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Referencing
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Harvard

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 Referencing Handbook: Harvard

Contents
Foreword, Authors' notes 1 Book with three or more authors 14
Referencing 2 Book without a named author 15
Harvard style 2 Edited book 15
Chapter in an edited book 16
In-text citation 2
Introduction to a book 17
Examples of in-text citations 3
Booklet 17
Reference list 3
Ebook with page numbers 18
Author/editor 3
Ebook without page numbers 19
Year 5
Sacred text 20
Title 5
Classical or ancient text – translated 20
Edition 5
Place of publication and publisher 5 4 Case studies and reports 21
Date of access 6
PDFs 6 Case study 21
Works not in English 6 Report 22

Bibliography 6 5 Conferences 23
Plagiarism 6
Conference paper 23
Quoting, paraphrasing 7
and summarising Conference poster 24
Conference presentation 25
Secondary referencing 7

6 Correspondence 26

Information 8 Email 26
sources Letter 27
Mailing list 28
1 Advertisements 9
7 Diagrams, figures, images and tables 2
9
Online 9
Print 10 8 Film, radio and television 30
Broadcast 10
Film 30
2 Art 11 Radio or television programme 31
Radio or television series 31
Art 11 Recorded programme in an 32
Art in books 12 online archive

3 Books 13 9 Interviews 33

Book with a single author 13 Interview on radio or television 33

Book with two authors 13 Personal interview 34
Contents
 Contents

10 Journals 35 Hansard 56
EU decisions, directives and regulations 57
Print journal article with a volume number 35
Treaties 57
Print journal article without a 36
volume number
18 Social media 58
Online journal article with a single 37
author Blog and vlog 58
Online journal article with two authors 38 Facebook 59
Online journal article with three or 39 Image sharing website 59
more authors Podcast, vidcast and vodcast 60
Pre-print 40 Twitter 60
Post-print and in press 41 Video sharing website 61

11 Law 42 19 Software 62
Cases (Law Reports) 42 20 Standards and patents 63
Unreported cases 43
British Standard 63
12 Lectures and seminars 44 Draft Standard 64
International Standard 64
13 Live performance 45
Patent 65
14 Maps 46
21 Theses and dissertations 66
15 Music 47
22 Translations 67
Contemporary track 47
Contemporary album 48 23 Verbal communications 68
Classical track 48 Speech 68
Classical album 49 Telephone call 69
Score 50
24 Websites 70
16 Newspapers 51
Company, organisation or 70
Online 51 professional body
Print 52 Personal author 71

17 Official publications 53 Index 72-75

Act of Parliament (Statute) 53

Statutory Instrument (SI) 54
Bill before Parliament 54
Green, White and Command Papers 55
Contents
 Referencing Handbook: Harvard

Foreword
This is the 2nd edition of the University of Lincoln’s guide to Harvard Referencing, which is the
main referencing standard in use in the University (guides for other styles are also available
from the Library).
Referencing is a key academic skill, and an important way to avoid accusations of plagiarism,
so this Handbook will play a key role in supporting you throughout your study.
Should you need it, further support is available from your Academic Subject Librarian
– just see the Library website for contact details.

Ian Snowley
University Librarian

Authors’ notes
Following feedback from students and academic staff, the 2nd edition now features:
• extended guidance on how to reference
• all new examples
• additional annotated diagrams
• an index to help you locate sources
The main sources that you will use are likely to be books, journals and websites and although
we have included a large selection of information sources, it is impossible to cover everything
that you may use in your academic work. We recommend therefore, that you use our
examples as a basis for referencing other types of information not included in this handbook.
Your School may use another referencing style and the Library has produced the following
guides APA, IEEE, MHRA and OSCOLA, which are available at http://library.lincoln.ac.uk/
learning-teaching/referencing/
You should check with your School which referencing style to follow and your Academic
Subject Librarian can also advise you.
The University of Lincoln Library subscribes to referencing management software, which can
help you gather and organise your references; for more information go to http://library.lincoln.
ac.uk There are also a number of services offering this free of charge, e.g. Microsoft Word,
Foreword, Authors' notes

Mendeley and Zotero.

Judith Elkin Marishona Ortega Helen Williams

Academic Writing Senior Academic Subject Academic Subject Librarian
Support Manager Librarian - Research

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 Harvard Referencing

Referencing
You need to reference to:
• demonstrate that you have undertaken research for your academic work
• avoid accusations of plagiarism
• acknowledge the work of other authors
Each information source in this handbook has an example of an in-text citation, a reference list
entry as well as a checklist outlining what to include in your reference.
The most efficient way to reference your academic work is to keep a record of the necessary
information at the point of using it.

Harvard style
There are two parts to Harvard referencing:
1. In-text citation
2. Reference list

1. In-text citation
An in-text citation does not give full publication details, such as the title or publisher: this
information should be in your reference list. Your in-text citation should go after a quotation,
paraphrase or summary and should include the author's surname, the year of publication and a
page number (see page 3 for examples). If you use the author’s name in the sentence you don’t
need to repeat it in the in-text citation.

• All your in-text citations should have a corresponding entry in your reference list. If, for
example, you cite from page 83 of a book by Goldacre (Goldacre, 2009, 83) and then cite
from page 7 of the same book (Goldacre, 2009, 7), you only put one reference to the author
in your reference list and do not include any page numbers, e.g.
Goldacre, B. (2009) Bad science. London: Fourth Estate.
• For sources with three or more authors, give the surname of the first author, followed by et al.
(Latin for and others)
• Acronyms such as the CPS (Crown Prosecution Service) or NHS (National Health Service) can
be given either in full or as the acronym, but you need to be consistent and make sure your
in-text citation matches your reference list entry
• Some Schools may not require page numbers in the in-text citations. If you are unsure, please
contact your tutor.
Harvard Referencing

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 A Referencing Handbook: Harvard

Examples of in-text citations

Social media is deeply intertwined and analogous with open education

and is “authored, critiqued and reconfigured by a mass of users”
(Selwyn, 2014, 106).
A short quotation in double quotation marks, followed by an in-text citation for an information
source with one author.

The open education movement grew out of the open source

movement in software development (Deimann and Farrow, 2013, 345).
If the source has two authors, name them both in your in-text citation. This is also an example
of summarising.

Online resources offer opportunities for people living with disabilities

but also create challenges (McAndrew et al., 2012, 345; Seale et al.,
2015, 127).
You can combine in-text citations by separating them with a semi-colon. If there are three or
more authors, give the surname of the first author followed by et al.

Baggaley writes quite sceptically about MOOCs, describing the

inconclusive results of some evaluations (2013, 373).
If you include the author’s surname within your text, only give the year (and page number if
necessary) in brackets.

2. Reference list
Your reference list gives the full details of the information sources (such as books, journal
articles and websites) that you have cited in your text. Put your reference list at the end of your
academic work. It should be in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author/editor or
corporate author.
Harvard Referencing

Author/editor
• If there is no author, use the title of publication instead

• List the authors in the order they are given in the source of information

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 Harvard Referencing
A
• The standard format for an author’s name is their surname, a comma, followed by their
initials with a full stop after each initial e.g.
Joanne Kathleen Rowling should be listed as Rowling, J.K.
• Do not use the format above for corporate authors, e.g.
Tate Modern should be listed as Tate Modern
• If the source has two authors put ‘and’ between their names. If there are three or more
authors the last name should be preceded by ‘and’ e.g.
Atrill, P. and McLaney, E.
Toomey, R., Panisson, M.S., Kremen, W.S., Franz, C.E. and Lyons, M.J.
• Double-barrelled surnames should be listed under the first part of the name, e.g.
Baeza-Yates should be listed under B
• Surnames with prefixes should be listed under the prefix, retaining any lower case letters e.g.
Guy de Maupassant should be listed as de Maupassant, G.
• Titles such as Dr, Prof, Sir do not need to be given unless the source gives a title instead of a
first name e.g.
Lord Justice Leveson
• Postnominals such as MD, RN, PhD, CBE do not need to be given
• The names of editors should be followed by (ed.) for a single editor or (eds.) where there is
more than one
• Disregard the apostrophe within surnames such as O’Sullivan when putting them in
alphabetical order in your reference list, e.g.
Ortega
O’Sullivan
Otterly
• If you use more than one source by the same author, list them in date order starting
with the earliest
• If you have referred to works by the same author but with different co-authors, list their
individual work first followed by their jointly authored work in alphabetical order of the next
author, e.g.
Creswell, J.W. (2013)
Creswell, J.W., Clark, V.L.P. and Gutmann, M.L. (2011)
Creswell, J.W. and Miller, D.L. (2000)
• If you refer to an organisation that has changed its name e.g. NICE, which was formerly
known as National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence and is now known as National
Institute for Health and Care Excellence - you should use the name that it was known as at
Harvard Referencing

the time of publication

• Company/organisation names which start with words such as A, An or The, e.g. The Big Give
and The White Company should be listed under the first major word e.g.
Big Give, The
White Company, The

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 Referencing Handbook: Harvard

Year
• If the information source has no date, put undated in round brackets, e.g.
Clinch, M. (undated)…
• If you use more than one source by the same author, from the same year, you will need to
differentiate between them, e.g.
In-text citation
(Ogunyemi, 2012a)
(Ogunyemi, 2012b)

Reference list
Ogunyemi, O. (2012a) Sourcing and representation routines in the black African press in the
United Kingdom. In: I. Rigoni and E. Saitta (eds.) Mediating cultural diversity in a globalised
public space. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 153-168.
Ogunyemi, O. (2012b) What newspapers, films, and television do Africans living in Britain
see and read?: the media of the African diaspora. Lampeter: Edwin Mellen Press.

Title
• Titles for books, journals and websites should be in italics
• Titles should be in sentence case, with main titles being separated from subtitles with a colon
e.g. Forensic science: current issues, future directions. There are two exceptions to this:
1. academic convention is that all major words in journal titles have an initial capital, e.g.
Social Work Education: an International Journal
2. proper nouns should keep their capital letter, e.g. The California gold rush

Edition
• You can use either the number or the word for the edition number e.g. 8th edition or eighth
edition. However, you need to be consistent throughout your reference list

Place of publication and publisher

• If multiple locations are given for the place of publication, only use the first listed
• If an information source is not published in the UK, you should also give the country, e.g.
Boston, USA
• If a book gives the name of the imprint (a department within a larger publishing company)
along with the main publishing house, give the imprint name in your reference
• Do not include company designations such as Limited, Ltd, PLC, corp, inc.
Harvard Referencing

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 Harvard Referencing

Date of access
This is the date that you looked at an online source and can be given as 6 July 2015 or 6th July
2015 or 6/7/15. Whichever style you chose, be consistent throughout your reference list.

PDFs

A Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format which is usually referenced as a website unless
there is a more appropriate source type.

Works not in English

You may need to check with your tutor before using works not in English. However, if you do
translate works yourself, provide in-text citations and reference list entries in the usual way but also
give the name of the language in round brackets after the reference list entry, e.g.

Reference list
Houellebecq, M. (2015) Soumission. Paris, France: Editions Flammarion. (French).

