10 VI June 2022

https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.44565
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue VI June 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

A Generic Real Time Application for Prediction

and Categorization of Stroke Using Machine
Learning Techniques
Mr. Anand M1, Geethashree L2, Impana S3, Supriya KN4
1
Assistant Professor of Dept of ISE, GSSS Institute Of Engineering & Technology For Women
2, 3, 4
Dept of ISE GSSS Institute of Engineering & Technology for Women

Abstract: Content-based Strokes are the second greatest cause of death, resulting in serious, long-term disability. Astroke occurs
when the cerebrum dies suddenly owing to a shortage of oxygen, which can be caused by a blockage in the circulation or a
rupture in a supply line to the brain. The World Health Organization (WHO) stated in. The death rate will continue to rise in the
future year's stroke rate. Many projects have been completed. Detecting stroke illnesses is a difficult task. A computer
programmer with artificial intelligence. A technique for predicting stroke and its kinds has been created using deep learning.
There are two forms of stroke: ischemic and hemorrhagic. A form of stroke known as a transient ischemic attack (TIA). We use
datasets from the medical institute's collection in our work.
Keywords: Stroke prediction, Machine learning approaches, Sensitivity and Specificity, Comparison Analysis.

I. INTRODUCTION
Strokes are the second greatest cause of mortality, resulting insignificant, long-term disability. Stroke is the sudden death ofcerebrum
cells owing to a shortage of oxygen, which is causedby a blockage in the circulation or a rupture in the brain's supply line. Stroke is a
dangerous, life-threatening brain disorder akin to heart attack, which affects the heart. The brain cells are not getting enough blood
and oxygen.This stroke prediction web browser for stoke prediction and its types using machine learning algorithms like KNN.
Disease registries can give information on disease burden, patient characteristics, care patterns, and outcomes by collecting ongoing
data about many aspects of a patient's sickness. These data may be used to investigate illness causation, assess intervention program,
enhance treatment quality, and aid in health policy decision- making. Almost all of these registry systems now gather data
retrospectively and manually by research coordinators who check medical file records after patients are released. It's a lengthy and
error-prone procedure. Obtaining funds to cover the costs of data gathering and registration, as well as the large commitment of
resources required to run a register system, is becoming an increasingly difficult task.
The goal of this work is to describe a low-cost, long-term registry system that uses a highly automated data gathering and input
method and runs indefinitely with no expiration date. Due to color, size, larger intra-class variability, and light regions other than
OD, these characteristics cannot adequately describe glaucoma zones, leading in disappointing outcomes of computer-aided
diagnostic methods. Stroke is a vascular irregularity in the brain that causes neurological symptoms such as muscular weakness,
numbness, and sometimes death. Ischemic strokes and hemorrhagic strokes are the two forms of strokes. Stroke affects daily
functions such as memory, mobility, vision, speaking, and literal ability. Stroke detectionis arduous and time-consuming for medical
professionals. Patients' demographic information includes their gender, age, and educational level. As a result, an automated method
for predicting stroke symptoms based on patient demographic data is required. Methodology for stroke prediction Currently, various
research on risk prediction in stroke patients are available.

II. RELATED MACHINE LEARNING APPROACHES

In this part, previously published publications pertaining to studies on stroke disease prediction utilizing various machine learning
methodologies and algorithms are analyzed and reviewed. At the very least, works from the previous ten yearswere examined for the
review. The following are the details:
In 2010, Adithya Khosla and colleagues published a novel automated feature selection approach that selects robust features based
on a recommended heuristic: conservativemean. They used it with SVM support vector machines to expand the area under the ROC
Curve (AUC). On the cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) dataset, they compared the cox proportional hazards model with a
machine learning technique for stroke prediction.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 3175
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue VI June 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

