JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND APPLIED BIOLOGY

2020, Vol. 1, No. 2, 100 – 117

http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/jaab.01.02.08

Review Article

Use of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) as a biopesticide

in agriculture: A review

Kripa Adhikari1*, Sudip Bhandari1, Dikshya Niraula1 and Jiban Shrestha2

1Tribhuvan University, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Prithu Technical College,
Deukhuri, Dang, Nepal
2Nepal Agricultural Research Council, National Plant Breeding and Genetics Research Centre,

Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal

Article history: Abstract

Submitted 21 November 2020
Accepted 12 December 2020 Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) is a member of Meliaceae
Published 28 December 2020 family, a fast-growing tropical evergreen plant whose products
were found effective against economically important insect
Keywords: pests and diseases. All parts of this plant particularly leaf, bark,
Azadirachtin and root extracts have the biopesticidal activities. Azadirachtin,
Pesticide a biopesticide obtained from neem extract, can be used for con-
Insect
trolling various insect pests in agriculture. It acts on insects by
Pest
repelling them, by inhibiting feeding, and by disrupting their
*Corresponding author: growth, and reproduction. Neem-based formulations do not
E-mail: usually kill insects directly, but they can alter their behavior in
[email protected] significant ways to reduce pest damage to crops and reduce
their reproductive potential. The neem is considered as an eas-
ily accessible, eco-friendly, biodegradable, cheap, and non-
toxic biopesticide which control the target pests. Thus, this re-
view highlighted the extract, byproducts and roles of neem that
can be used as potential biopesticide in agriculture.

Introduction around three million people and causing

Pesticides are the chemical substances that around 200,000 deaths each year, worldwide,
are used to decimate, repulse, prevent, and con- more cases (95%) being reported in develop-
trol the pests creating nuisances and help to in- ing countries (World Health Organization,
crease the yield in agricultural sector (Kumar et 1990; Yadav et al., 2015). The attractive veggies
al., 2012). The increasing population has exag- in the markets are grown with the heavy use of
gerated the use of synthetic pesticides to fulfill chemical pesticides. The risk associated with
their demand for food which have been proven excessive usage of chemical pesticide had
hazardous to biotic and abiotic factors (Macin- caused unpredicted environmental issues, in-
tosh, 2017). The report presented by World secticide resistance, pest resurgence, and
Health Organization (WHO) and United Nation health hazards on the plant and soil that are
Environment Programme UNEP clarifies that recognized as an ecologically unacceptable ac-
pesticides are responsible for poisoning tivity (Damalas & Eleftherohorinos, 2011).

How to cite:
Adhikari, K., Bhandari, S., Niraula, D., & Shrestha, J. (2020). Use of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) as a biopesticide in
agriculture: A review. Journal of Agriculture and Applied Biology, 1 (2), 100 – 117. doi: 10.11594/jaab.01.02.08
 K Adhikari et al., 2020 / Use of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) as a biopesticide in agriculture