Bibliography
Your School may ask you to provide a bibliography as well as a reference list. A bibliography can
be defined as either a list of:
• additional sources of information not referred to in your reference list
• all the sources of information that you have consulted, including the items in your
reference list
A bibliography should be formatted in exactly the same way as your reference list. Please check
with your tutor whether you need to include a bibliography after your reference list and which type
is expected.

Plagiarism
Plagiarism is the use of another author’s idea and words, either intentionally or unintentionally,
without acknowledging the source of the information. It is an academic offence and will be treated
seriously by the University (see University General Regulations).

You can avoid plagiarism by referencing correctly. For more advice about how to avoid plagiarism
go to the Library’s tutorial http://library.lincoln.ac.uk/learning-teaching/referencing/

Turnitin is software that detects plagiarism and can be used by your tutors to ensure academic
integrity. See http://submit.ac.uk/ for more details.
Harvard Referencing

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 Referencing Handbook: Harvard

Quoting, paraphrasing and summarising

Quoting
Quoting is copying a short section of text, word for word, directly from an information source into
your work. You indicate a quotation by using double quotation marks at the beginning and end of
the text, e.g. “the search for unattainable perfection could mean missing deadlines” (Williams and
Reid, 2011, 94). The quotation is then followed by the in-text citation.

Longer quotations (usually longer than two lines) should start on a new line, be indented, have
quotation marks at the beginning and end of the text and should be followed immediately with an
in-text citation, e.g.

“The important point to remember is that in your review you should present a logical
argument that leads smoothly into your own research, justifying both the need for
work and the methodology that is going to be used.” (Ridley, 2012, 100)

Ellipses (…) can be used to show that some part of the quotation has been left out e.g.

“The important point to remember is that in your review you should present a logical
argument…justifying both the need for work and the methodology that is going to be
used.” (Ridley, 2012, 100)

Paraphrasing
When you put a short section of text from an information source into your own words, you are
paraphrasing. Although the words are your own, you are still using ideas from the original text
so you must give an in-text citation, including a page number to acknowledge the source.

Summarising
When you concisely describe in your own words the main ideas of an information source, you are
providing a broad overview of that source. This is known as summarising and you must give an
in-text citation, including a page number or page range to acknowledge the source.

Secondary referencing (citing a source within another source)

Education providers should exploit the versatility of technology to create accessibility
via multiple means of representation, expression and engagement (The Universal
Design for Learning, 2012, cited in McAndrew et al., 2012, 345).

Above is an example of how to cite a work (The Universal Design for Learning) that you have not
read directly but have read about in another source (McAndrew et al.). This is known as secondary
referencing and you should try to avoid it where possible by reading the original work. If you are
unable to locate the original, your in-text citation should state the details of the source that you
Harvard Referencing

have not been able to get hold of, along with the correct details of the work that you have read.
You should only list the source that you have read in your Reference List, e.g. McAndrew et al.

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Information
sources
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1 Referencing Handbook: Harvard

Advertisements
Online
In-text citation
(University of Lincoln, 2015)

Reference list
University of Lincoln (2015) Promotional video for the University of Lincoln [advertisement].
Available from https://www.youtube.com/user/UniversityofLincoln [accessed 15 May 2015].

1. Advertiser 2. Year 3. Short description

University of Lincoln (2015) Promotional video for the University of

Lincoln [advertisement]. Available from https://www.youtube.com/
user/UniversityofLincoln [accessed 15 May 2015].

4. advertisement 6. Date of access 5. Web address

Checklist:
¨¨ Advertiser
¨¨ Year of publication in round brackets
¨¨ A short description of the advert in italics
¨¨ In square brackets put advertisement, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the web address
¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and the date you saw the advert, followed by a
full stop
1 Advertisements

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 Advertisements A
1

Print
In-text citation
(Friends of the Honey Bee, 2015)

Reference list
Friends of the Honey Bee (2015) Bee a hero: bee-come a friend and help get Britain buzzing again
[advertisement]. The Big Issue, 4-10 May (1152) 32.

Checklist:
¨¨ Advertiser
¨¨ Year of publication in round brackets
¨¨ Headline of the advertisement (or a short description if more appropriate)
¨¨ In square brackets put advertisement, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Title of the publication where you found the advert, in italics, followed by a comma
¨¨ Day and month of publication (if given)
¨¨ Volume number, followed by a comma (only if there is no part/issue/month/season)
¨¨ If there is a part/issue/month/season, put this in round brackets
¨¨ Page number(s), followed by a full stop

Broadcast
In-text citation
(British Red Cross, 2015)

Reference list
British Red Cross (2015) Appeal for donations [advertisement]. ITV, 14 May, 14:30.

Checklist:
¨¨ Advertiser
¨¨ Year of broadcast in round brackets
¨¨ A short description of the advert in italics
¨¨ In square brackets put advertisement, followed by a full stop
1 Advertisements

¨¨ Broadcast channel where you saw/heard the advert, followed by a comma

¨¨ Day and month of broadcast, followed by a comma
¨¨ Time of broadcast (if relevant) using the 24 hour clock, followed by a full stop

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Art
Art
In-text citation
(Monet, 1896)

Reference list if seen in a gallery/collection/museum

Monet, C. (1896) Flood waters [oil on canvas]. London: The National Gallery.

Reference list if seen online

Monet, C. (1896) Flood waters. London: The National Gallery. Available from http://www.
nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/claude-monet-flood-waters [accessed 30 June 2015].

1. Artist 2. Year 3. Title 4. Location 5. Gallery

Monet, C. (1896) Flood waters. London: The National Gallery.

Available from http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/claude-
monet-flood-waters [accessed 30 June 2015].

6. Web address 7. Date of access

Checklist:
¨¨ Artist (surname, initials)
¨¨ Year of composition in round brackets. If the exact date is not known use c. for
circa e.g. (c.1986)
¨¨ If you viewed the art in a gallery/collection/museum
¨¨ Title of composition in italics, or a description if more appropriate
¨¨ In square brackets provide details of the format, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Location, followed by a colon
¨¨ Gallery/collection/museum, followed by a full stop

¨¨ If you viewed the art online

¨¨ Title of composition in italics, or a description if more appropriate, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Location, followed by a colon
¨¨ Gallery/collection/museum, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the web address
¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and the date you accessed the art, followed by a full stop
2 Art

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Art in books
In-text citation
(Rodchenko, 1936, 107)

Reference list
Rodchenko, A. (1936) Ready for work and defence. In: W.A. Ewing (ed.) (2000) The century of the
body: 100 photoworks 1900-2000. London: Thames & Hudson, 107.

Checklist:
¨¨ Artist (surname, initials)
¨¨ Year of composition in round brackets; if no date is given, put undated in
round brackets
¨¨ Title of the composition
¨¨ In, followed by a colon
¨¨ Editor(s)’ initials followed by their surname(s)
¨¨ In round brackets put ed. (or eds. if more than one editor)
¨¨ Year of publication in round brackets
¨¨ Title (and subtitle if applicable) of the book in italics, followed by a full stop if it is
the first edition or a comma if it is a subsequent edition
¨¨ Edition (only if not the first edition) followed by a full stop
¨¨ Place of publication, followed by a colon
¨¨ Publisher, followed by a comma
¨¨ Page number/range, followed by a full stop
¨¨ If accessed online
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the web address
¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and the date you accessed the book, followed by a full stop

2 Art

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Books
Book with a single author
In-text citation
(Goldacre, 2009) for the whole book
(Goldacre, 2009, 83) when referring to a single page
(Goldacre, 2009, 83-85) when referring to a range of pages

Reference list
Goldacre, B. (2009) Bad science. London: Fourth Estate.

1. Author 2. Year 3. Title 4. Place of publication 5. Publisher

Goldacre, B. (2009) Bad science. London: Fourth Estate.

Checklist:
¨¨ Author (surname, initials)
¨¨ Year of publication in round brackets
¨¨ Title (and subtitle if applicable) of book in italics, followed by a full stop if it is the
first edition or a comma if it is a subsequent edition
¨¨ Edition (only if not the first edition) followed by a full stop
¨¨ Place of publication, followed by a colon
¨¨ Publisher, followed by a full stop

Book with two authors

In-text citation
(Atrill and McLaney, 2015) for the whole book
(Atrill and McLaney, 2015, 30) when referring to a single page
(Atrill and McLaney, 2013, 226-266) when referring to a range of pages

Reference list
Atrill, P. and McLaney, E. (2015) Management accounting for decision makers, 8th edition. Harlow:
Pearson Education.
3 Books

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Checklist:
¨¨ Authors (surnames, initials)
¨¨ Year of publication in round brackets
¨¨ Title (and subtitle if applicable) in italics, followed by a full stop if it is the first
edition or a comma if it is a subsequent edition
¨¨ Edition (only if not the first edition) followed by a full stop
¨¨ Place of publication, followed by a colon
¨¨ Publisher, followed by a full stop

Book with three or more authors

In-text citation
(Alberts et al., 2014) for the whole book
(Alberts et al., 2014, 171) when referring to a single page
(Alberts et al., 2014, 171-195) when referring to a range of pages

Reference list
Alberts, B., Bray, D., Hopkin, K., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K. and Walter, P. (2014)
Essential cell biology, 4th edition. New York, USA: Garland Science.

1. Authors

Alberts, B., Bray, D., Hopkin, K., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M.,
Roberts, K. and Walter, P. (2014) Essential cell biology, 4th edition.
New York, USA: Garland Science.

5. Place of publication 6. Publisher 2. Year 3. Title 4. Edition

Checklist:
¨¨ Authors (surnames, initials)
¨¨ Year of publication in round brackets
¨¨ Title (and subtitle if applicable) in italics, followed by a full stop if it is the first
edition or a comma if it is a subsequent edition
¨¨ Edition (only if not the first edition) followed by a full stop
¨¨ Place of publication, followed by a colon
¨¨ Publisher, followed by a full stop
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Book without a named author

If a book has no author use the title instead.

In-text citation
(A-Z Nottingham: Ilkeston, Long Eaton, West Bridgford, 2004) for the whole book
(A-Z Nottingham: Ilkeston, Long Eaton, West Bridgford, 2004, 44) when referring to a single page
(A-Z Nottingham: Ilkeston, Long Eaton, West Bridgford, 2004, 44-45) when referring to a
range of pages

Reference list
A-Z Nottingham: Ilkeston, Long Eaton, West Bridgford, 5th edition. (2004) Sevenoaks:
Geographers’ A-Z Map Company.

Checklist:
¨¨ Title (and subtitle if applicable) in italics, followed by a full stop if it is the first
edition or a comma if it is a subsequent edition
¨¨ Edition (only if not the first edition) followed by a full stop
¨¨ Year of publication in round brackets
¨¨ Place of publication, followed by a colon
¨¨ Publisher, followed by a full stop

Edited book
In-text citation
(Ewing, 2000) for the whole book
(Ewing, 2000, 13) when referring to a specific page
(Ewing, 2000, 13-28) when referring to a range of pages

Reference list
Ewing, W.A. (ed.) (2000) The century of the body: 100 photoworks 1900-2000.
London: Thames & Hudson.