They also suggested a margin-based censored regression method that combined margin-based classifiers with censored regression to
producea finer concordance index than the cox model. In terms of AUC and concordance index, this method exceeded the previous
state-of-the-art. This strategy may be used to predict the clinical outcome of a variety of illnesses with inadequate data and poorly
understood risk variables. They realized, however, that while their feature selection technique examined the performance of each
feature separately, it would not function well in other datasets with strongly linked characteristics. They overcame this problem by
pruning the features using an L1 regularised feature selection method before fine-tuning with conservative mean feature selection.
Sudha. A presented a stroke predicting model employingclassification approaches in 2012, with the help of her teachers N.Jaisankar
and P Gayathra. For predicting the stroke using relevant attributes, they employed classification techniques such as Decision Tree,
Naive Bayes, and Neural Networks. For dimension reduction, they used the principal component analysis technique. They
investigated and evaluated sensitivity 7 accuracy indicators. The decision tree has a sensitivity of 95.29 percent and an accuracy of
98.01 percent. 8710 percent and 91.30 percent for the Bayesian classifier, respectively. They examined various approaches and
determined that the decision tree was the most effective categorization method. The suggested model takes the patient's information
and compares it to reduced characteristics (glucose level, blood pressure level, family history, etc.) to determine whether or not the
patient has stroke illness. Sensitivity and specificity are used to determine accuracy. When compared to the other two classification
strategies, the performance of neural networks was shown to be more accurate.
In 2013, the study was conducted in the Esfan Al-Zahra and Mashhad Ghaem hospitals between 2010 and 2011. They collected data
on 807 healthy and unwell patients using a standard checklist that covers 50 risk factors for stroke, such as cardiovascular disease,
diabetes, hyperlipidemia, smoking, and alcohol consumption. They used data mining techniques including k-nearest neighbor and
C4.5 decision tree, as well as the WEKA tool, to evaluate the data. Age, gender, sleep duration, hours of exercise, hypertension,
hyperlipidemia,smoking, alcohol, narcotics, stimulants, and additional risk variables that had not been examined previously were all
retrieved using the C4.5 and k-nearest algorithms in WEKA
3.6 to evaluate stroke data. Finally, the C4.5 technique produced the best results, outperforming the k-nearest neighbor strategy in
terms of accuracy, precision, and specificity by a little margin. As a consequence of its greater accuracy, the decision tree was
chosen as the stroke- prediction approach.
In 2014, Hamed Asadi, Richard Dowling, Bernard Yan, and Peter Mitchell conducted a retrospective study on a database of
suspected acute ischemic strokes. They looked at a variety of machine learning methods for predicting the effectiveness of
cardiovascular interventions in patients with acute anterior circulation ischemic stroke. There were 107 people in the study who had
a conservative acute anterior circulation Ischemic stroke and were treated with a cardiovascular strategy. The model incorporated all
available data on demographic, procedural, and clinical aspects. They designed a supervised machine capable of categorising these
variables into possible outcomes and terrible outcomes using SPSS, MATLAB, Rapid miner, classical statistics, artificial neural
networks, and support vector methods. Using supervised machine learning, despite the limited dataset employed, there was
promising accuracy, nearing 70% of predicting result.
They presented a powerful machine learning method that might improve the process of choosing between endovascular and
medicinal therapy for acute stroke.
In 2015, Balar Khalid and Naji Abdelwahab proposed a data mining approach for predicting ischemic stroke using classification and
logistic regression. They investigated what causes ischemic stroke. After that, the data was pre-processed, cleaned, and analysed with
the WEKA 3.6 and C4.5 algorithms, as well as logistic regression. They analyze the sample data they had obtained using Microsoft
"XLSTAT." The logistic regression model allowed them to analyse the link between the occurrence of ischemic stroke and its risk
factors in their case study. The XLSTAT programme offers a high sensitivity of 77.58 percent and an 83 percent specificity. The
ROC Curve evaluates specificity and sensitivity.
They discovered, however, that the prediction model had a 19.7% inaccuracy rate. To establish the parameters used in glaucoma
prediction analysis, we offer an autonomous technique for segmenting the cup region from the optical disc (OD) region in RGB
channels. A important step in calculating the cup-to- disc area ratio is correctly segmenting the cup region and the optical disc from
the retinal fundus image (ACDR). This prediction technique was quantitatively evaluated on a publicly available database, with an
accuracy of 83.168 percent.
In 2016, Ahmet Kadir, Cemi Colak, and Mehmet Ediz Sariham gathered data from Turget Ozal Medical Center, which comprised
records of 112 healthy people and80 patients, as well as two target factors for applying Data Mining techniques to predict Ischemic
stroke. Support Vector Machine (SVM), Stochastic Gradient Boosing (SGB), and Penalized Logistic Regression were employed
(PLR).