These days all the concern has been provided constituents (Debashri & Tamal, 2012). Neem
towards the organic, safe, and non-toxic pesti- oil cake contains high amount of Sulphur and
cides that could replace the synthetic ones neem oil is rich in fatty acid (Schmuttere,
(Acharya et al., 2017). Biopesticides are the al- 2002). Sugars and polysaccharides have also
ternative way to the synthetic pesticides and been identified and isolated from the gum and
naturally derived preparations or formulations bark of A. indica (Fulekar, 2005). The biologi-
that control pests by non-toxic mechanisms in cally active compounds present on Neem are
an eco-friendly manner (Gupta & Dikshit, over and above 100 compounds (Benelli et al.,
2010). They are educed from plants, animals, 2015) to the total of 300 compounds found till
microbes, safe, and safe to the environment now (Gosse et al., 2005). In an experiment con-
(Mazidet et al., 2011). Biopesticide circum- ducted by Tripathi et al. (2020), Neem was used
scribes multiple pest control strategies, plant- as botanical pesticide in controlling insect pest
deduced pesticides (botanicals), microbial (vi- of cucurbits in Lamjung district of Nepal.
ral, bacterial or fungal), entomophagous nema- Various biochemical products like Nimbo-
todes, secondary metabolites from microbes lide, Margolone, Mahoodin, Margolonone, etc.
(antibiotics), insect pheromones used for mat- More than of exceeding 60 biochemical prod-
ing disruption and genetical modification to ex- ucts been purified from neem (Krishnaiah et al.,
press resistances to various pest attacks (Cop- 2007; Olabinri et al., 2013). There are about
ping & Menn, 2000). Among various biopesti- more than 540 species of major pests which are
cides, neem (Azadirachta indica) has emerged considered vulnerable to the agricultural crops
as a highly reliable source of biopesticides (Ra- belonging to the different orders of insects.
izada et al., 2001). It is on the top list among These orders include: Diptera, Hymenoptera,
2400 botanicals used as biopesticide world- Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, and He-
wide. miptera (Schmuttere et al., 2002; Khan et al.,
Neem (Azadirachta indica) is highly ex- 2015).
ploited recognized as “Life giving tree”, “Village The benefits of neem stated by Salako
pharmacy”, “Divine tree”, “sacred offering of (2002) such as: i) It is readily available and is
nature” with having several valuable proper- relatively cheap; ii) The active compounds of
ties (Hossain & Nagooru, 2011; Kumar & neem have brought a remarkable change in the
Navartnam, 2013). It is such an amazing plant different stages of insect’s life cycle and physi-
which has been declared the “Tree of the 21st ology making harder for pests to survive and
century” by the United Nations (UNEP, 2012). resist; iii) The action of neem is systemic due to
The Neem or Margosa tree may attain a height which plant protection is the foremost role
of 30 m and have a girth of 2.5 m (Rangiah & played by it and has been protecting rice,
Gowda, 2019). Neem can tolerate intense maize, wheat, barley, sugarcane, tomatoes, cot-
drought, poor soil, and even shallow soils be- ton, brinjal and other various crops, and vege-
cause of its deep root system and can thrive in tables for up to 10 weeks against the harmful
a sub-humid to sub-arid climate with an annual pests; iv) The large spectrum of insects are be-
rainfall of 400–800 mm (Schmutterer, 1990). ing controlled by Neem which includes even a
Each part of the neem plant like seeds, leaves, lice in human to armyworms, Locusta migato-
roots, barks, and flower are known to have fun- ria, pathogens like Meloidogyne root-knot nem-
gicidal, insecticidal, and nematicidal properties atode, rhizoctonia root-rot fungus, and Rice
(Bajwa & Ahmad, 2012). Among all, leaves and stunt virus in the fields (Anjorin et al., 2004); v)
seed extract of neem have been most widely It has no harmful effects to those organisms
used because of their deleterious effects on in- which seem to be beneficial in the field. eg:
sect pests (Nathan et al., 2008). The leaves of A. earthworm.
indica contains carbohydrates (48-58%), pro- This review paper outlined the current
tein (14-18 %), crude fibre (11-24%), ash (7.7- state of knowledge on the potential uses of
8.5%), crude fat (2.3-6.9%), calcium (0.8-2.4%) neem as a biopesticide in control of insect pests
and phosphorus (0.13-0.24%), numerous of in agriculture.
amino acids, as well as carotenoids and other
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 K Adhikari et al., 2020 / Use of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) as a biopesticide in agriculture

