1.

Portland Cement
2. Fine Aggregates
3. Coarse Aggregates
4. Water
5. Reinforcing Steel
6. Joint Fillers
7. Admixtures
8. Curing Materials
1. Portland Cement
1. Portland Cement
 REQUIREMENTS:
(As amended in Department Order No. 133, Series of 2016)

 Conforms to the applicable requirements of Item 700 – Hydraulic Cement.

 Portland Cement Type I AASHTO M 85 (ASTM C 150M) shall be used

unless otherwise provided for in the Special Provisions.

 Portland-Pozzolan Cement Type IP (AASHTO M 240M / ASTM C 595)

shall be allowed to use.

 For both Portland Cement Type I and Portland-Pozzolan Cement Type IP,
trial mixes shall be done and shall meet the specification requirements
for concrete. The AASHTO/ASTM provisions pertinent to the use of
Portland-Pozzolan Cement Type IP shall be adopted.
1. Portland Cement
 REQUIREMENTS:

 Different brands or the same brands from different mills shall not
be mixed nor used alternately, unless the mix is approved by the
Engineer.

 Reject/Do not use Cement which are:

– partially set or contains lumps of caked cement
– salvaged from discarded or used bags

 Samples
– AASHTO R 71 (ASTM C 183M) – Standard Practice for
Sampling and Amount of Testing of Hydraulic Cement.
2. Fine Aggregate
 REQUIREMENTS:

 Consists of natural sand, stone screenings, or other inert

materials with similar characteristics, or combinations thereof,
having hard, strong and durable particles.

 Free from injurious amounts of organic impurities.

2. Fine Aggregate
 REQUIREMENTS:
Test Property Requirement
Material passing
0.075 mm (No. Not more than 3 mass percent by washing
Grading Test 200 sieve)
(Composition)
clay lumps or
Not more than 1 mass percent each
shale
5 cycles of Sodium
Sulfate Soundness Weighted loss Not more than 10 mass percent
Test

Colorimatic test for

Color Darker than the standard » Reject
organic impurities

Effect of organic
relative strength
impurities on
@ 7 and 28 Not less than 95% » Accept/Use
strength of mortar
days
(AASHTO T 71)
2. Fine Aggregate
 GRADING REQUIREMENTS:

Sieve Designation Mass Percent Passing

9.5 mm (3/8 in.) 100

4.75 mm (No.4) 95 – 100

2.36 mm (No.8) -

1.18 mm (No.16) 45 – 80

0.600 mm (No.30) -

0.300 (No.50) 5 – 30

0.150 mm (No.100) 0 – 10
3. Coarse Aggregate
 REQUIREMENTS:
 Consists of crushed stone, gravel, blast furnace slag, or other approved inert
materials of similar characteristics, or combinations thereof, having hard, strong,
durable pieces and free from any adherent coatings.

Test Property Requirement

Material passing
0.075 mm (No. 200 Not contain more than 1 mass percent
Grading Test sieve)
(Composition) clay lumps Not more than 0.25 mass percent

soft fragments Not more than 3.5 mass percent

5 cycles of
Sodium Sulfate Weighted loss Not more than 12 mass percent
Soundness Test
Los Angeles
Not more than 40 mass
Abrasion Wear
percent
AASHTO T 96
3. Course Aggregate
 GRADING REQUIREMENTS:
Sieve Designation Mass Percent Passing
Standard Alternate U.S. Grading Grading Grading
(mm) Standard (in.) A B C
75 3 100 - -
63 2 – 1/2 90 – 100 100 100
50 2 - 90 – 100 95 – 100
37.5 1 – 1/2 25 – 60 35 – 70 -
25 1 - 0 – 15 35 – 70
19 3/4 0 – 10 - -
12.5 1/2 0–5 0–5 10 – 30
4.75 No. 4 - - 0-5
4. Water
 REQUIREMENTS:

 Clean and free of oil, salt, acid, alkali, grass or other substances
injurious to the finished product.