Checklist:
¨¨ Editor (surname, initials)
¨¨ In round brackets put ed. (or eds. if more than one editor)
¨¨ Year of publication in round brackets
¨¨ Title (and subtitle if applicable) of book in italics, followed by a full stop if it is the
first edition or a comma if it is a subsequent edition
¨¨ Edition (only if not the first edition) followed by a full stop
¨¨ Place of publication, followed by a colon
3 Books

¨¨ Publisher, followed by a full stop

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Chapter in an edited book
In-text citation
(Hannum and Wang, 2012) for the whole chapter
(Hannum and Wang, 2012, 158) when referring to a specific page
(Hannum and Wang, 2012, 158-161) when referring to a range of pages

Reference list
Hannum, E. and Wang, M. (2012) China: a case study in rapid poverty reduction. In: G.H.
Hall and H.A. Patrinos (eds.) Indigenous peoples, poverty and development. New York, USA:
Cambridge University Press, 149-204.

1. Chapter authors 2. Year 3. Title of chapter 7. Title of book

Hannum, E. and Wang, M. (2012) China: a case study in rapid poverty

reduction. In: G.H. Hall and H.A. Patrinos (eds.) Indigenous peoples, poverty
and development. New York, USA: Cambridge University Press, 149-204.

4. In 8. Place of publication 5. Editors 9. Publisher 6. eds. 10. Page range

Checklist:
¨¨ Chapter author (surname, initials)
¨¨ Year of publication in round brackets
¨¨ Title of chapter, followed by a full stop
¨¨ In, followed by a colon
¨¨ Editor(s)’ initials followed by their surname(s)
¨¨ In round brackets put ed. (or eds. if more than one editor)
¨¨ Title (and subtitle if applicable) of book in italics, followed by a full stop if it is the
first edition or a comma if it is a subsequent edition
¨¨ Edition (only if not the first edition) followed by a full stop
¨¨ Place of publication, followed by a colon
¨¨ Publisher, followed by a comma
¨¨ Page range, followed by a full stop
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Introduction to a book
Use this when citing from an introduction, foreword, afterword or preface.

In-text citation
(Byatt, 1983)

Reference list
Byatt, A.S. (1983) Introduction. In: E. Bowen The house in Paris. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Checklist:
¨¨ Introduction author (surname, initials)
¨¨ Year of publication in round brackets
¨¨ Introduction/Foreword/Afterword/Preface, followed by a full stop
¨¨ In, followed by a colon
¨¨ Author(s)’ initials followed by their surname(s)
¨¨ Title (and subtitle if applicable) of book in italics, followed by a full stop if it is the
first edition or a comma if it is a subsequent edition
¨¨ Edition (only if not the first edition) followed by a full stop
¨¨ Place of publication, followed by a colon
¨¨ Publisher, followed by a full stop

Booklet
In-text citation
(Tate Modern, 2013)

Reference list
Tate Modern (2013) The EY exhibition - Paul Klee: making visible. London: Tate Modern.

Checklist:
¨¨ Author (surname, initials)
¨¨ Year of publication in round brackets
¨¨ Title (and subtitle if applicable) in italics, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Place of publication (if known) followed by a colon
¨¨ Publisher (if known) followed by a full stop
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 Books A
3
Ebook with page numbers
In-text citation
(Ubelaker, 2013) for the whole book
(Ubelaker, 2013, 226) when referring to a specific page
(Ubelaker, 2013, 158-161) when referring to a range of pages

Reference list
Ubelaker, D.H. (ed.) (2013) Forensic science: current issues, future directions [ebook]. Chichester:
John Wiley & Sons. Available from https://www-dawsonera-com.proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/
abstract/9781118373873 [accessed 14 May 2015].

Checklist:
¨¨ Author/editor (surname, initials)
¨¨ If the book has an editor, put ed. in round brackets (or eds. if more than one
editor)
¨¨ Year of publication in round brackets
¨¨ Title (and subtitle if applicable) of book in italics
¨¨ In square brackets put ebook, followed by a full stop if it is the first edition or a
comma if it is a subsequent edition
¨¨ Edition (only if not the first edition) followed by a full stop
¨¨ Place of publication, followed by a colon
¨¨ Publisher, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the web address
¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and the date you accessed the ebook, followed
by a full stop

3 Books

18
 3 Referencing Handbook: Harvard

Ebook without page numbers

Ebooks on hand-held readers may not have page numbers but give the percentage/chapter
number/section instead.

In-text citation
(Byrne, 2013) for the whole book
(Byrne, 2013, 48%) when referring to a specific page
(Byrne, 2013, 51-53%) when referring to a range of pages

Reference list
Byrne, D. (2013) How music works [ebook]. Chichester: Canongate Books.

1. Author 2. Year 3. Title 4. ebook 5. Place of publication

Byrne, D. (2013) How music works [ebook]. Chichester:

Canongate Books.

6. Publisher

Checklist:
¨¨ Author/editor (surname, initials)
¨¨ If the book has an editor, put ed. in round brackets (or eds. if more than one
editor)
¨¨ Year of publication in round brackets
¨¨ Title (and subtitle if applicable) in italics
¨¨ In square brackets put ebook, followed by a full stop if it is the first edition or a
comma if it is a subsequent edition
¨¨ Edition (only if not the first edition) followed by a full stop
¨¨ Place of publication (if known), followed by a colon
¨¨ Publisher, followed by a full stop
3 Books

19
 Books A
3

Sacred texts
Your in-text citation should include the name of the book, chapter and verse (or equivalent).

In-text citation
(Holy Bible, Revelation, 1.8)

Reference list
Holy Bible [authorised King James version]. London: Collins Bible.

Checklist:
¨¨ Title in italics
¨¨ In square brackets put the version (if applicable), followed by a full stop
¨¨ Place of publication, followed by a colon
¨¨ Publisher, followed by a full stop

Classical or ancient text - translated

In-text citation
(Virgil, The Aeneid) for the whole text
(Virgil, The Aeneid, 6) when referring to a single book
(Virgil, The Aeneid, 6.268) when referring to a single line in a single book
(Virgil, The Aeneid, 6.268-273) when referring to a range of lines in a single book

Reference list
Virgil, The Aeneid (1990). Translated by D. West. London: Penguin.

Checklist:
¨¨ Author
¨¨ Title (and subtitle if applicable) of book in italics
¨¨ Year of publication of translation in round brackets, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Translated by followed by the translator(s)’ initials and surname(s), followed by a
full stop
¨¨ Place of publication, followed by a colon
¨¨ Publisher, followed by a full stop
Page
3 Books
Title

20
 4 Case studies and
reports
Case study
In-text citation
(Lee et al., 2007) for the whole case study
(Lee et al., 2007, 10) when referring to a specific page
(Lee et al., 2007, 10-12) when referring to a range of pages

Reference list
Lee, H.L., Duda, S., LaShawn, J., Mackwani, Z., Munoz, R. and Volk, D. (2007) Starbucks
Corporation building a sustainable supply chain. Harvard, USA: Harvard Business Publishing.

1. Authors

Lee, H.L., Duda, S., LaShawn, J., Mackwani, Z., Munoz, R. and
Volk, D. (2007) Starbucks Corporation building a sustainable supply
chain. Harvard, USA: Harvard Business Publishing.

2. Year 4. Place of publication 5. Publisher 3. Title

Checklist:
¨¨ Author/editor (surname, initials)
¨¨ If the case study has an editor, put ed. in round brackets (or eds. if more than
one editor)
¨¨ Year of publication in round brackets
¨¨ Title (and subtitle if applicable) in italics, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Place of publication, followed by a colon
¨¨ Publisher, followed by a full stop
¨¨ If accessed online
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the web address
4 Case studies and reports

¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and the date you accessed the case study, followed by a full stop

21
 Case studies and reports 4

Report
In-text citation
(Mintel, 2015)

Reference list
Mintel (2015) Online grocery retailing – UK. Mintel. Available from http://academic.mintel.com/
display/733739/ [accessed 23 April 2015].

Checklist:
¨¨ Author (surname, initials)
¨¨ Year of publication in round brackets
¨¨ Title (and subtitle if applicable) in italics, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Place of publication (if known) followed by a colon
¨¨ Publisher (if known) followed by a full stop
¨¨ If accessed online
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the web address
¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and the date you accessed the report, followed by a full stop

4 Case studies and reports

22
 5 Referencing Handbook: Harvard

Conferences
Conference paper
In-text citation
(Baeza-Yates, 2014)

Reference list
Baeza-Yates, R. (2014) The wisdom of ad-hoc crowds. In: Hypertext 2014: 25th ACM conference
on hypertext and social media, Santiago, Chile, 1-4 September New York, USA: ACM, 1-2.
Available from http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2631813&dl=ACM&coll=DL&CFID=516925
482&CFTOKEN=20554523 [accessed 4 June 2015].

1. Author 2. Year 3. Title of paper 4. In 5. Title of

conference

Baeza-Yates, R. (2014) The wisdom of ad-hoc crowds. In: Hypertext

2014: 25th ACM conference on hypertext and social media, Santiago,
Chile, 1-4 September. New York, USA: ACM, 1-2. Available from
http://dl.acm.org/citation.fm?id=2631813&dl=ACM&coll=DL&CFID=
516925482&CFTOKEN=20554523 [accessed 4 June 2015].

6. Place of conference 7. Day(s) and month 8. Place of publication 9. Publisher 10. Page number(s) 11. Web address
of conference
12. Date of access
5 Conferences

23
 Conferences 5
Checklist:
¨¨ Author (surname, initials) ¨¨ Day(s) and month of conference,
followed by a full stop
¨¨ Year of conference in round
brackets ¨¨ Place of publication, followed by
a colon
¨¨ Title (and subtitle if applicable)
followed by a full stop ¨¨ Publisher, followed by a comma
¨¨ In, followed by a colon ¨¨ Page number(s), followed by a
full stop
¨¨ If editor(s) are given,
¨¨ Put their initials followed by their ¨¨ If accessed online
surname(s) ¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the
¨¨ In round brackets put ed. (if it has more web address
than one editor, use eds.) ¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and
the date you accessed the conference
¨¨ Title of the conference in italics, paper, followed by a full stop
followed by a comma
¨¨ Place of conference, followed by a
comma

Conference poster
In-text citation
(Phung et al., 2013)

Reference list
Phung, V., Booth, A., Coster, J., Turner, J., Wilson, R. and Siriwardena, A.N. (2013) Prehospital
outcomes for ambulance service care: systematic review. In: Making an impact: what is new in
emergency prehospital care research?, 27 February, Cardiff.  Available from http://eprints.lincoln.
ac.uk/7805/1/999EMSPhOEBSR2poster.pdf [accessed 27 June 2015].