Major neem products neem oil causes lethal toxicity to the pupal
The major neem extract such as neem oil, stage of insects which leads to several morpho-
leaf extracts, bark extracts, and root extracts as logical deformations such as malformed adults,
well as the by-product of neem i.e., neem cake partial ecdysis, and molt blocking, that defers
contain pesticidal properties and are used as and inhibits adult formation (Boulahbel et al.,
bio-pesticide, fungicide and organic manure 2015).
(Acharya et al., 2017). These extracts and by-
products can be used singly or can be mixed Neem seed cake
with the other compounds to produce the final Neem seed cake is the residue obtained af-
products (Sara et al., 2004). These products ter extracting the oil from seed kernels and can
have the properties of antifungal, antibacterial, be used as biopesticide as well as biofertilizer
antiviral, antidiabetic, anthelmintic, anti-car- (Chaudhary et al., 2017). It acts as a soil en-
cinogenic, antiinflamatory, used as contracep- richer, provides nutrients necessary for all
tive and sedative (Acharya et al., 2017) plant growth, deters on activity of soil pest and
bacteria and helps to increase the yield of
Neem oil plants (Roshan & Verma, 2015). Neem cake not
Neem oil, the most important extract of only provides organic amendment to the soil
neem tree, is widely used worldwide for pest but also reduces the loss of nitrogen in the field
control activities (Benelli & Pavela, 2018). providing the essential nutrient and acts as a
Neem oil is a better pesticide due to its repel- biofertilizer for effective growth and develop-
lent, insecticidal, nematicidal, bactericidal, and ment of the plant (Ramachandran et al., 2007;
fungicidal activities (Pascoli et al., 2019). The Lokanadhan et al., 2012). The chemical compo-
oil contains around 300 biologically active sition of cake include Azadirachtin, Nitrogen
compounds, most notably azadiractin - a triter- (3.56%), phosphorous (0.83%), potassium
pene (Chandramohan et al., 2016; Gupta et al., (1.67%), calcium (0.99%), and magnesium
2017). The existence of terpenoid, limonoids, (0.75%) (Rangiah & Godwa, 2019). Several 50
and volatile sulphur containing compounds kg ripe fruits of neem having 30 kg of seeds ker-
makes Azadirachtin oil as a complex oil (Ricci nels provide 24 kg of seed cake. The use of
et al., 2009). The oil obtained from the seed neem cake @ 200 g m-2 with arbuscular my-
contains volatile oil and fatty acids in abundant chorrhiza fungus was effective on increasing
amount (Djenontin et al., 2012) whereas the oil the plant height in okra, increased the phos-
obtained from flower and leaves have lesser phorous content in the field and was effective
number of volatile oils (0.08%), and these con- in controlling the root knot nematode in okra
sists of about 85% of caryophyllene. The oil ob- (Mohapatra et al., 2020). Similarly, Neem cake
tained from seed has been reported to have lar- @ 1 kg per vine is reported to be efficient
vicidal activity on mosquitoes (Dua et al., against nematode of black pepper (Sathyan et
2009). It has been proved that the Neem oil as al., 2020). However, it is recommended to use
an effective insecticide against various pests neem cake @ 3 t ha-1 along with the use of FYM
like Scirpophaga incertulas (Madhu et al., in the field of spice crops like turmeric, ginger,
2020), Nilaparvata lugens (Senthil-Nathan et and large cardamom for increasing productiv-
al., 2009), Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Nathan et ity (Das et al., 2018). The application of neem
al., 2006), Spodoptera frugiperda (Tavares et al. cake @ 150 kg ha-1 is effective for the manage-
2010), Helicoverpa armigera (Ahmad et al., ment of soil borne pests in the staple crops like
2015), Idioscopus clypealis (Adnan et al. 2014), rice and maize. Neem cake when applied to the
Diaphorina citri (Weathersbee & McKenzie, field is regarded as the best nutrient manage-
2005). Similarly, the spray of two neem formu- ment option in the crops like rice, maize, buck-
lations neem seed oil, and azadirachtin were ef- wheat, mustard, rapeseed, soybean, ginger, and
fective in causing the nymphal mortality of turmeric (Das et al., 2020). Neem cake was
Aphis glycines (80% by azadirachtin and 77% found to be more effective than the leaf extracts
by neem oil) (Kraiss & Cullen, 2008). Use of