 Water will be tested in accordance with and shall meet the requirements
of Item 714, Water.

 Drinkable water: may be used without test.

 Shallow source: exclude silt, mud, grass or other foreign materials.

5. Reinforcing steel bars
 REQUIREMENTS:
 Conforms to the requirements of Item 404, Reinforcing Steel.
 Reinforcing steel shall be free from dirt, oil, paint, grease, mill scale and loose or thick rust which
could impair bond of the steel with the concrete.
 Tie bars - conforms to AASHTO M 31 or M 42
- deformed bars
- for bent and re-straightened during constructions: rail steel
shall not be used.
 Dowel bars – conforms to AASHTO M 31 or M42
- plain round bars
- one-half of the length shall be painted with one coat of approved
lead or tar paint
- sleeves: metal of approved design to cover 50mm ± 5mm of the
dowel, with closed end, and suitable stop to hold the
end of the sleeve at least 25mm from the end of the dowel.
- D.O. No. 32, Series of 2016 Guidelines on the Use of
Dowel Bars in PCCP. : Corresponding spacing for each dowel
size and PCCP thickness.
Department Order No. 32, Series of 2016
Department Order No. 32, Series of 2016
Department Order No. 32, Series of 2016
6. Joint filler
 REQUIREMENTS:

 Poured joint fillers shall be mixed asphalt or rubber filler conforming

to the requirements of AASHTO M 173.

 Preformed fillers for joints shall conform to the requirements of AASHTO

M 33 (ASTM D 994), AASHTO M 153, AASHTO M 213, AASHTO M
220, as specified in the plans and shall be furnished in a single piece for
the depth and width required for the joint.
Department Order No. 91, Series of 2016

Reiterating Strict Compliance with Department Order No.

06, Series of 2011, re: Proper Application of Asphalt Sealant
on Transverse Contraction I Weakened Plane,
Construction, and Longitudinal Joints of Concrete
Pavements
Department Order No. 91, Series of 2016
7. Admixtures
 REQUIREMENTS:

• Admixtures should be added only to the concrete mix to produce some

desired modifications to the properties of concrete where necessary, but not as
partial replacement of cement.

1. Air-entraining admixture shall conform to the requirements of

AASHTO M 154.

2. Chemical admixtures, if specified or permitted, shall conform to

the requirements of AASHTO M 194.

3. Fly ash, if specified or permitted as a mineral admixture and as 20

% partial replacement of Portland Cement in concrete mix shall
conformed to the requirements of ASTM C 618.
7. Admixtures
Reasons for Using Admixtures in Concrete

1. to reduce the cost of concrete construction,

2. to achieve certain properties in concrete more effectively than by

other means,

3. to ensure the quality of concrete during the stages of mixing,

transporting, placing, and curing in adverse weather conditions,

4. to overcome certain emergencies during concreting operations.

7. Admixtures
Classification of Admixtures According to Function
1. Air – entraining admixtures
2. Water – reducing admixtures

3. Retarding admixtures

4. Accelerating admixtures

5. Super - plasticizers
8. Curing of Materials
Immediately after the finishing operations have been completed and
the concrete has sufficiently set, the surface of the newly placed concrete
shall be cured for a period of 72 hours, with any of the following methods:

1. Cotton of Burlap Mats

2. Waterproof Paper
3. Impervious Membrane Method
Storage of materials
Cement
• Cement shall be stored immediately upon delivery at the site in a weatherproof building which will protect the
cement from dampness. The floor shall be raised from the ground.

• Bulk cement, if used, shall be transferred to elevated air tight weathered proof bins.

• Cement bags shall be stacked closed together to reduce air circulation but should never be stacked against outside
walls.