Checklist:
¨¨ Author (surname, initials) ¨¨ Day and month of conference,
followed by a comma
¨¨ Year of conference in round
brackets ¨¨ Location of conference, followed
by a full stop
¨¨ Title of the poster, followed
by a full stop ¨¨ If accessed online
¨¨ In, followed by a colon ¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the
web address
¨¨ Title (and subtitle if applicable) of ¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and
the conference in italics, followed the date you accessed the poster,
by a comma followed by a full stop
5 Conferences

24
 5 Referencing Handbook: Harvard

Conference presentation
In-text citation
(Jackson, 2015)

Reference list
Jackson, A. (2015) Towards a macroscope for UK web history. In: 10th International Digital
Curation Conference, 9-12 February, London. Available from http://www.dcc.ac.uk/sites/default/
files/documents/IDCC15/Presentations%20Day%201/BOFs/IDCC15-Macroscope-Demo.pdf
[accessed 28 June 2015].

Checklist:
¨¨ Author (surname, initials)
¨¨ Year of conference in round brackets
¨¨ Title of the presentation, followed by a full stop
¨¨ In, followed by a colon
¨¨ Title (and subtitle if applicable) of the conference in italics, followed by a comma
¨¨ Day and month of conference, followed by a comma
¨¨ Location of conference, followed by a full stop
¨¨ If accessed online
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the web address
¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and the date you accessed the presentation,
followed by a full stop
5 Conferences

25
 6
Correspondence
Email
You should get permission from the sender before referring to personal emails in your academic work.

In-text citation
(Clinch, 2015)

Reference list
Clinch, T. (2015) University open day [email]. Sent to M. Spickett, 8 June.

1. Sender 2. Year 3. Subject line 4. Email 5. Sent to, followed by the recipient(s)’ name

Clinch, T. (2015) University open day [email]. Sent to M. Spickett,

8 June.

6. Day and month the email was sent

Checklist:
¨¨ Sender (surname, initials)
¨¨ Year the email was sent in round brackets
¨¨ Subject line or short description, if more appropriate, in italics
¨¨ In square brackets put email, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Sent to, the recipient(s)’ initials, followed by their surname(s)
¨¨ Day and month the email was sent, followed by a full stop 6 Correspondence

26
 6 Referencing Handbook: Harvard

Letter
You should get permission from the sender before referring to unpublished, personal letters in your
academic work.

In-text citation
(Snowley, 2015)

Reference list
Snowley, I. (2015) The library lives [letter]. Sent to Times Higher Education, 18 June. London:
Times Higher Education. Available from https://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/the-library-lives
[accessed 6 July 2015].

Checklist:
¨¨ Sender (surname, initials)
¨¨ Year the letter was sent in round brackets
¨¨ Short description in italics
¨¨ In square brackets put letter, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Sent to, followed by the organisation or personal recipient
¨¨ Day and month the letter was sent, followed by a full stop
¨¨ If the letter is in a collection put location of collection, followed by a colon
¨¨ Name of the collection (if applicable) or publisher, followed by a full stop
¨¨ If accessed online
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the web address
¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and the date you accessed the letter, followed by a full stop
6 Correspondence

27
 Correspondence 6

Mailing list
In-text citation
(Campbell, 2015)

Reference list
Campbell, L. (2015) Using Skype in the HE learning environment [mailing list]. Sent
to LEARNING-IN-HE, 25 February. Available from https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/
webadmin?A2=ind1502&L=LEARNING-IN-HE&F=&S=&P=3330 [accessed 11 June 2015].

Checklist:
¨¨ Sender (surname, initials)
¨¨ Year of post in round brackets
¨¨ Subject line or short description, if more appropriate, in italics
¨¨ In square brackets put mailing list, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Sent to, followed by the mailing list name, followed by a comma
¨¨ Day and month of the post, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the web address
¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and the date you accessed the mailing list,
followed by a full stop

6 Correspondence

28
 7 Diagrams, figures,
images and tables
If you reproduce any diagrams, figures, images or tables you should provide a short description.
Refer to your School’s guidelines as to how this should be laid out.

Short description
Consumer and business marketing channels (Kotler and Armstrong, 2016, 379).

Reference list
Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (2016) Principles of marketing, 16th edition. Harlow: Pearson.

1. Author 2. Year 3. Title

Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (2016) Principles of marketing,

16th edition. Harlow: Pearson.

4. Edition 5. Place of 6. Publisher

publication

Checklist:
¨¨ Author (surname, initials)
¨¨ Year of publication in round brackets
¨¨ Title (and subtitle if applicable) of book in italics, followed by a full stop if it is the
first edition or a comma if it is a subsequent edition
¨¨ Edition (only if not the first edition) followed by a full stop
¨¨ Place of publication, followed by a colon
¨¨ Publisher, followed by a full stop
7 Diagrams, figures, images and tables

¨¨ If accessed online
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the web address
¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and the date you accessed the diagram, followed by a full stop

29
 Film, radio and 8
television
Film
The example below is a film on DVD, change the information in square brackets to the format you
are viewing e.g. download or film for a film viewed at a cinema.

In-text citation
(Lean, 1945)

Reference list
Lean, D. (dir.) (1945) Brief encounter [DVD]. Granada Ventures.

1. Director 2. dir. 3. Year 4. Title 5. DVD 6. Distributor

Lean, D. (dir.) (1945) Brief encounter [DVD]. Granada Ventures.

Checklist:
¨¨ Director (surname, initials)
¨¨ Put dir. (abbreviation for director) in round brackets. If there is more than one
director, put dirs.
¨¨ Year of release in round brackets
¨¨ Title (and subtitle if applicable) in italics
¨¨ In square brackets put DVD/film/download, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Location of distributor (if known), followed by a colon
¨¨ Distributor (if known), followed by a full stop
¨¨ If accessed online
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the web address
¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and the date you accessed the film, followed by a full stop
8 Film, radio and television

30
 A
8 Referencing Handbook: Harvard

Radio or television programme

In-text citation
(David Attenborough meets President Obama, 2015)

Reference list
David Attenborough meets President Obama (2015) [television]. BBC One. 28 June 2015, 22:30.

Checklist:
¨¨ Title of the programme in italics
¨¨ Year of original broadcast in round brackets
¨¨ In square brackets put radio/television, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Broadcast channel, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Day, month and year of transmission, followed by a comma
¨¨ Time of transmission (if relevant), using the 24 hour clock, followed by a full stop

Radio or television series

This includes live radio and television series as well as DVD boxsets or downloads.

In-text citation
(Game of thrones, 2012) for a whole series
(Game of thrones: winter is coming, 2012) when referring to a specific episode

Reference list for a whole series

Game of thrones (2012) [download]. Sky Atlantic, Season 1.

Reference list for an episode

Game of thrones: winter is coming (2012) [download]. Sky Atlantic, Season 1, episode 1.

1. Title 2. Year 3. Download 4. Broadcast channel

Game of thrones: winter is coming (2012) [download]. Sky Atlantic,

Season 1, episode 1.
8 Film, radio and television

5. Season and episode

31
 Film, radio and television 8

Checklist:
¨¨ Title of the programme (and episode title if applicable) in italics
¨¨ Year of first broadcast/publication date in round brackets
¨¨ In square brackets put radio/television/DVD/download, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Broadcast channel (if available) followed by a comma
¨¨ Season/series/episode followed by the number (if applicable) followed by a
full stop
¨¨ If accessed online
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the web address
¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and the date you downloaded the series, followed by a full stop

Recorded programme in an online archive

This is an example from BoB (Box of Broadcasts), which is available from http://guides.library.
lincoln.ac.uk/databases

In-text citation
(Women’s World Cup quarter-final: England v Canada, 2015)

Reference list
Women’s World Cup quarter-final: England v Canada (2015) [television]. BBC One. 27 June,
00:05. Available from http://bobnational.net/record/302674 [accessed 30 June 2015].

Checklist:
¨¨ Title of the programme (and episode title if applicable) in italics
¨¨ Year of first broadcast in round brackets
¨¨ In square brackets put radio/television, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Season/series/episode followed by the number (if applicable) followed by a full stop
¨¨ Broadcast channel, followed by a full stop
8 Film, radio and television

¨¨ Day and month of transmission, followed by a comma

¨¨ Time of transmission (if relevant) using the 24 hour clock, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the web address
¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and the date you accessed the programme,
followed by a full stop

32
 9 Referencing Handbook: Harvard

Interviews
Interview on radio or television
This example focuses on the person being interviewed. If you want to reference the television
programme, follow the checklist for a radio/television programme.

In-text citation
(Sturgeon, 2015)

Reference list
Sturgeon, N. (2015) Interviewed by E. Davies. The leader interviews. BBC One, 27 April.

1. Interviewee(s) 2. Year 3. Interviewed by, followed by the interviewer 4. Programme name

Sturgeon, N. (2015) Interviewed by E. Davies. The leader interviews.

BBC One, 27 April.

5. Broadcast channel 6. Day and month

Checklist:
¨¨ Interviewee (surname, initials)
¨¨ Year of interview in round brackets
¨¨ Interviewed by, followed by the interviewer’s initials, their surname, followed by a
full stop
¨¨ Programme name in italics, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Broadcast channel, followed by a comma
¨¨ Day and month of the interview, followed by a full stop
¨¨ If accessed online
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the web address
¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and the date you accessed the interview, followed by a full stop
9 Interviews

33
 Interviews 9

Personal interview
You should get permission from the interviewee/interviewer before referring to a personal interview
in your academic work.

In-text citation
(Clinch, 2015)

Reference list
Clinch, M. (2015) The art of referencing. Interviewed by T. Spickett, 4 June.

Checklist:
¨¨ Interviewee (surname, initials)
¨¨ Year of interview in round brackets
¨¨ Short description of the interview in italics, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Interviewed by, the interviewer’s initials, their surname, followed by a comma
¨¨ Day and month of the interview, followed by a full stop

9 Interviews

34
10 Referencing Handbook: Harvard

Journals
Print journal article with a volume number
In-text citation
(Seymour, 2015) for the whole article
(Seymour, 2015, 275) when referring to a single page
(Seymour, 2015, 275-277) when referring to a range of pages

Reference list
Seymour, K. (2015) Politics and positionality: engaging with maps of meaning. Social Work
Education: an International Journal, 34(3) 275-285.

1. Author 2. Year 3. Title of the article

Seymour, K. (2015) Politics and positionality: engaging with maps

of meaning. Social Work Education: an International Journal, 34(3)
275-285.

6. Page range 4. Title of the journal 5. Volume and issue number

Checklist:
¨¨ Author (surname, initials)
¨¨ Year of publication in round brackets
¨¨ Title (and subtitle if applicable) of the article, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Title of the journal in italics, followed by a comma
¨¨ Volume number, followed by a comma only if there is no part/issue/month/season
¨¨ If there is also a part/issue/month/season, put this information in round brackets
¨¨ Page range of the whole article, followed by a full stop
10 Journals

35
 Journals 10
Print journal article without a volume number
In-text citation
(Griggs, 2014) for the whole article
(Griggs, 2014, 82) when referring to a single page
(Griggs, 2014, 82-84) when referring to a range of pages

Reference list
Griggs, M. (2014) Set up a scene with Cineware. 3D World, (179) March, 80-85.