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in case of detering fall army worm (Spodoptera garlic bulb were efficient to reduce aphids,
frugiperda) (Silva et al., 2015). whiteflies destructing several crops (Pareet,
2006).
Neem leaves
The biologically active compound present Neem bark
on the neem leaves are alkaloids, glycosides, The use of neem barks extracts as biopesti-
tannins, flavinoids, reducing sugars, carbohhy- cide are not as popular as the seeds and leaves,
drates, and steroids (Manikandan et al., 2008). that have been used in an extensive way (Sirohi
Neem leaves extract are the excellent source & Tandon, 2014). It is found that the bark ex-
for the preparation of vermi-compost which in- tracts when applied to the field acts as phyto-
crease soil fertility and also have pesticidal toxic materials and showed germination and
properties (Chaudhary et al., 2017). Neem growth inhibitor on rice, radish, carrot, sesame,
leaves accelerates the growth and reproduc- and bean demonstrating allelopathic proper-
tion in earthworm when added while ver- ties (Xuan et al., 2004). Neem bark extract dyed
micomposting (Gajalakshmi & Abbasi, 2004). fabric was more significant than the leaf ex-
Use of neem leaves protects stored grain by re- tracts due to the presence of higher aza-
pelling the stored grain pests and increasing dirachtin, cyanogenic glucosides, and nimbin
the post-harvest life (Ahmad et al., 2015). content and exhibited anti-lepidopteran
Neem leaf powder @ 10 g concentration was efficacy (Ahmad et al., 2015). A nano formula-
found to be effective on the stored rice weevil tion made to the concentration of 100 ppm
(Jahan et al., 2019). from the crude neem gum, collected from the
Crude water extracts of green neem leaves neem bark, showed 100% mortality against the
@ 200 g of leaves per liter of water can be ef- larva, pupa of Helicoverpa armigera and
fective for controlling cabbage butterfly, soy- Spodoptera litura in the field and reported the
bean hairy caterpillar and tobacco caterpillar antifeedant activities on them (Kamaraj et al.,
(Parajuli et al., 2020). Bhatta et al. (2019) con- 2017).
ducted an experiment in Lamjung, Nepal and
found that the plant aqueous extracts of Neem Neem roots
(Azadiracta indica) reduced the aphid popula- Neem root extracts can be used either as
tion in Tori. Neem leaves are used in different raw or in the powdered form or by extracting it
forms either grinded and made into powdered soil. The roots of neem tree have anti-bacterial,
form or with aqueous, methanolic or ethanolic anti-fungal, anti-septic properties (Lo-
extracts (Kumar et al., 2019). In recent study, kanadhan et al., 2012). Endophytic fungal flora
the ethanolic extracts of neem leaves-based can also be isolated from the roots of the neem
seaweed films enhanced the anti-microbial ac- tree (Verma et al., 2011). Nowdays, 361 fungi
tivity which made a sustainable packaging ma- and 80 bacterial endophytes have been isolated
terial (Kumar et al., 2019). Similarly, the effect from different parts including root and these
of neem leaves extracts showed the inhibition endophytes reduced the environmental mi-
of biofilm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Kaveri- crorganisms (Rangiah & Gowda, 2019). Ex-
manian et al., 2020). Leaf extracts are found to tracts of root are used against the sucking in-
be effective on bean aphid (Bahar et al., 2007) sects and fleas (Lokanadhan et al., 2012).
and it also reduced population of whitefly and The effectiveness of various neem pesti-
aphid on cabbage (Basedow et al., 2002; Zaki, cides on reducing the damage of various insect
2008). The leaf extracts when mixed with the pests in major cereal crops is given in Table 1.

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Table 1. The effectiveness of neem pesticides against various food crops pests

SN. Crops Products used Pests References

1. Rice Handi Ausadha pot mixture Reduce the incidence of pest (Mohapatra,
(5:l fermeted cow urine+ 1 by yellow stem borer 2018)
kg fresh cow dung+ 1 kg (73.13%), Green leaf hopper
karanj leaves+ 1 kg neem (75.12%), Gall midge
leaves+ 1 kg calotropis (69.93%), Dead heart and
leaves and 50g Gaur @ white ear head (69.26%),
20mL L-1) thrips (79.73%), and leaf
folder (85.57%).
Multineem 300ppm @ 2.5 L Brown plant hopper, Yellow (Dash et al.,
ha-1 Stem borer (Scirpophaga in- 2019)
certulas)
Nimbecidine @ 5 mL L-1 W, Brown plant hopper (Choudhary et
5mL L-1 of Neem oil (Nilaparvata lugens) al., 2017)
2. Maize Local Neem Sitophilus zeamais, (Khanal et al.,
2019)
Aqueous Neem extract Corn ear worm (Heliothis (Udo & Ibanga,
@300 L ha-1 armigera) 2019)
Neem leaf extract @ 2 mL Maize aphid (Rhoph- (Alam et al.,
L-1 alosiphum maidis) 2019)
Neem oil and seed cake Fallarmyworm (Spodoptera (Shaiba et al.,
furgiperda) 2019)
Neem Seed Kernel Extract Wheat aphid (Raphalosi (Matharu &
phumpadi) Tanwar, 2019)
(Indoneem) 1500ppm @ Wheat aphid (Raphalosi (Bushra et al.,
3. Wheat
1200 mL ha-1 phumpadi) 2014)
3% Neem oil and neem
seed

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The various neem products and their targets to control insect pests in horticultural crops is
given in Table 2.