• Stack the cement bags so that the first in are the first out

• On small jobs where a shed is not available, bags should be placed on raised wooden platforms at least 4 to 6
inches above the ground and water coverings should fit over the pile and extend over the cement and the
platform.
Storage of materials
Concrete Aggregates

• To secure greater uniformity of concrete mix, different sizes of aggregates shall be stored in
separate bins or separate stockpiles to prevent the material at the edges of the piles from
becoming intermixed.

Reinforcing Steel
• Steel bars shall be stored immediately upon delivery at the site in a weatherproof location
which will protect the steel bars from corrosion. The floor shall be raised from the ground.
Proportioning, Consistency &
Strength of Concrete
Minimum Cement Factor:
-at least 364 kg. of cement per cubic meter of concrete or a cement content of 9.1
bags/cu.m. of concrete on a 40kg./bag of cement

Slump Requirements for workable concrete:

- 40 to 75 mm, if not vibrated
- 10 to 40 mm, if vibrated

Strength Requirements :
- Flexural strength @ 14 days of 3.8 MPa (third point method) or 4.5 MPa (mid-point method)

- Compressive strength @ 14 days of 24.1 MPa for cores taken and tested in accordance with
AASHTO T 24
Quality Control of Concrete

The Contractor shall be responsible for the quality control of all materials during handling,
blending, and mixing and placement operations.

1. Quality Control Plan

2. Qualification of Workmen
3. Quality Control Testing
4. Documentation
Equipment

Equipment and tools necessary for handling materials and performing

all parts of the work shall be approved by the Engineer as to design,
capacity and mechanical condition.

1. Batching Plant and Equipment

2. Mixers
3. Paving and Finishing Equipment
4. Concrete Saw
5. Forms
Preparation of Grade

• The prepared base shall be checked of the required density, surface imperfections and finished
grade elevation.

• The prepared base shall be extended and compacted at least 60 cm. beyond the edge of
the proposed concrete pavement to ensure that the density of the base at the edge of pavement is
the same as on its carriageway that can support the paving machine when it is used.

• The subgrade or base shall be uniformly moist when the concrete is placed
Setting of Forms
• Forms shall be of steel and of depth equal to the thickness of the pavement at the edge and
provided with adequate devices for secure setting.

• Any roadbed, which at the form line is found below established grade, shall be filled with
approved granular materials to grade in lifts of 3 cm. or less, and thoroughly re-rolled or tamped.

• The forms after setting to the correct grade, it shall not deviate from the true line by more
than one (1) cm at any point.

• Forms shall remain in place undisturbed for not less than 24 hours after concrete pouring
 Mixing of Concrete

• The concrete may be mixed at the site of the work, in a central-mix plant or in truck/bagger mixers

• Concrete mix when supplied by a batching plant, shall only be allowed in the DPWH projects
provided it is duly accredited by the BRS ( DO # 253, S. of 2003 ).

• Concrete when mixed at the site or in a central mixing plant, the mixing time shall not be less
than 50 seconds nor more than 90 seconds.
Mixing of Concrete
• The time elapsed from the time the water is added to the mix until the concrete is deposited in place at
the site,
• shall not exceed 45 minutes when concrete is hauled in non-agitating trucks,
• nor 90 minutes when hauled in truck mixers.

• When volumetric measurements are authorized for small project requiring less than 75 cu.m. of concrete per
day of pouring, the weight proportions shall be converted to equivalent volumetric proportions. Use of
chute is allowed provided that a weighing scales for determining the batch weight will be used.

• Re-tempering concrete by adding water or by other means shall not be permitted, except that when
concrete is delivered in truck mixers, provided all these operations are performed within 45 minutes after the
initial mixing operation and the water-cement ratio is not exceeded.
Limitation of Mixing

• No concrete shall be mixed, placed or finished when the natural light is insufficient, unless an
adequate and approved artificial lighting system is operated.