Checklist:
¨¨ Author (surname, initials)
¨¨ Year of publication in round brackets
¨¨ Title (and subtitle if applicable) of the article, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Title of the journal in italics, followed by a comma
¨¨ Put the part/issue in round brackets
¨¨ Include the month/season (if applicable) followed by a comma
¨¨ Page range of the whole article, followed by a full stop

10 Journals

36
10 Referencing Handbook: Harvard

Online journal article with a single author

In-text citation
(Davies, 2014) for the whole article
(Davies, 2014, 300) when referring to a single page
(Davies, 2014, 300-302) when referring to a range of pages
Reference list
Davies, P.A. (2014) Green crime and victimization: tensions between social and environmental
justice. Theoretical Criminology, 18(3) 300-316. Available from http://proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/
login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=98396931&site=eds-
live&scope=site [accessed 26 June 2015].

1. Author 2. Year 3. Title of the article 4. Title of the journal

Davies, P.A. (2014) Green crime and victimization: tensions between

social and environmental justice. Theoretical Criminology,18(3) 300-
316. Available from http://proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/login?url=http://
search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=98396
931&site=eds-live&scope=site [accessed 26 June 2015].
6. Page range 7. Web address 8. Date of access 5. Volume and issue number

Checklist:
¨¨ Author (surname, initials)
¨¨ Year of publication in round brackets
¨¨ Title (and subtitle if applicable) of the article, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Title of the journal in italics, followed by a comma
¨¨ Volume number, followed by a comma only if there is no part/issue/month/season
¨¨ If there is a part/issue/month/season, put this in round brackets
¨¨ Page range of the whole article, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the web address
¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and the date you accessed the journal article,
followed by a full stop
10 Journals

37
 Journals
10
Online journal article with two authors
In-text citation
(Pattie and Johnston, 2012) for the whole article
(Pattie and Johnston, 2012, 55) when referring to a single page
(Pattie and Johnston, 2012, 55-60) when referring to a range of pages

Reference list
Pattie, C. and Johnston, R. (2012) The growing efficacy of telephone political canvassing at the
2005 and 2010 British general elections. International Journal of Market Research, 54(1) 49-70.
Available from http://proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?d
irect=true&db=bth&AN=70466750&site=ehost-live [accessed 4 June 2015].

1. Authors 2. Year 3. Title of the article

Pattie, C. and Johnston, R. (2012) The growing efficacy of telephone

political canvassing at the 2005 and 2010 British general elections.
International Journal of Market Research, 54(1) 49-70. Available from
http://proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.
com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=70466750&site=ehost-live
[accessed 4 June 2015].
8. Date of access 4. Title of the journal 5. Volume and issue number 6. Page range

7. Web address

Checklist:
¨¨ Authors (surnames, initials)
¨¨ Year of publication in round brackets
¨¨ Title (and subtitle if applicable) of the article, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Title of the journal in italics, followed by a comma
¨¨ Volume number, followed by a comma only if there is no part/issue/month/season
¨¨ If there is a part/issue/month/season, put this in round brackets
¨¨ Page range of the whole article, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the web address
¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and the date you accessed the journal article,
10 Journals

followed by a full stop

38
10 Referencing Handbook: Harvard

Online journal article with three or more authors

In-text citation
(Toomey et al., 2015) for the whole article
(Toomey et al., 2015, 303) when referring to a single page
(Toomey et al., 2015, 303-304) when referring to a range of pages

Reference list
Toomey, R., Panizzon, M.S., Kremen, W.S., Franz, C.E. and Lyons, M.J. (2015) A twin-study of
genetic contributions to morningness-eveningness and depression. Chronobiology International,
32(3) 303-309. Available from http://proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.
com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2015-13377-001&site=eds-live&scope=site [accessed
26 June 2015].

Checklist:
¨¨ Authors (surnames, initials)
¨¨ Year of publication in round brackets
¨¨ Title (and subtitle if applicable) of the article, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Title of the journal in italics, followed by a comma
¨¨ Volume number, followed by a comma only if there is no part/issue/month/season
¨¨ If there is a part/issue/month/season, put this in round brackets
¨¨ Page range of the whole article, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the web address
¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and the date you accessed the journal article,
followed by a full stop
10 Journals

39
 Journals
10
Pre-print
You may find articles in a repository or on a publisher’s website, which have been made available
online before they have been submitted for peer review or published in a journal.

In-text citation
(Peters et al., 2015)

Reference list
Peters, J.R., Surana, A. and Bertuccelli, L. (2015) Eye-tracking metrics for task-based supervisory
control [pre-print]. Available from http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1506/1506.01976.pdf [accessed
9 June 2015].

Checklist:
¨¨ Author (surname, initials)
¨¨ Year of submission in round brackets
¨¨ Title (and subtitle if applicable) of the article
¨¨ In square brackets put pre-print, followed by a full stop
¨¨ If the title of the journal is available put Submitted to, followed by the journal title in
italics, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the web address
¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and the date you accessed the pre-print, followed
by a full stop

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Post-print and in press

These articles are peer reviewed and have been accepted for publication but have not been
assigned a volume/issue number. Publishers will often assign a DOI (digital object identifier) to
uniquely identify the record.

In-text citation
(Harris et al., 2015)

Reference list
Harris, M., Albers, E. and Swan, T. (2015) The promise of treatment as prevention for hepatitis
C: meeting the needs of people who inject drugs? [in press]. International Journal of Drug Policy.
Available from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.05.005 [accessed 25 June 2015].

Checklist:
¨¨ Author (surname, initials)
¨¨ Year of submission in round brackets
¨¨ Title (and subtitle if applicable) of the article
¨¨ In square brackets put post-print/in press, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Title of the journal in italics, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the web address/DOI
¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and date you accessed the article, followed
by a full stop
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Law
Cases (Law Reports)
You should include the party names, year and information about where the case has been heard in
your reference list; this information will be at the top of the law report/transcript.

In-text citation
(Giggs v News Group Newspapers Ltd, 2012) for the whole case
(Giggs v News Group Newspapers Ltd, 2012, para 5) when referring to a specific paragraph
(Giggs v News Group Newspapers Ltd, 2012, 117-118) when referring to a range of pages

Reference list
Giggs v News Group Newspapers Ltd [2012] EWHC 431 (QB).

1. Party names 2. Year 3. Abbreviation 4. Case 5. Division

of the court number

Giggs v News Group Newspapers Ltd [2012] EWHC 431 (QB).

Checklist:
¨¨ Party names (separated by a v) in italics
¨¨ Year the case was heard (in round or square brackets – follow the style given in
the Law Report)
¨¨ Volume number (if applicable)
¨¨ Abbreviation of Law Report series or court where the case was heard e.g. EWHC
¨¨ Page number/case number
¨¨ Division (if known) in round brackets e.g. QB, followed by a full stop
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Unreported Cases
Unreported cases are judicial decisions that have not been published in any Law Report series.

In-text citation
(Edginton v Sekhon, 2015)

Reference list
Edginton v Sekhon (2015) [unreported] Court of Appeal (Civil Division), 23 June.

Checklist:
¨¨ Party names (separated by a v) in italics
¨¨ Year the case was heard in round brackets
¨¨ In square brackets put unreported
¨¨ The court where the case was heard, followed by a comma
¨¨ Day and month the case was heard followed by a full stop
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Lectures and seminars
In-text citation
(Ortega, 2014)

Reference list
Ortega, M. (2014) Use of CASP tools in critical analysis [lecture]. Independent Study
NUR3021M-1415, University of Lincoln, 2 October. Available from https://blackboard.lincoln.
ac.uk/webapps/blackboard/content/listContentEditable.jsp?content_id=_863481_1&course_
id=_79737_1&mode=reset [accessed 29 June 2015].

1. Lecturer 2. Year 3. Title 4. lecture

Ortega, M. (2014) Use of CASP tools in critical analysis [lecture].

Independent Study NUR3021M-1415, University of Lincoln,
2 October. Available from https://blackboard.lincoln.ac.uk/
webapps/blackboard/content/listContentEditable.jsp?content_
id=_863481_1&course_id=_79737_1&mode=reset [accessed 29
June 2015].
7. Day and month 5. Module title and code 6. Education institution 8. Web address 9. Date of access

Checklist:
¨¨ Lecturer (surname, initials)
¨¨ Year the lecture/seminar was presented in round brackets
¨¨ Title or short description of the lecture/seminar in italics
¨¨ In square brackets put lecture/seminar, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Module title and code, followed by a comma
¨¨ Education institution, followed by a comma
¨¨ Day and month of lecture/seminar (if known), followed by a full stop
12 Lectures and seminars

¨¨ If accessed online
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by web address
¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and the date you accessed the lecture/seminar,
followed by a full stop

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Live performance
In-text citation
(Coward, 2015)

Reference list
Coward, N. (2015) Private lives [live performance]. Performed by The Lincoln Company. Louth:
Louth Playgoers Riverhead Theatre, 16 February.

1. Writer’s name 2. Year 3. Title 4. live performance 5. Performed by, followed by the
name of the performer

Coward, N. (2015) Private lives [live performance]. Performed by

The Lincoln Company. Louth: Louth Playgoers Riverhead Theatre,
16 February.

8. Day and month 6. Place of 7. Venue of the

performance performance

Checklist:
¨¨ Artist/composer/choreographer/writer(s)’ name. If the performer uses a stage
name, give the name in full e.g. Florence and The Machine or Jess Glynne.
Otherwise, use the standard format e.g. Wagner, R.
¨¨ Year of performance in round brackets
¨¨ Title of the performance, or short description, if more appropriate, in italics
¨¨ In square brackets put live performance, followed by a full stop
¨¨ For dance and dramatic performances, put Performed by, followed by the name
of the performer, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Place of performance followed by a colon
¨¨ Venue of the performance followed by a comma
¨¨ Day and month of the performance, followed by a full stop
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Maps
In-text citation
(Google, 2015)

Reference list
Google (2015) University of Lincoln [map]. Available from https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/
University+of+Lincoln/@53.2283446,-0.5496785,16zdata=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x48785b27c23
b160d:0xd4016d4c2c43e9ae [accessed 25 June 2015].

1. Cartographer 2. Year 3. Title 4. map 5. Web address

Google (2015) University of Lincoln [map]. Available from https://www.

google.co.uk/maps/place/University+of+Lincoln/@53.2283446,
-0.5496785,16z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x48785b27c23b160d:
0xd4016d4c2c43e9ae [accessed 25 June 2015].
6. Date of access

Checklist:
¨¨ Cartographer (corporate or personal)
¨¨ Year of publication in round brackets
¨¨ Title of map in italics
¨¨ In square brackets put map, followed by a full stop
¨¨ If it is a print map
¨¨ Series (if applicable) followed by a comma
¨¨ Sheet number (if applicable) followed by a comma
¨¨ Scale, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Place of publication, followed by a colon
¨¨ Publisher, followed by a full stop

¨¨ If accessed online
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the web address
¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and the date you accessed the map, followed by a full stop
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Music
Contemporary track
In-text citation
(Jess Glynne, 2015)

Reference list
Jess Glynne (2015) Why me [download]. 3 mins. 31 secs. I cry when I laugh. London:
Atlantic Records. Available from http://www.amazon.co.uk/Why-Me/dp/B00XDD4WC8/ref=sr_1_1
?s=music&ie=UTF8&qid=1434981993&sr=8-1&keywords=jess+glynne+why+me [accessed
22 June 2015].