Table 2. The various neem products for the control of insect pests in horticultural crops
S.N. Crops Products used Pests References
1. Cabbage 3% concentration of Neem Plutella xylostella (Ahmad et al.,
2019)
2. Cauli- Neem oil (58.26% and Spodoptera litura (Singh et al., 2019)
flower 57.89%), neem seed kernel
extract (54.83% and
55.24%), neem leaf extract
(50.70% and 51.42%)
3. Egg Plant Neem oil Leucinodes arbonalis (Rakibuzzaman et
al., 2019)
4. Potato Neem oil and karanja oil in Colorado potato bee- (Kovaříková &
ratio of 1:1, 1.4 L in 500 L tle Pavela 2019)
water ha-1 (0.3%).
Neem oil 300ppm Green peach aphid (El-Wahab et al.,
(Myzus persicae) 2019)
5. Tomato Neem cake, leaves, and re- Root knot Nematode (Javed et al., 2007)
fined product “aza” 0.1%
w/w
Nursery bed treatment 3 kg Root not nematode (Illakwahhi & Sri-
m-2 vastava, 2019)
Neem oil: Abamectin @ Tomato leaf miner (Javed et al., 2007)
100ppm 1:1 ratio (Tuta absoluta)
6. Okra 2% Neem seed extract Jassid, White fly (Aziz & Khoso,
2019)
Neem seed kernel extract 5% white fly, Jassid and (Ketkar, 2000)
Fruit borer
Soaking Okra seeds for 20-30 Root-knot nematode (Ketkar, 2000)
minutes in 5% aqueous solu-
tion of neem cake against
root-knot nematode.
7. Pumpkin Neem seed kernel extract 5% Red pumpkin beetle (Ketkar, 2000)
8. Cucumber Neem extract Two spotted spider (Saleem et al.,
mite (Tetranychus 2019)
urticae Koch), Aphis
gossypii Glov.
9. Ginger Neem leaf powder @ 500 g Rhizome rot (Ketkar, 2000)
m-2
10. Coriander Kernel (5%), neem cake Coriander aphid (Hy- (Kumari & Yadav,
(5%), neem oil (3%) and adaphis coriandari) 2002)
neem leaf extract (5%)

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The various insect pests susceptible to neem products in leguminous crops is given in Table 3.

Table 3. The various neem products for the control of insect pests in Leguminous crops
S.N. Crops Products used Pests References
1. Chickpea 5% Neem seed Helicoverpa armigera (Kumar et al., 2019)
kernel extract
2. Greengram Neem leaf powder Callosobruchus maculatus (Gupta et al., 2015)
3. Cowpea Neem seed Extract Cow pea Bruchid (Lale & Mustapha,
2000)
Neem + Metarhizium Cowpea thrips (Raoul et al., 2019)
anisople (Megolurothipss jostedti )
4. Pea Neem seed kernel Pea aphid (Melesse, 2012)
extract
5. Sorghum 2 % Neem oil Sorghum shoot fly (Joshi et al., 2016)
(Atherigona soccata
Rondani)

Ingredients found in neem (Rangiah & Gowda, 2019). It is used as anti-vi-

A broad number of active compounds have ral, anti-fungal, antibacterial and insecticidal
been extracted from neem the major extracts residences for many years (Chopra et al., 1952).
are divided into two constituents as terpenoids, Also, it is used as anti-feedant, anti-oviposi-
which include protolimonoids, limonoids, tional, anti-growth regulating, and anti-fecun-
pentatriterpenoids and hexatriterpenoids, and dity properties for insects and various other ar-
non terpenoids as hydrocarbons, fatty acids, thropods (Morgan, 2009). It consists of differ-
steroids, phenols, flavonoids, and other ent isomers AZ (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, I, J, and K)
(Schmutterer, 1995). where Az A is regarded as the most plentiful
Neem seed kernel contain significant and bio active compounds which shows repel-
amount of limonoids where azadiracthin lent, antifeedent, and insecticidal activity in op-
(C35H44O16) is the most active one and the other position to a number of insect pests and hence
major limonoids are: salanin, meliantriol, and Aza A is used for commercial insecticides (Bar-
nimbin that contain insecticidal and pesticidal celoux et al., 2008).
properties (Hashmat et al., 2012). Other bioac- The neem seed kernel contains an average
tive compounds present in neem includes, sa- of 2.05 – 6.10 g kg-1 of azadirachtin (Zongo et
lannol, nimbin, nimbinin, nimbidin, nimbidiol, al., 1993). However, azadirachtin content dif-
3-tigloylazadirachtol (azadirachtin B), and 1- fers by varied factors including the extraction
tigloyl-3-acetyl1-hydroxymeliacarpin (Aza- process, climatic condition, and genetic factors
dirachtin D) (Mongkholkhajornsilp et al., 2005; (Ismadji et al., 2012). Around 30-60 g of Aza-
Morgan, 2009; Melwita & Ju, 2010). These com- dirachtin per hectare is enough for warding off
pounds are known to have an important role in the major pests (Koul et al., 2004). The main
regulating the activities of pests. constituent of neem seed kernels extract is the
More than 200 compounds can be extracted oil having insecticidal activity which contains
from neem (Koul & Wahab, 2004), where aza- 40% of azadirachtin i.e. the highest amount
dirachtin (Az) is the most active compound of than of all the other active compound (Morgan,
neem (Khan et al., 2015). It is the component of 2009). Azadirachtin obtained from seed is used
neem oil, leaves, flowers, and fruits with insec- as antifeedant, growth regulator, and as growth
ticidal properties (Akhtar et al., 2008). Aza- inhibitors of the insects (Akthar et al., 2008).
dirachtin is found in several forms (A to K) Azadirachtin have various effects on the insects
and is effective for over 540 species of insects