• Re-tempering of concrete or mortar which has partially hardened that is remixing with or without
additional cement, aggregate or water, shall not be permitted.
Placing of Concrete
1. Concrete should be proportioned, placed and consolidated such that only sufficient mortar is
available at the surface for finishing purposes.

2. Concrete shall be thoroughly consolidated by means of vibrators inserted in the concrete in a

vertical position. Vibrators shall not be operated longer than 15 seconds in any location.

3. When concrete is to be placed adjoining a previously constructed lane and mechanical equipment
will be operated upon existing lane, the previously constructed lane shall have attained
the strength for 14 days concrete, and if only, finishing equipment is carried on the
existing lane, paving in adjoining lane maybe permitted after three days.
Test Specimens
• As work progresses, at least one (1) set consisting of three (3) concrete beam test
specimens, 150 mm x 150 mm x 525 mm shall be taken from each 330 m2 of pavement, 230
mm depth or fraction thereof placed each day.

• Cylinder samples shall not be used as substitute for determining the adequacy of the strength
of concrete.

• The beam specimens shall be properly cured and tested at the specified date.
Joints in Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
1. Longitudinal Joint
1. If the lanes are concreted separately, a longitudinal construction joint in the form of a key and
keyway is used.
2. Deformed steel tie bars of specified length, size and spacing are placed perpendicular to this joint.
3. Tie bars shall not be coated or painted with asphalt or other material
4. Longitudinal sawed joints shall be cut by means of approved concrete saws to the depth,
width and line shown on the plans and shall be thoroughly cleaned and immediately filled with
sealer.
5. The longitudinal joints shall be sawed before the end of the curing period or shortly
thereafter and before any equipment or vehicles are allowed on the pavement.
Joints in Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
2. Transverse Contraction Joint/ Weakened Joint
• Consists of planes of weakness created by forming or cutting
grooves in the surface of the pavement and shall include transfer
assemblies.
• Weakened plane joint
 Depth: not be less than 50 mm
 Width: not more than 6 mm

Transverse Contraction
Joint

max.

min.
Joints in Portland Cement Concrete Pavement

Types of Contraction/Weakened Joint

a. Transverse Strip Contraction Joint
- can be formed by installing a parting strip to be left in place as shown on the plans.

b. Formed Groove Contraction Joint

- depressing an approved tool or device into the plastic concrete where it shall remain in
place until the concrete has attain its initial set and shall then be removed without
disturbing the adjacent concrete, unless the device is designed to remain in the joint.
Joints in Portland Cement Concrete Pavement

c. Sawed Contraction Joint

- sawing grooves in the surface of the pavement of the at the spacing and
lines as shown on the plans.
 Depth: not be less than 50 mm
 Width: not more than 6 mm

- sawing of the joints shall commence as soon as the concrete has hardened
sufficiently to permit sawing without excessive raveling, usually 4 to 24 hours.

- sawing of any joint shall be omitted if cracks occurs at or near the joint
location prior to the time of sawing.
- after each joint is sawed, it shall be thoroughly cleaned and immediately
filled with sealer.
Joints in Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
3. Transverse Construction Joint
• Shall be constructed when there is an interruption of more than 30 minutes in the
concreting operations.

• No transverse joint shall be constructed within 1.50 m of an expansion joint, or plane of

weakness.

• If sufficient concrete has been mixed at the time of interruption to form a slab of at least 1.5
m long, the excess concrete from the last preceding joint shall be removed and
disposed off as directed.
Load Transfer Device

• Dowel bar of specified size, length and spacing is used in transverse contraction joint as
load transfer device to the succeeding plane of weakness and shall be held in position parallel
to the surface and center line of the slab that is left in the pavement.

• The portion of each dowel shall be painted with one coat of lead or tar and be
thoroughly coated of an approved lubricant to prevent the concrete from binding to
that portion of the dowel.
Final Finish
• Brooming operation should be executed that the corrugations produced in the surface shall be
uniform in appearance and not more than 1.5 mm in depth.

