos x) 2
15x cos x  35[sin 2 x  cos 2 x]  28cos x  43sin x

(3x  7cos x) 2
15x cos x  35  28cos x  43sin x

(3x  7cos x)2

xn  an
30. Find derivative of .
xa
xn  an
Ans: We have to find the derivative of .
x a
Differentiating using the quotient rule,
d d
(x  a) (x n  a n )  (x n  a n ) (x  a)
d x a
n n
dx dx

dx x  a (x  a) 2

(x  a) nx n 1  0  (x n  a n )[1  0]


(x  a)2
Simplifying,
d x n  a n nx n 1 (x  a)  x n  a n

dx x  a (x  a) 2
nx n  nax n 1  x n  a n

(x  a) 2
x n (n  1)  nax n 1  a n

(x  a) 2

Long Answer Questions 6 Marks

1. Differentiate tanx from first principle.

Ans: Let the given function be f (x)  tan x . From this we get,
f (x  h)  tan(x  h)

Class XI Maths [Link] 28

By definition, we have,
f (x  h)  f (x)
f '(x)  lim
h 0 h

Substituting the values of the functions, we get,

tan(x  h)  tan x
f ' (x)  lim
h 0 h
sin(x  h) sin x

cos(x  h) cos x
 lim
h 0 h
sin(x  h)cos x  cos(x  h)sin x
 lim
h 0 h cos(x  h)cos x

Simplifying, we get,

sin(x  h  x)
f '(x)  lim
h 0 h cos(x  h)cos x

sin h
 lim
h 0 h cos(x  h)cos x

limsin h
 h 0
limcos(x  h)cos x
h 0

sin h
Applying the formula lim  1, we get,
h 0 h
1
f '(x) 
cos x cos x
1

cos 2 x
 sec2 x

2. Differentiate (x  4)5 from first principle.

Ans: Let the given function be f (x)  (x  4)5 . From this we get,
f (x  h)  (x  h  4)5
By definition, we have,

Class XI Maths [Link] 29

 f (x  h)  f (x)
f '(x)  lim
h 0 h

Substituting the values of the functions, and applying the formula

xn  an
lim  na n 1 , we get,
x a x  a

(x  h  4)5  (x  4)5
f '(x)  lim
h 0 h
(x  h  4)  (x  4)5
5
 lim
h 0 (x  h  4)  (x  4)

 6(x  4)(61)
 6(x  4)5

3. Differentiate cosecx from first principle.

Ans: Let the given function be f (x) =cosecx .
By definition,
f (x  h)  f (x)
f '(x)  lim .
h 0 h
Therefore,
cosec(x  h)  cosec(x)
f '(x)  lim
h 0 h
1 1

sin(x  h) sin x
 lim
h 0 h
sin x  sin(x  h)
 lim
h 0 hsin(x  h)sin x

Simplifying,
xxh xxh
2cos sin
f '(x)  lim 2 2
h 0 hsin(x  h)sin x
 h   h 
2cos  x   sin  
 lim  2  2 
h 0 h sin(x  h)sin x

Class XI Maths [Link] 30

  h h
limcos  x   sin

h 0
 2
lim 2
cos x limsin(x  h) h 0 h
h 0
2
Evaluating the limits,
cos x
f '(x)   1
sin x sin x
 cosec xcot x

4. Find the derivatives of the following functions.

3
 1
i)  x  
 x
3
 1
Ans: Let the given function be f (x)   x  
 x
Expanding the function,
1  1  1
f (x)  x 3  3  3  x.  x  
x  x  x
 x 3  x 3  3x  3x 1

Differentiating with respect to x , we get

f '(x)  3x 2  (3)x 4  3  3(1)x 2
3 3
 3x 2  4  3  2
x x

(3x  1)(2 x  1)
ii)
x
(3x  1)(2 x  1)
Ans: Let the given function be f (x)  .
x
On simplifying,
6x x  1  2 x  1
f (x) =
x
1
f (x) =6 x 2  x  2 1 
x

Differentiating with respect to x , we get

Class XI Maths [Link] 31

 f '(x) = 6
d
dx
 
x2  x  2
d  1
 1 
dx  x
1

1
1 1  2 d  1 
 6  x  x  2  x 2  x   2 1  
1 2  d
1  
2 dx 2  x  dx  x 
3 2x  1  1  x
   2 
 x 2
 x   x  x 1
 x  a,x  0

5. If f (x)   0,x  0 , for what values of a does limf (x) exist?
x0
 x  a,x  0

 x  a, x  0

Ans: Given that f (x)  0, x  0 .
 x  a, x  0

At a  0 , the limits calculated separately are,
L.H.L as
lim f (x)  lim x  a
x 0 x 0

 lim x  a  a
x 0
and
R.H.L. as
lim f (x)  lim x  a
x 0 x 0

 lim x  a  a
x 0
It is given that the limits exists, that means
lim f (x)  lim f (x)
x 0 x 0
 a  a
 2a  0
a 0
At a  0 , limf (x) exists.
x 0

6. Find the derivative of sin(x  1) , with respect to x , from first principle

Ans: Let the given function be f (x)  sin(x  1) . From this we get,
f (x  h)  sin(x  h  1) .
Obtaining the derivative, using the limits definition,