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that belongs to the order of Lepidoptera, Dip- pupa to adult and eventually disrupts the over-
tera, Coleoptera, Homoptera, and Hemiptera all life cycle of insects (Rangiah & Gowda et al.,
(Khan et al., 2015). Besides, having an insecti- 2019). Azadirachtin is used as an organic bi-
cidal properties azadirachtin is also have the opesticide repellent against thrips, whiteflies,
adverse effect against fungi, viruses, nema- aphids, leaf miners, bugs, and varied number of
todes, and protozoans (Mordue, 2010). To a major pests.
greater extent, the content of Azadirachtin can The active ingredient azadirachtin was iso-
be increased by the treating it with Arbuscular lated from the seeds of A. indica by David Mor-
mycorrhizae (Venkateswarlu et al., 2008). Aza- gan (Butterworth & Morgan, 1968) and its full
dirachtin containing tetran or triterpenoids is structural determination was completed some
like insects’ hormones "ecdysones" that plays 17 years later concurrently in the laboratories
an efficient role as insect growth regulator that of Steven Ley, W Kraus and K Nakanishi (Bilton
deters the feeding habit of insects and inhibits et al., 1987; Kraus et al., 1987; Turner et al.,
the ability of insect to molt as it changes from 1987).

Table 4. The effects of azadirachtin against insect pests

Effects Target Mode of action
Primary antifeedancy Mouthparts and other Deterrent cell stimulation, sugar cell
chemoreceptorss inhibition
Secondary antifeedancy Guts Peristalsis inhibited, enzyme prodcui-
ton reduced
Insect growth regulation cuticle Alteration to ecdysteroid and JH titres
by blockage of release of morphoge-
netic peptides leading to moulting de-
fects
Sterility Reproductive organs Alteration to ecdysteroid and JK titres
leading got reduction in number of via-
ble eggs and live progeny
Cellular processes Dividing cells Blockage of cell division post metphase
in meiosis and mitosis
Muscles Loss of muscle tone
Cell synthetic machinery Blockage of digestive enzyme produc-
tion in gut
Inhibition of protein synthesis in vari-
ous tissues
(Mordue & Nisbet, 2000)

The physiological effects of azadirachtin are controlling growth and molting. The molting ef-
more consistent than the antifeedant effects, fects are due to a disruption in the synthesis
and result from interference with growth and and release of ecdysteroids (molting hormone)
molting, interference with reproduction and in- and other classes of hormones and this can be
terference with cellular processes (Table 4). In demonstrated by accurately timed injections of
all insect species tested dose response effects azadirachtin into the haemoulymph of 5th in-
be reduced growth, increased mortalities, ab- star nymphs of L. migratoria (Mordue et al.,
normal molts, and delayed molts. These effects 1986).
are related to disruption of endocrine system

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Table 5. The effective dose (ED50) of insects to azadirachtin

Insect orders Effective dose (ED50) which causes 50% inhibition feeding
Lepitoptera 1-50
Coleiptera 100-500
Hemiptera 100-500
Hymenoptera 100-500
(Mordue & Nisbet, 2000)