• The hardened surface of the finished pavement shall have a coefficient of friction less
than 0.25 or more.

• Completed pavement that is found to have a coefficient of friction less than 0.25 shall
be grounded or scored by the contractor at his own expense to provide the required
coefficient of friction.
Surface Test
• The hardened finished pavement shall be tested with a 3-m straight-edge or other
specified device.
 areas showing high spots of more than 3 mm but not exceeding 12 mm shall be marked and
immediately ground down with an approved grinding tool to an elevation where the area or spot will
not show surface deviations in excess of 3 mm when tested with 3 m straight

 areas showing high spots of more than 12 mm, the pavement shall be removed and replaced by
and at the expense of the contractor.

• any area or section to be removed shall not be less than 1.5 m in length and not
less than the full width of the lane involved.

• When it is necessary to remove and replace a section of pavement, any remaining

portion of the slab to be removed and replaced adjacent to the joints that is less than
1.5 m in length, shall also be removed and replaced.
D.O. No.21, series of 2019

 PURPOSE:
Prescribed as included in the pertinent sections of the DPWH Standard Specifications for Highways, Bridges and Airports.

 SCOPE:
1. This contain the Guidelines on Price Adjustment on Payments for Projects with Non-Compliance with the
prescribed IRI value
2. Amendments to Part B-Other General Requirements of DPWH Bluebook Vol. II
3. Amendments to Item 307-Bituminous Plant-Mix Surface Course-General
4. Amendments to Item 311-Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
D.O. No.21, series of 2019
Sealing of Joints

• Joints shall be sealed with asphalt sealant soon after the completion of the curing period and before
the pavement is opened to traffic.

• Prior to sealing of joints, it shall be thoroughly cleaned of all foreign materials including membrane
curing compound and joint faces and shall be in a surface dry condition when the seal is applied.

• The pouring of sealant shall be done in such a manner that the material will not spilled on the
exposed surfaces of the concrete.

• The use of sand or similar material as a cover for the seal will not be permitted.
Protection of Pavement
• The contractor shall protect the pavement and its appurtenances against both public traffic and traffic
caused by his own employees and shall include watchmen to direct the traffic and the erection of
and maintenance of warning signs, lights pavement, bridges, etc.

• All boreholes after thickness and/or strength determinations of newly constructed concrete pavements
shall be immediately filled/ restored with the prescribed concrete mix after completion of
the drilling works. (Dept. Memo Circular No. 97, dated August 9,1991)

• Any damage to the pavement, occurring prior to final acceptance shall be repaired or the pavement
shall be replaced.
Acceptance of Concrete
(Strength)
• The strength level of the concrete (beam specimens) will be considered satisfactory
 if the averages of all sets of three (3) consecutive strength test results equals or exceed the
specified strength; and
 no individual strength test result is deficient by more than 15% of the specified strength.

 Concrete deemed to be not acceptable using the above criteria may be rejected unless the contractor can
provide evidence, by means of core tests, that the quality of concrete represented by failed test is
acceptable in place.

• Concrete in the area represented by the cores will be considered adequate

 if the average strength of the cores is equal to at least 85% of the specified strength; and
 if no single core is less than 75% of the specified strength.
Acceptance of Concrete
(Strength)

• If the strength of control specimens does not meet the strength requirements and it is not advisable to
obtain cores from the structure due to structural considerations, payment of the concrete will be made at an
adjusted price due to strength deficiency of concrete specimens as specified hereunder:

Deficiency in Strength of Concrete Percent (%) of Contract

Specimens Percent (%) Price Allowed

Less than 5 100%

5 to less than 10 80%
10 to less than 15 70%
15 to less than 20 60%
20 to less than 25 50%
25 or more 0%
Acceptance of Concrete
(Thickness)

• The thickness of the pavement will be determined by measurement of cores from the completed
pavement.