Class XI Maths [Link] 32

 f (x  h)  f (x)
f '(x)  lim
h 0 h
sin(x  h  1)  sin(x  1)
 lim
h 0 h
 x  h  1  x  1  x  h  1  x  1
2cos   sin  
 lim  2   2
h 0 h

On simplifying,
 h h
2cos  x  1   sin  
f '(x)  lim  2 2
h 0 h
h
sin
 h 2
 lim 2 cos  x  1    lim
h 0
 2 h  0
2
h
2
 cos(x  1) 1
 cos(x  1)

7. Differentiate sinx  cosx from first principle.

Ans: Let he given function be f (x)  sin x  cos x .
This gives us,
f (x  h)  sin(x  h)  cos(x  h) .
Evaluating the derivative using limits definition,

f (x  h)  f (x)
f '(x)  lim
h 0 h
 lim
 sin(x  h)  cos(x  h)   sin x  cos x 
h 0 h
 lim
sin(x  h)  sin x   cos(x  h)  cos x 
h 0 h

On simplifying,
 x  h  x  x  h  x  x  h  x   sin  x  h  x 
2cos   sin  2sin  
f '(x)  lim  2  2 2  2 
h 0 h

Class XI Maths [Link] 33

  h h  h h
2cos  x   sin 2sin  x   sin
 lim  2 2
 lim  2 2
h 0 h h  0 h
h h
sin sin
 h 2  lim  2 sin  x  h  2
 lim 2 cos  x     h
h 0
 2 2 h h  0
 2 2
2 2
 cos(x  0) 1  sin(0  x) 1
 cos x  sin x

8. Find derivative of
xsin x
i)
1  cos x
Ans: We have to find the derivative of
x sin x
.
1  cos x
Using the quotient rule, we get,
d x sin x
dx 1  cos x
d d
(1  cos x) x sin x  x sin x (1  cos x)
 dx dx
(1  cos x) 2

 d d 
(1  cos x)  x (sin x)  sin x (x)   x sin x[0  sin x]
  dx dx 
(1  cos x) 2

(1  cos x)  x cos x  sin x 1  xsin 2 x


(1  cos x)2
d x sin x
dx 1  cos x
x cos x  x cos 2 x  sin x  sin x cos x  x sin 2 x

(1  cos x) 2
x(cos 2 x  sin 2 x)  x cos x  sin x  sin x cos x

(1  cos x) 2
x  x cos x  sin x  sin x cos x

(1  cos x)2

Class XI Maths [Link] 34

 ii) (ax  b)(cx  d)2
Ans: We need to find the derivative of the expression:
(ax  b)(cx  d)2
Differentiating using product rule, we get,
d
(ax  b)(cx  d) 2
dx
d d
 (ax  b) (cx  d) 2  (cx  d) 2 (ax  b)
dx dx
d
 2(ax  b)(cx  d) (cx  d)  (cx  d) 2  a
dx
 2(ax  b)(cx  d)  c  a(cx  d) 2
d
(ax  b)(cx  d) 2
dx
 (cx  d)  2c(ax  b)  a(cx  d)
 (cx  d)  2acx  2bc  acx  ad 
 (cx  d) 3acx  2bc  ad 

(a  h)2 sin(a  h)  a 2 sina

9. Evaluate lim .
h0 h
Ans: We have to evaluate the limit of the expression,
(a  h) 2 sin(a  h)  a 2 sin a
lim
h 0 h
Using the formula for the derivative, obtained from limits, we get,
(a  h) 2 sin(a  h)  a 2 sin a
lim
h 0 h
(a  2ah  h 2 )sin(a  h)  a 2 sin a
2
 lim
h 0 h
a sin(a  h)  2ah sin(a  h)  h 2 sin(a  h)  a 2 sin a
2
 lim
h 0 h
On simplifying,
(a  h) 2 sin(a  h)  a 2 sin a
lim 
h 0 h

Class XI Maths [Link] 35

  2a  h  h
a 2 2cos   sin
lim  2  2
 lim 2ah sin(a  h)  lim h sin(a  h)
h 0 h h 0 h 0
2
2
 2a  0 
 a 2 2cos    1  2a sin(a  0)  0  sin a
 2 
 a 2 2cosa  2a sin a

10. Differentiate
 a  b
i)  4   2  cos x
x  x
Ans: Differentiating the given expression with respect to x ,
d  a  b  d 4 d 2 d
  4   2  cos x   ax  bx  cos x
dx  x  x  dx dx dx
 a(4x 5 )  b(2x 3 )  sin x
4a 2b
 5  3  sin x
x x

ii) (x  cos x)(x  tanx)

Ans: Differentiating the given expression with respect to x , using product rule,
d
(x  cos x)(x  tan x)
dx
d d
 (x  cos x) (x  tan x)  (x  tan x) (x  cos x)
dx dx
 (x  cos x)(1  sec x)  (x  tan x)(1  sin x)
2

On simplifying,
d
(x  cos x)(x  tan x)
dx
 x  xsec2 x  cos x  cos xsec2 x  x  xsin x  tan x  tan xsin x
 2x  xsec2 x  cosx  cosx  xsin x  tan x  tan xsin x
 2x  xsec2 x  xsin x  tan x  tan xsin x

Class XI Maths [Link] 36