Insects from different Orders differ mark- ther in aqueous or in formulated forms was ef-
edly in their behavior responses to aza- fective on citrus leaf miner (Canarte-Bermudez
dirachtin (Table 5). Lepidoptera are extremely et al., 2020). Similarly, the higher concentration
sensitive to azadirachtin and show effective an- of azatrol, triple action neem oil and pure neem
tifeedancies from <1-50 ppm, depending upon oil were able to repel aphids feeding on sweet
species. Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Homop- pepper plants (Shannag et al., 2014). Recently,
tera are less sensitive to azadirachtin behavior- Incense sticks of different herbal products
ally with up to 100% antifeedancy being along with neem were made and these sticks on
achieved at 100-500 ppm. burning were proved to be the most effective to
control mosquito (Bahadur et al., 2020).
Mode and Specificity of Action of Neem
Oviposition deterrents Antifeedant
Neem has an ovipositional deterrent activ- The anti-feedant properties of neem have
ity on many pests that may deter economic been able to degrade the numerous insects’
value of plants (Acharya et al., 2017). Applica- pests and protect plants. The mode of action of
tion of neem formulations has prevented the fe- anti-feedant is that when the insects starve,
males from depositing eggs (Roshan & Verma, they try to feed on the parts of the plants
2015). Azadirachtin inhibits the oviposition of treated with neem, its feeding ability starts to
the female by disrupting the egg formation or deter and as a result insects gets repelled away
by synthesis of the ecdysteriod (Berxolli & from the field (Roshan & Verma, 2015). The
Shahini, 2017) where in male, it acts as an sus- presence of azadirachtin, salanin and
pension for forming the meiotic process which melandriol generates an antiperistalitic wave
result in sperm production (Adnan et al., 2004; in the alimentary canal of insects and this pro-
Martinez & Van Emden, 2001). The oviposition duces something similar to vomiting sensation
deterrence activity of neem can be found in the insect. Because of this sensation the in-
against pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis sect does not feed on the neem treated surface
(Akter et al., 2019), cabbage moth, Mamestra and ability to swallow is also blocked (Vijaya-
brassicae (Jogar et al., 2009), peach fruit-fly (B. lakshmi et al., 1985). Anifeedant activity of
Zonata) (Mahmoud & Shoeib, 2008) and potato neem can be observed against economically im-
tuber moth, Phthorimaea opercullela (El-Sinary portant pest Spodoptera litura as reported by
& Rizk, 2002). The addition of neem seed ex- Prianto et al. (2019). Azadirachtin, the most es-
tract and Neem formulations exhibit its ovipo- sential compound showing anti-feedant activi-
sition on cauliflower (Shah et al., 2019). ties, blocks the formation of hormone "ecdys-
teroid" which is important for carrying out
Repellent molting in insects (Berxolli & Shahini, 2017).
Neem oil alone or mixed with other com- Similarly, the presence of other compound on
pounds like coconut oil also exhibit repellency neem like salannin and meliantrol discourage
on mosquito (Brahmachari, 2004). Beside its feeding behaviour on the pests (Campos et al.,
mosquito repellence effect, the use of neem ei- 2016).

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 K Adhikari et al., 2020 / Use of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) as a biopesticide in agriculture

Growth regulation when fed to Spodoptera frugiperda, the weight

Different neem extracts show decrease in of the pupa decreased that sooner or later ham-
fertility, growth inhibitory activity and high pers the growth of the insects (Roel et al.,
mortality rate on more than 400 insect species 2010). Even the fungus like Aspergillus was in-
from different orders (Ragsdale et al., 2004; Liu hibited using neem oil (Rodrigues et al., 2019).
et al., 2004). Neem oil consists of different
growth regulating compounds that inhibits the Sterility
enzyme ecdysone 20-monoxygenase responsi- Azadirachtin, a nonvolatile compound,
ble for converting ecdysone to active hormone when taken by the insects results into blocking
(Morgan, 2009). The ecdysone controls the the formation of ecdysteriods from the protho-
molting of different stages (Mordu, 2004). racic gland and finally leads to an incomplete
When azadirachtin enters to the body of larva, molting showing the sterility of the adult fe-
the activity of endosyne is deteriorated and male (Isman, 2006). In addition, NeemAzal-T/S
hence larval moulting can’t occur, thus larval ® (1%) fed to the male rats which were used as
mortality will occur after it has reached the pu- an experimental study exhibit the antifertility
pal stage. In case of lower concentration, the effect because of their histopathological differ-
adult emerging from pupae will be 100% mal- ences that affect the seminiferous tubules
formed with the formation of chitin inhibited forming spermatogenesis (Morovati et al.,
and sterile (Vijayalakshmi et al., 1985). How- 2009).
ever, the feed stuff taken by the pests deter- The commercially available neem products
mines their ability to for growth and reproduc- and their applications as agrochemicals (pesti-
tion (Chapman et al., 1998). Azadirachta indica cides) and fertilizers is given in Table 6.
Table 6. The commercial product of neem
Fertilizers Agrochemicals
Neem urea guard Azamax
Parker neem coat Neemix 4.5
Ozoneem coat BioNeem
Ozoneem cake AZA- direct
Neem cake Neem oil
Plan "B" organics-neem cake OzoNeem oil
Bio neem oil foliar Neemazal technical