1. Artist 2. Year 3. Title of track 4. download 5. Length of track 6. Title of album

Jess Glynne (2015) Why me [download]. 3 mins. 31 secs. I cry

when I laugh. London: Atlantic Records. Available from http://www.
amazon.co.uk/Why-Me/dp/B00XDD4WC8/ref=sr_1_1?s=music&ie
=UTF8&qid=1434981993&sr=8-1&keywords=jess+glynne+why+me
[accessed 22 June 2015].
10. Date of access 7. Place of production 8. Record label 9. Web address

Checklist:
¨¨ Artist(s)’ stage name
¨¨ Year of release in round brackets
¨¨ Title of track (in italics only if it is not from an album)
¨¨ In square brackets put CD/download, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Length of track in minutes and seconds (if available) followed by a full stop
¨¨ Title of album (if applicable) in italics, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Place of production (if known), followed by a colon
¨¨ Record label, followed by a full stop
¨¨ If accessed online
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the web address
¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and the date you accessed the music track, followed by a full stop
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Contemporary album
In-text citation
(Florence and The Machine, 2015)

Reference list
Florence and The Machine (2015) How big, how blue, how beautiful [download]. London: Island
Records. Available from https://itun.es/gb/q-CF5 [accessed 25 June 2015].

Checklist:
¨¨ Artist(s)’ stage name ¨¨ Record label, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Year of release in round brackets ¨¨ If accessed online
¨¨ Title of album in italics ¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the
web address
¨¨ In square brackets put CD/ ¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and
download, followed by a full stop the date you accessed the album,
followed by a full stop
¨¨ Place of production (if known),
followed by a colon

Classical track
In-text citation
(Mozart, 1989)

Reference list
Mozart, W.A. (1989) Benedictus [CD]. 5 mins. 14 secs. Requiem. Deutsche Grammophon.

Checklist:
¨¨ Composer (surname, initials) ¨¨ If the performer is significant put
Performed by, followed by the
¨¨ Year of release in round brackets
performer(s)’ name (first initial,
¨¨ Title of track a full stop and their surname)
followed by a full stop
¨¨ In square brackets put CD/
download, followed by a full stop ¨¨ Place of production (if known),
followed by a colon
¨¨ Length of track in minutes and
seconds (if available) followed by a ¨¨ Record label, followed by a full stop
full stop
¨¨ If accessed online
¨¨ Title of album (if applicable) in ¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the
italics, followed by a full stop web address
¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and
the date you accessed the music track,
followed by a full stop
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Classical album
In-text citation
(Wagner, 1966)

Reference list
Wagner, R. (1966) Tristan und Isolde [CD]. Conducted by K. Böhm. Hamburg, Germany: Polydor.

1. Composer 2. Year 3. Title 4. CD 5. Conducted by, followed by the

conductor's name

Wagner, R. (1966) Tristan und Isolde [CD]. Conducted by K. Böhm.

Hamburg, Germany: Polydor.

6. Place of production 7. Record label

Checklist:
¨¨ Composer (surname, initials)
¨¨ Year of release in round brackets
¨¨ Title of album in italics
¨¨ In square brackets put CD/download, followed by a full stop
¨¨ If the performer/composer is significant put Performed/Conducted by, followed
by the performer/conductor's name (first initial, a full stop and their surname)
followed by a full stop
¨¨ Place of production (if known), followed by a colon
¨¨ Record label, followed by a full stop
¨¨ If accessed online
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the web address
¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and the date you accessed the album, followed by a full stop
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Score
In-text citation
(Berlin, 1994)

Reference list
Berlin, I. (1994) There’s no business like show business [score]. In: The Irving Berlin anthology.
Milwaukee, USA: The Irving Berlin Music Company, 236-241.

Checklist:
¨¨ Composer (surname, initials)
¨¨ Year of publication in round brackets
¨¨ Title (and subtitle if applicable) of score (in italics only if it is a single score)
¨¨ In square brackets put score followed by a full stop
¨¨ If part of a collection
¨¨ Put In, followed by a colon
¨¨ Title of the collection in italics, followed by a full stop

¨¨ Place of publication (if available)

¨¨ Publisher, followed by a comma
¨¨ Page range (if available) followed by a full stop

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Newspapers
Online
In-text citation
(Pakey, 2015)

Reference list
Pakey, J. (2015) Sir Bradley Wiggins team tweets line-up for National Championships Time Trial
at Cadwell Park. Lincolnshire Echo, 22 June. Available from http://www.lincolnshireecho.co.uk/
Sir-Bradley-Wiggins-team-tweets-line-National/story-26742932-detail/story.html [accessed 22
June 2015].

1. Journalist 2. Year 3. Headline

Pakey, J. (2015) Sir Bradley Wiggins team tweets line-up for National
Championships Time Trial at Cadwell Park. Lincolnshire Echo, 22
June. Available from http://www.lincolnshireecho.co.uk/Sir-Bradley-
Wiggins-team-tweets-line-National/story-26742932-detail/story.html
[accessed 22 June 2015].

7. Date of access 6. Web address 4. Title of newspaper 5. Day and month

Checklist:
¨¨ Journalist (surname, initials)
¨¨ Year of publication in round brackets
¨¨ Headline of the article, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Title of the newspaper in italics, followed by a comma
¨¨ Day and month of publication, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the web address
¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and the date you accessed the article, followed
by a full stop
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Print
In-text citation
(Ratcliffe, 2015) for the whole article
(Ratcliffe, 2015, 6) when referring to a specific page
(Ratcliffe, 2015, 6-9) when referring to a range of pages

Reference list
Ratcliffe, R. (2015) 39 people taken to hospital after chemical leak in holiday park pool. The
Guardian, 22 June, 6.

Checklist:
¨¨ Journalist (surname, initials)
¨¨ Year of publication in round brackets
¨¨ Headline of the article, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Title of the newspaper in italics, followed by a comma
¨¨ Day and month of publication, followed by a comma
¨¨ Page number (or page range) of the article, followed by a full stop

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Official publications
Act of Parliament (Statute)
In-text citations for Acts of Parliament are slightly different from other publications because the year
is part of the title of the Act and therefore should be in italics.

In-text citation
(Modern Slavery Act 2015) for the whole Act
(Modern Slavery Act 2015, s.3) when referring to a specific section
(Modern Slavery Act 2015, s.3(4)) when referring to a specific subsection

Reference list
Modern Slavery Act 2015 (c.30). London: TSO. http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2015/30/
contents/enacted [accessed 15 June 2015].

1. Title of the Act 2. c. and the chapter number 3. Place of publication 4. Publisher 5. Web address

Modern Slavery Act 2015 (c.30). London: TSO. Available from http://
www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2015/30/contents/enacted [accessed
15 June 2015].

6. Date of access

Checklist:
¨¨ Title of the Act, including the year, in italics
¨¨ In round brackets put c. (the abbreviation for chapter) and the chapter number,
followed by a full stop
¨¨ Place of publication, followed by a colon
¨¨ Publisher, followed by a full stop
¨¨ If accessed online
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the web address
17 Official publications

¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and the date you accessed the Act, followed by a full stop

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Statutory Instrument (SI)
Statutory Instruments, also known as SIs, are a form of legislation which allow Acts of Parliament
to be altered without a new Act having to be passed.
In-text citations for SIs are slightly different from other publications because the year is part of the
title of the SI and therefore should be in italics.

In-text citation
(The Child Trust Funds (Amendment No.3) Regulations 2015)
Reference list
The Child Trust Funds (Amendment No.3) Regulations 2015, SI 2015/1371. London: TSO. Available
from http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2015/1371/contents/made [accessed 6 July 2015].

Checklist:
¨¨ Title of the SI, including the year, in ¨¨ Publisher, followed by a full stop
italics, followed by a comma ¨¨ If accessed online
¨¨ SI, followed by the year of ¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the
enactment, a forward slash, then web address
the SI number and a full stop ¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and
the date you accessed the SI, followed
¨¨ Place of publication, followed by a by a full stop
colon

Bill before Parliament

A Bill is a proposal for a new law, or a proposal to change an existing law, presented for debate
before Parliament.
In-text citation
(Access to Palliative Care Bill, 2015-16)

Reference list
Access to Palliative Care Bill. [HL] Bill 13, 2015-16. London: TSO. Available from http://services.
parliament.uk/bills/2015-16/accesstopalliativecare.html [accessed 26 June 2015].

Checklist:
¨¨ Title of the Bill in italics followed ¨¨ The Parliamentary session,
by a full stop followed by a full stop
¨¨ In square brackets put the ¨¨ Place of publication, followed by a
abbreviation of the House it was colon
17 Official publications

heard in e.g. HC for House of

¨¨ Publisher, followed by a full stop
Commons or HL for House of Lords
¨¨ If accessed online
¨¨ Bill followed by the number,
followed by a comma. You can find ¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the
web address
the Bill number by going to the
PDF version ¨¨ In square brackets put accessed
and the date you accessed the Bill,
followed by a full stop

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Green, White and Command Papers

When considering introducing a new law, the UK Government will produce a discussion document
called a Green Paper. White papers set out the details of the Government’s future policy on a
particular topic and will often be the basis for a Bill before Parliament. Command Papers are the
collective name given to different types of papers prepared by the Government and presented to
Parliament with the words "presented to Parliament by command of His/Her Majesty”.

In-text citation
(Home Office, 2014) for the whole paper
(Home Office, 2014, 21) when referring to a specific page
(Home Office, 2014, 21-22) when referring to a range of pages

Reference list
Home Office (2014) Improving police integrity: reforming the police complaints and disciplinary
systems. CM8976. London: HMSO. Available from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/
system/uploads/attachment_data/file/385896/45363_Cm_8976_Accessible.pdf [accessed 16
June 2015].

1. Department 2. Year 3. Title

Home Office (2014) Improving police integrity: reforming the police

complaints and disciplinary systems. CM8976. London: HMSO.
Available from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/
uploads/attachment_data/file/385896/45363_Cm_8976_Accessible.
pdf [accessed 16 June 2015].

7. Web address 8. Date of access 4. Paper number 5. Place of publication 6. Publisher

Checklist:
¨¨ Department/committee’s name
¨¨ Year of publication in round brackets
¨¨ Title (and subtitle if applicable) of paper in italics, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Paper number, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Place of publication, followed by a colon
17 Official publications

¨¨ Publisher, followed by a full stop

¨¨ If accessed online
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the web address
¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and the date you accessed the paper, followed by a full stop

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17
Hansard
Hansard is the official report of all UK Parliamentary proceedings and is published daily.

In-text citation
(Hansard: House of Commons, 2015)

Reference list
Hansard: House of Commons (2015) Lincolnshire police budget [Hansard]. 5 January, 2014-15,
c15. Available from http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmhansrd/cm150105/
debtext/150105-0001.htm#15010515000022 [accessed 26 June 2015].