• The completed pavement shall be accepted on a lot basis when :

a. Pavement length of 1000 lm when single lane is poured.

b. Pavement length of 500 lm when two lanes are poured concurrently.

c. The last unit in each slab constitutes a lot in itself when its length is at least ½ of the normal
length, however, if it is shorter than ½ of the normal length, it shall be included in the previous
lot.
d. Other areas such as intersections, entrances, cross-overs, ramps, etc., will be grouped together to
form a lot.

e. Each lot will be divided into five (5) equal segments and one core will be obtained from each
segment.
Acceptance of Concrete
(Thickness)

• When the average thickness of the pavement per lot is deficient,

payment for the lot shall be adjusted as follows:

Deficiency in the Average Percentage Contract

Thickness, per lot (mm) Price Per Lot

0–5 100% payment

6 – 10 95%payment

11 – 15 85% payment

16 – 20 70% payment

21 – 25 50 % payment
Remove and Replace /
More than 25
No Payment
Opening to Traffic

• The concrete pavement will not be opened to traffic until the test specimens molded and cured have
attained the minimum strength requirements.

• If tests are not conducted prior to the specified age, the pavement shall not be operated to traffic
until 14 days after the concrete was placed.
• The area to be paid under this item shall be the number of square meters (m2) of concrete
pavement placed and accepted in the completed pavement

• The width for measurements will be the width from outside edge to outside edge of completed
pavement as placed

• The length will be measured horizontally along the centerline of each roadway or ramp
 The accepted quantity, measured shall be paid for at the contract unit price for Portland Cement
Concrete Pavement, which price and payment shall be full compensation for:

> preparation of road bed and finishing of shoulders, unless otherwise provided by the
Special Provision,
> furnishing all materials,
> mixing, placing, finishing and curing all concrete,
> furnishing and placing all joint materials,
> sawing weakened plane joints,
> fitting the pre-fabricated center metal joint,
> facilitating and controlling traffic and
> furnishing all labor, equipment, tools and incidentals necessary to complete the item.
THANK YOU VERY
MUCH !
AIR – ENTRAINING
ADMIXTURES
Air-entraining admixtures facilitate the development of a system of
microscopic air bubbles within concrete during mixing. They
increase resistance to scaling caused by deicing chemicals, and
improve workability
WATER – REDUCING
ADMIXTURES
Water-reducing admixtures usually reduce the required water
content for a concrete mixture by about 5 to 10 percent.
Consequently, concrete containing a water-reducing admixture needs
less water to reach a required slump than untreated concrete. The
treated concrete can have a lower water-cement ratio.
RETARDING ADMIXTURES
Retarding admixtures, which slow the setting rate of concrete, are
used to counteract the accelerating effect of hot weather on concrete
setting
ACCELERATING ADMIXTURES
Set accelerating admixtures are best defined as those which, when
added to concrete, mortar or paste, increase the rate of hydration
of hydraulic cement, shorten the time of setting and increase the
rate of early strength development
SUPER - PLASTICIZERS
Superplasticizers (SPs), also known as high range water reducers,
are additives used in making high strength concrete.
Superplasticizers allow reduction in water content by 30% or more.
COTTON OF BURLAP MATS
The burlap side of the blanket faces down towards the concrete.
Burlap is made of natural moisture absorbing fibers and it
basically holds in the moisture. The white coated poly fabric faces
up reflecting sunlight and intense heat rays. This curing method allows
for a smoother, harder and more durable concrete surface
WATERPROOF PAPER
Waterproof paper can be used to cure horizontal surfaces and
structural concrete having relatively simple shapes. The paper should
be large enough to cover both the surfaces and the edges of the
concrete. Wet the surface with a fine water spray before covering.
IMPERVIOUS MEMBRANE METHOD
basically, Membrane curing, if any, should consist of the complete
encapsulation of the coating by the application of curing compound
that will retain the moisture of the applied cement lining.