Future prospects of neem an alternative, sustainable, and eco-friendly

Botanically derived insecticides have got component in agriculture with the aim of de-
more and more attention in the recent years creasing the use of overall insecticide, pesti-
because of the natural substances present on it cides, and fumigants (Rangiah & Gowda, 2019).
and will play most important role in developing Although the use of neem is safe, various limi-
and industrialized country as well in the near tation for the use of neem as biopesticide in-
future (Dimetry, 2012). Different entomopath- clude photosensitivity, volatilization, short
ogenic fungi in combination with neem oil shelf life, and slow killing rate (Isman, 2006;
tested were found to be against vegetable suck- Miresmailli & Isman, 2014). So, on decreasing
ing pest (Halder et al., 2013). The use of nano- the photo degradation effect on neem, enhanc-
particles of neem in combination with other bo- ing its ability against pests in agriculture, use of
tanicals like citronella were found as effective nano technology in neem could be a promising
antifungal activity against phytopathogenic botanical pesticide on large scale equally bene-
fungi (Ali et al., 2017). Similarly, neem acts as fiting food and cash crops.

JAAB | Journal of Agriculture and Applied Biology 109 Volume 1 | Number 2 | December | 2020
 K Adhikari et al., 2020 / Use of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) as a biopesticide in agriculture

Conclusion neem extracts. Journal of Agricultural Science and

Neem based pesticides are extensively used Technology, 21(3), 659-669.
in agriculture all over the world. It contains Ahmad, S., Ansari, M. S., & Muslim, M. (2015). Toxic ef-
Azadirachtin, which is a predominant pesti- fects of neem based insecticides on the fitness of
cidal active ingredient, having ovipositional de- Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner). Crop Protection, 68,
terrence, repellence, antifeedent, growth dis- 72-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cro-
ruption, and sterility against great variety of in- pro.2014.11.003
sect pests. Neem provides a suitable option for Akhtar, Y., Yeoung, Y. R., & Isman, M. B. (2008). Compara-
developing eco-friendly and sustainable pesti- tive bioactivity of selected extracts from Meliaceae
cides. Neem products are suitable for inte- and some commercial botanical insecticides against
grated pest management because of their non- two noctuid caterpillars, Trichoplusia ni and
toxicity behavior to non-target organisms, easy Pseudaletia unipuncta. Phytochemistry Reviews,
preparation, and compatibility with other by 7(1), 77-88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-006-
products. So, there is need to educate everyone 9048-7
for judicious use of neem as biopesticide and Akter, S., Sultana, S., Akter, T., & Begum, S. (2019). Ovipo-
protect their agricultural crops. sition deterrent and ovicidal activity of three edible
oils (black seed, sesame, and soybean oils) against
Authors Contribution puls beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (Lin.) (Coleop-
All authors contributed equally to all stages tera: Bruchidae) on green gram, Vigna radiata.
of preparation of this manuscript. Similarly, fi- Bangladesh Journal of Zoology, 47(1), 59-65.
nal version of manuscript was approved by all https://doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v47i1.42021
authors. Alam, M. J., Ahmed, K. S., Hoque, M., Mansura, A., Rony, M.
N. H., & Haque, M. S. (2019). Bio-efficacy of some
Conflict of Interest bio-pesticides against maize aphid, Rhopalosiphum
The authors declare no conflicts of interest. maidis; a threatening pest of maize. Journal of Sci-
ence, Technology and Environment Informatics,
Acknowledgements 8(01), 563-573.
The authors would like to acknowledge Ali, E. O. M., Shakil, N. A., Rana, V. S., Sarkar, D. J., Majum-
Prithu Technical College, Institute of Agricul- der, S., Kaushik, P., Shingh, B. B., & Kumar, J. (2017).
ture and Animal Science (IAAS) for providing Antifungal activity of nano emulsions of neem and
all the necessary information required in the citronella oils against phytopathogenic fungi, Rhi-
preparation of this paper. zoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii. Industrial
crops and products, 108, 379-387.
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JAAB | Journal of Agriculture and Applied Biology 117 Volume 1 | Number 2 | December | 2020