Checklist:
¨¨ Hansard, a colon, then House of Commons/House of Lords
¨¨ Year of debate in round brackets
¨¨ Subject of debate/statement/answer in italics
¨¨ In square brackets put Hansard, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Day and month followed by a comma
¨¨ Parliamentary session followed by a comma
¨¨ Volume number (if known), followed by a comma
¨¨ Put c (abbreviation for column – if more that one column use cc) followed by the
column number, then a full stop
¨¨ If accessed online
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the web address
¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and the date you accessed Hansard, followed by a full stop

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EU decisions, directives and regulations

In-text citation
(Council of the European Communities, 1992) for the whole text
(Council of the European Communities, 1992, 4) when referring to a specific page
(Council of the European Communities, 1992, 4-6) when referring to a range of pages
Reference list
Council of the European Communities (1992) Council Regulation (EEC) No. 2081/92 of 14 July
1992 on the protection of geographical indications and designations of origin for agricultural
products and foodstuffs. Official Journal, L208, 1-8. Available from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-
content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:31992R2081&from=EN [accessed 26 June 2015].

Checklist:
¨¨ Author ¨¨ Page range followed by a full stop
¨¨ Year of publication in round brackets ¨¨ Document reference (if available)
¨¨ Full title including the type of in round brackets followed by a
document (e.g. Commission full stop
Decision, Council Regulation), ¨¨ If accessed online
followed by a full stop ¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the
web address
¨¨ Official Journal in italics followed
¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and
by a comma the date you accessed it, followed by a
¨¨ Official Journal series, followed by full stop
a comma

Treaties
In-text citation
(United Nations, 1998)
Reference list
United Nations (1998) Kyoto protocol to the United Nations framework convention on climate
change. Available from http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf [accessed 17 June 2015].

Checklist:
¨¨ Treaty author ¨¨ The day and month the treaty was
17 Official publications

¨¨ Year of publication in round brackets signed (if available) followed by a

full stop
¨¨ Full title in italics, followed by a full
stop ¨¨ If accessed online
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the
¨¨ Unique identifiers, such as a web address
document number (if available) in ¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and
round brackets the date you accessed the treaty,
followed by a full stop

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Social media
Blog and vlog
In-text citation
(Danisnotonfire, 2014)

Reference list
Danisnotonfire (2014) A tour of Dan’s brain [vlog]. 6 December. Available from: https://www.
youtube.com/watch?v=1PtLqawgsas [accessed 28 June 2015].

1. Contributor 2. Year 3. Title 4. vlog 5. Day and month

Danisnotonfire (2014) A tour of Dan’s brain [vlog]. 6 December.

Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1PtLqawgsas
[accessed 28 June 2015].

7. Date of access 6. Web address

Checklist:
¨¨ Contributor(s)
¨¨ Year of publication in round brackets
¨¨ Title or short description of the blog entry in italics
¨¨ In square brackets put blog/vlog, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Day and month of entry, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the web address
¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and the date you accessed the blog entry,
followed by a full stop
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Facebook
In-text citation
(United Nations, 2015)

Reference list
United Nations (2015) In portraits: participants at annual meeting of indigenous persons at UN
headquarters in New York [Facebook]. 10 May. Available from https://www.facebook.com/
unitednations [accessed 12 May 2015].

Checklist:
¨¨ Contributor(s)
¨¨ Year of post in round brackets
¨¨ Short description of post in italics
¨¨ In square brackets put Facebook, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Day and month of post, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the web address
¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and the date you accessed the Facebook post,
followed by a full stop

Image sharing website

In-text citation
(Lincoln School of Fine and Performing Arts, 2015)

Reference list
Lincoln School of Fine and Performing Arts (2015) Can we high five? [image]. Available from
https://www.flickr.com/photos/61839232@N02/17424110232/ [accessed 29 June 2015].

Checklist:
¨¨ Contributor(s)
¨¨ Year the image was taken or uploaded in round brackets
¨¨ Give a short description of the image in italics
¨¨ In square brackets put image, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the web address
¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and the date you accessed the image, followed
by a full stop
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Podcast, vidcast and vodcast
The example below is a podcast, change the information in square brackets to the format
you are citing.

In-text citation
(BBC Radio 4, 2015)

Reference list
BBC Radio 4 (2015) The California gold rush [podcast]. 2 April. Available from http://www.bbc.
co.uk/podcasts/series/iot/all [accessed 27 April 2015].

Checklist:
¨¨ Contributor(s)
¨¨ Year of broadcast in round brackets
¨¨ Title in italics
¨¨ In square brackets put podcast/vidcast/vodcast, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Day and month of release, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the web address
¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and the date you accessed the podcast/vidcast/
vodcast, followed by a full stop

Twitter
In-text citation
(Lush Cosmetics, 2015)

Reference list
Lush Cosmetics (2015) Avoid products containing plastic microbeads [Twitter]. 17June.
Available from https://twitter.com/lushcosmetics [accessed 29 June 2015].

Checklist:
¨¨ Contributor(s)
¨¨ Year of tweet in round brackets
¨¨ Short description of tweet in italics
¨¨ In square brackets put Twitter, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Day and month of tweet, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the web address
18 Social media

¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and the date you accessed the tweet,
followed by a full stop

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Video sharing website

In-text citation
(University of Lincoln, 2015)

Reference list
University of Lincoln (2015) Visiting lecturer: Jason Bradbury [video]. Available from https://www.
youtube.com/watch?v=zezHyLr5iEw [accessed 29 June 2015].

1. Contributor(s) 2. Year 3. Video title 4. video

University of Lincoln (2015) Visiting lecturer: Jason Bradbury [video].

Available from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zezHyLr5iEw
[accessed 29 June 2015].

5. Web address 6. Date of access

Checklist:
¨¨ Contributor(s)
¨¨ Year of upload in round brackets
¨¨ Video title (and subtitle if applicable) in italics
¨¨ In square brackets put video, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the web address
¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and the date you accessed the video,
followed by a full stop
18 Social media

61
 19
Software
The example below is for an online game, change the information in square brackets to the type of
software that you are citing.

In-text citation
(Jagex Games Studio, 2013)

Reference list
Jagex Games Studio (2013) Runescape [game]. Cambridge: Jagex Games Studio. Available from
https://www.runescape.com/game [accessed 28 June 2015].

1. Developer 2. Year 3. Title 4. game 5. Place of publication

Jagex Games Studio (2013) Runescape [game]. Cambridge: Jagex

Games Studio. Available from https://www.runescape.com/game
[accessed 28 June 2015].
6. Publisher 8. Date of access 7. Web address

Checklist:
¨¨ Developer/designer
¨¨ Year of publication/update in round brackets
¨¨ Title (and subtitle if applicable) in italics
¨¨ In square brackets put app/game/software, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Version followed by the number (if available), followed by a full stop
¨¨ Place of publication (if available) followed by a colon
¨¨ Publisher, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the web address
¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and the date you accessed the software,
followed by a full stop
19 Software

62
20 Referencing Handbook: Harvard

Standards and patents

British Standard
In-text citation
(British Standards Institution, 2015) for the whole standard
(British Standards Institution, 2015, 8 ) when referring to a specific page
(British Standards Institution, 2015, 8-9 ) when referring to a range of pages

Reference list
British Standards Institution (2015) Biodiversity: guidance for businesses on managing the risks
and opportunities. BS 8583:2015. London: BSI Standards. Available from https://bsol.bsigroup.
com/Search/Search?searchKey=BS+8583%3A2015+&OriginPage=Home+page+search
[accessed 1 June 2015].

1. Corporate author 2. Year of publication 3. Title

British Standards Institution (2015) Biodiversity: guidance for

businesses on managing the risks and opportunities. BS 8583:2015.
London: BSI Standards. Available from https://bsol.bsigroup.com
/Search/Search?searchKey=BS+8583%3A2015+&OriginPage=
Home+page+search [accessed 1 June 2015].
5. Place of publication 6. Publisher 8. Date of access 7. Web address 4. Standard
number

Checklist:
¨¨ Corporate author (either in full or abbreviated)
¨¨ Year of publication in round brackets
¨¨ Title (and subtitle if applicable) in italics, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Standard number followed by a full stop
¨¨ Place of publication, followed by a colon
20 Standards and patents

¨¨ Publisher, followed by a full stop

¨¨ If accessed online
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the web address
¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and the date you accessed the standard, followed by a full stop

63
 Standards and patents
20
Draft Standard
In-text citation
(British Standards Institution, 2015)

Reference list
British Standards Institution (2015) Conservation of cultural heritage: guidelines for improving
energy performance in historic buildings. Draft BS EN 16883. London: BSI Standards. Available
from https://bsol.bsigroup.com/Bibliographic/BibliographicInfoData/000000000030322689
[accessed 26 June 2015].

Checklist:
¨¨ Corporate author (either in full or ¨¨ Place of publication, followed by a
abbreviated) colon
¨¨ Year of publication in round ¨¨ Publisher, followed by a full stop
brackets
¨¨ If accessed online
¨¨ Title (and subtitle if applicable) in ¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the
italics, followed by a full stop web address

¨¨ Draft followed by the standard ¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and

the date you accessed the standard,
number, followed by a full stop followed by a full stop

International Standard
In-text citation
(ISO and IEC, 2015) for the whole standard
(ISO and IEC, 2015, 11) when referring to a specific page
(ISO and IEC, 2015, 11-15) when referring to a range of pages

Reference list
ISO and IEC (2015) Information technology: process assessment – concepts and terminology.
ISO/IEC 33001:2015. Geneva, Switzerland: ISO. Available from http://www.iso.org/iso/home/
store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=54175 [accessed 26 June 2015].

Checklist:
¨¨ Corporate author (either in full or ¨¨ Place of publication, followed by
abbreviated) a colon
20 Standards and patents

¨¨ Year of publication in round ¨¨ Publisher, followed by a full stop

brackets
¨¨ If accessed online
¨¨ Title (and subtitle if applicable) in ¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the
italics, followed by a full stop web address

¨¨ Standard number, followed by a ¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and

the date you accessed the standard,
full stop followed by a full stop

64
20
A Referencing Handbook: Harvard

Patent
In-text citation
(Peruzzo, 2015) for the whole patent
(Peruzzo, 2015, 3) when referring to a specific page
(Peruzzo, 2015, 3-5) when referring to a range of pages

Reference list
Peruzzo, M. (2015) Wall-mounted bicycle rack. US20150034573 A1. United States. Available from
http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetailsoriginalDocument?FT=D&date=20150205&DB
=EPODOC&locale=en_EP&CC=US&NR=2015034573A1&KC=A1&ND=4 [accessed 5 May 2015].

Checklist:
¨¨ Inventor (surname, initials)
¨¨ Year of publication in round brackets
¨¨ Title (and subtitle if applicable) in italics, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Patent number (or status if an application is pending) followed by a full stop
¨¨ Place of publication (if available) followed by a colon
¨¨ Publisher (if available) followed by a full stop
¨¨ If accessed online
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the web address
¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and the date you accessed the patent, followed by a full stop
20 Standards and patents

65
 New Media 21
A
Theses and dissertations
In-text citation
(Casey, 2011)

Reference list
Casey, S. (2011) Tagging amongst friends: an exploration of social media exchange on mobile
devices. PhD. University of Lincoln. Available from http://eprints.lincoln.ac.uk/4924/ [accessed
25 June 2015].

1. Author 2. Year 3. Title

Casey, S. (2011) Tagging amongst friends: an exploration of social

media exchange on mobile devices. PhD. University of Lincoln.
Available from http://eprints.lincoln.ac.uk/4924/ [accessed 25
June 2015].

7. Date of access 6. Web address 4. Qualification level 5. Higher education institution

Checklist:
¨¨ Author (surname, initials)
¨¨ Year of submission in round brackets
¨¨ Title (and subtitle if applicable) in italics followed by a full stop
¨¨ Qualification level, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Higher education institution, followed by a full stop
¨¨ If accessed online
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the web address
¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and the date you accessed the dissertation/thesis,
followed by a full stop
21 Theses and dissertations

66
22
A Referencing Handbook: Harvard

Translations
The example below is a print book that has been translated. For other types of information, please
refer to the relevant section but follow the principles outlined here.

In-text citation
(Piaget, 2014) for the whole text
(Piaget, 2014, 201) for a specific page
(Piaget, 2014, 195-197) when referring to a range of pages

Reference list
Piaget, J. (2014) The child’s conception of the world. Translated by J. Tomlinson and A. Tomlinson.
London: Gallimard.

1. Author 2. Year 3. Title 4. Translated by followed by

the translators' names

Piaget, J. (2014) The child’s conception of the world. Translated by

J. Tomlinson and A. Tomlinson. London: Gallimard.

5. Place of publication 6. Publisher

Checklist:
¨¨ Author (surname, initials)
¨¨ Year of publication in round brackets
¨¨ Title (and subtitle if applicable) in italics, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Put Translated by, the translator(s)’ initials followed by their surname(s)
¨¨ Place of publication, followed by a colon
¨¨ Publisher, followed by a full stop
22 Translations

67
 Verbal New Media 23
A
communications
Speech
In-text citation
(Obama, 2015)

Reference list
Obama, B. (2015) Eulogy for Clementa Pinckney [speech]. College of Charleston, USA, 26 June.
Available from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RK7tYOVd0Hs [accessed 29 June 2015].

1. Speaker 2. Year 3. Title 4. speech

Obama, B. (2015) Eulogy for Clementa Pinckney [speech]. College

of Charleston, USA, 26 June. Available from https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=RK7tYOVd0Hs [accessed 29 June 2015].

5. Place where speech 6. Day and month 7. Web address 8. Date of access
was delivered

Checklist:
¨¨ Speaker (surname, initials)
¨¨ Year of speech in round brackets
¨¨ Title or short description of the speech in italics
¨¨ In square brackets put speech, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Place where speech was delivered, followed by a comma
¨¨ Day and month of speech, followed by a full stop
¨¨ If accessed online
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the web address
¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and the date you accessed the speech, followed by a full stop
23 Verbal communications

68
23
A Referencing Handbook: Harvard

Telephone call
You should get permission from the interviewee before referring to telephone conversations in your
academic work.

In-text citation
(Elkin, 2015)

Reference list
Elkin, J. (2015) Services delivered by Academic Writing Support in the Library [telephone call].
Conversation with H. Williams, 29 June.

Checklist:
¨¨ Caller (surname, initials)
¨¨ Year the call took place in round brackets
¨¨ Short description of the telephone call in italics
¨¨ In square brackets put telephone call, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Conversation with, followed by the recipient’s initial(s) and surname,
followed by a comma

¨¨ Day and month that the call took place, followed by a full stop
23 Verbal communications

69
 New Media 24
A
Websites
Company, organisation or professional body
In-text citation
(Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2015)

Reference list
Nursing and Midwifery Council (2015) The code for nurses and midwives. London: Nursing and
Midwifery Council. Available from http://www.nmc.org.uk/globalassets/sitedocuments/nmc-
publications/revised-new-nmc-code.pdf [accessed 29 June 2015].

1. Professional body 2. Year 3. Title

Nursing and Midwifery Council (2015) The code for nurses and
midwives. London: Nursing and Midwifery Council. Available from
http://www.nmc.org.uk/globalassets/sitedocuments/nmc-
publications/revised-new-nmc-code.pdf [accessed 29 June 2015].

4. Place of publication 5. Publisher 7. Date of access 6. Web address

Checklist:
¨¨ Company, organisation or professional body
¨¨ Year of publication in round brackets. If no date is available, put undated
¨¨ Title (and subtitle if applicable) of the website in italics, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Place of publication (if known) followed by a colon
¨¨ Publisher (if known) followed by a full stop
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the web address
¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and the date you accessed the website,
followed by a full stop
24 Websites

70
24 Referencing Handbook: Harvard

Personal author
In-text citation
(Hewitt, 2015)

Reference list
Hewitt, G. (2015) Greek debt crisis: a country on the brink. London: BBC. Available from http://
www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-33303417 [accessed 28 June 2015].

1. Author 2. Year 3. Title

Hewitt, G. (2015) Greek debt crisis: a country on the brink.

London: BBC. Available from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-
europe-33303417 [accessed 28 June 2015].
4. Place of publication 5. Publisher 7. Date of access 6. Web address

Checklist:
¨¨ Author (surname, initials)
¨¨ Year of publication in round brackets. If no date is available, put undated
¨¨ Title (and subtitle if applicable) of website in italics, followed by a full stop
¨¨ Place of publication (if known) followed by a colon
¨¨ Publisher (if known) followed by a full stop
¨¨ Put Available from, followed by the web address
¨¨ In square brackets put accessed and the date you accessed the website,
followed by a full stop
24 Websites

71
Index
Acronyms 2 Box of Broadcasts 32

Act of Parliament (Statute) 53 Boxset 31-32

Advertisements 9-10 British Standards 63-64

Afterword see introduction to a book 17 Broadcast advertisements 10

Album 48, 49 Broadcast interviews 33

Amateur film see film 30 Case studies 21

Ancient texts see classical texts 20 Cases (Law Reports) 42

Apps see software 62 CD album 48-49

Art 11 CD track 47-48

Art in books 12 Chapter in an edited book 16

Art online 11 Classical music 48-49

Artefacts see art 11 Classical texts 20

Articles in press 41 Command Papers 55

Author 3 Company website 70

Ballet see live performance 45 Concert see live performance 45

Bibliography 6 Conference paper 23

Bill before Parliament 54 Conference poster 24

Blog 58 Conference presentation 25

Booklet 17 Conferences 23-25

Book with a single author 13 Contemporary music 47-48

Book with three or more authors 14 Correspondence 26-28

Book with two authors 13 Dance see live performance 45

Book without a named author 15 Date of access 6

Book review in a journal 35-41 Diagrams 29

see journal article
Dictionary see book without a 15
Book review in a newspaper 51-52 named author
see newspaper article
Dissertations 66
Books 13-20
Index

72
 Referencing Handbook: Harvard

Draft standards 64 Images

Art 11
Dramatic performance 45
Diagram 29
DVD 30-32 Figure see diagram 29
Ebook with page numbers 18 Table see diagram 29

Ebook without page numbers 19 Individual author’s website 71

Edited book 15-16 In press see post-print 41

Edition 5 In-text citation 2

Editor 3 Instagram see image sharing website 59

Email 26 International Standards 64

Encyclopaedia see book without 15 Interviews 33-34

a named author
Interview on radio 33
EU Decisions 57
Interview on television 33
EU Directives 57
Introduction to a book 17
EU Regulations 57
Journal article 35-41
Facebook 59
Kindle book see ebook without 19
Figure see diagrams 29 page numbers

Film 30 Law 42-43

Film on DVD 30 Law Reports 42

Film in an online archive 32 Leaflets see booklet 17

Film download 30 Lecture 44

Film review in a journal article 35-41 Legal cases 42-43

see journal article
Letter 27
Film review in a newspaper article 51-52
Live broadcast 31
see newspaper article
Live performances 45
Flickr see image sharing website 59
Live radio 31
Foreword see introduction to a book 17
Live television 31
Games see software 62
Magazines see journal article 36
Green Papers 55
Mailing list 28
Hansard 56
Maps 46
Image sharing website 59
Index

73
 Index

Movie see film 30 Performance see live performance 45

Music 47-50 Performance art see live performance 45

Music download 47-49 Periodicals see journals 35-41

Music track 47-48 Personal interview 34

Musical performance 45 Photograph see art 11-12

see diagrams 29
Music score 50
see image sharing website 59
Music score from a collection 50
Place of publication 5
Newspapers 51-52
Plagiarism 6
Official publications 53-57
Play text see books 13-20
Online advertisements 9
Plays see live performance 45
Online archive television 32
Podcasts 60
Online dissertations 66
Posters see art 11-12
Online game see software 62 see conference 24
Online journal article with 37 Post-print 41
a single author
Preface see introduction to a book 17
Online journal article with 39
three or more authors Pre-prints 40

Online journal article with 38 Presentations

two authors Conference 25
Online maps 46 Lecture 44

Online newspaper articles 51 Press release see website 70-71

Organisation’s website 70 Print advertisements 10

Software 62 Print dissertations 66

Pamphlets see booklet 17 Print journal article with 35

a volume number
Paraphrasing 7
Print journal article without 36
Parliamentary Acts 53 a volume number
see Acts of Parliament
Print maps 46
Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 56
Print newspapers 52
Patents 65
Professional body’s website 70
PDF see websites 6, 70-71
Publisher 5
Index

74
 Referencing Handbook: Harvard

Quoting 7 Title 5

Radio programme 31 Translations 67

Radio programme in an online archive 32 Treaties 57

Radio series 31 Turnitin 6

Recorded programme 32 Twitter 60

Reference list 3 Unreported cases 43

Referencing software 1 Verbal communications 68-69

Religious texts see sacred texts 20 Vidcasts 60

Reports 22 Video sharing website 61

Sacred texts 20 Vlogs 58

Score 50 Vodcasts 60

Secondary referencing 7 Website with a personal author 71

Seminar 44 Websites 70-71

Serials see journals 35-41 White Papers 55

Skype see telephone call 69 Works not in English 6

Social media 58-61 Year 5

Software 62 Youku see video sharing website 61

Speech 68 YouTube see video sharing website 61

Standards 63-64

Statutes see Act of Parliament 53

Statutory Instruments (SIs) 54

Summarising 7

Tables see diagrams 29

Telephone call 69

Television programme 31

Television programme in an 32
online archive

Television series 31

Theses 66
Index

75
 Index

Notes

Index

76
A

Referencing
Handbook
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Harvard 2nd Edition

The Library
University of Lincoln
Brayford Pool Telephone: +44 (0)1522 886222
Lincoln Email: [email protected]
LN6 7TS Web: library.lincoln.ac.uk
ISBN 978-1-86050-247-7