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 3176
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue VI June 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

They used a resampling procedure with a 10 fold cross validation. Area, Accuracy Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value,
and negative predictive value were the performance assessment criteria under the RoC Curve (AUC). The study discovered that
SVM performed the bestwhen compared to other models for predicting Ischemic stroke. SVM had a 95 percent confidence interval of
0.9789,SGB had a 95 percent confidence interval of 0.9737, and PLR had a 95 percent confidence interval of 0.8947.
The AUC values with 95 percent confidence intervals for SVM, SGB, and PLR were 0.9783, 0.9757, and 0.8953, respectively. SVM
and SGB performed exceptionally well in predicting Ischemic stroke by approximating the circular optic disc border with a circular
model. The proposed technique is tested on two separate data sets, one local database and the other, MESSIDOR, a public database.
Thesuggested optic disc segmentation approach achieved an average overlapping score of 99.45 percent and 99.47 percent between
true OD and segmented OD for the local and public databases, respectively. Furthermore, success rates of 92.06 percent and 92
percent, respectively, were observed in both the local and public databases.
A group of Taiwanese medical university researchers developed a technique to automate the early identification ofischemic stroke
in 2017. The CNN deep learning approach was used to create this model. They performed brain CT scans to assess whether stoke
was a possibility.
The CT pictures were preprocessed by the technology to eliminate the impossible region where a stroke may occur. The patch
photos were then chosen, and the number of patch images was increased using a data augmentation approach. They then used patch
photos as input to train and test the convolutional neural network. They trained and tested a CNN module that could detect an
ischemic stroke using 256patch images. It was determined that the proposed produced a result of above 90%.
A survey on AI applications in stroke was conducted in 2018 by a team from Karnataka's National Institute of Engineering with the
objective of properly predicting the start of stroke. They employed predictive algorithms and parameters to analyze these
parameters, which included patient characteristics such as gender, age, height, BMW, and so on. To examine these factors, they
created a data model using the decision tree approach. The findings were assessed using the confusion matrix, and the accuracy was
95%. Theyachieved this by using a training model that facilitated in thecomparison of freshly given data with survey data. The report
was prepared on the basis of this comparison. For the identification and segmentation of the optic disc in this work, an upgraded
classification based on a hierarchical method was devised. The exact border of the optic disc can be determined by calculating the
region of interest and using a new morphological transformation-based adaptive thresholding method. The suggested approach aids
in the reduction of the process area required for segmentation techniques, resulting in significant performance improvements and a
reduction in the amount of computing cost required for each retinal fundus picture. The proposed method was evaluated using
publicly available retinal imaging data sets such DIARETDB1, DRIVE, HRF, DRIONS-DB, IDRiD, and STARE, and it
outperformed earlier strategies in terms of accuracy and processing time.
In 2019, the Department of Computer Architecture and Automation at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid investigated
whether state-of-the-art machine learning-based modelling methods could be used to test the hypothesis in collaboration with the
hospital Universitario de La Princesa in Madrid, Spain. They investigated if non-invasive monitoring devices may aid in stroke type
diagnosis.
These tools can even be used to anticipate future hazards, such as the patient's ultimate death. They collected data from 119 people's
medical records, which included seven predictors and two target variables: stroke type prediction and death prediction. They used 7
different machine learning algorithmsto look at 6 different metrics, including Decision Tree, KNN, logistic regression; Nave Bayes,
Neural Network, Random Forest, and Support Vector Machines. They also utilised a 10- fold cross validation re-sampling technique
for both a guaranteed validation set from training one and the validationof the learnt classifier against any unknown sample. Random
Forest models outperformed other techniques in terms of stroke and mortality prediction, with values of 0.93+0.03 and 0.970.01,
respectively, when compared to other methods.
In 2019, JoonNyung Heo, Hyungjong Park, young Dae Kim, Hyo Suk Nam, and Ji Hoe Heo developed a model to predict Ischemic
stroke long-term outcomes. They looked at the use of machine learning algorithms to predict ischemic stroke outcomes. They
conducted a retrospective study usinga prospective cohort of people who had ischemic stroke. Deepneural networks, random forests,
and logistic regression wereconstructed as machine learning models.
They compared all of their predictability after that. They also compared these models to an acute stroke registry and a Lausanne
score analysis to see how accurate they were. There were 2604 patients in all, and 78 percent of them had positive results. Although
the AUC curve of the deep neural network model was higher than the ASTRAL score, the AUC curves of the logistic regression and
random forest models were not. Deep neural networks outperformed all other models, according to the results. It was more suited to
forecasting outcomes.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 3177
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue VI June 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

III. COMPARISON

PAPER YEAR APROACH DESCRIPTION

An IntegratedMachine learning 2021 L1 In both AUC and Concordance index metrics,
Approach to Stroke Prediction regularised logistic regression this technique exceeded the existing state-of-
is an uniqueprediction the-art.
approach that uses
conservative mean feature
selection.
Prediction and Control of Strokeby 2020 K-Nearest Neighbor and C4.5 The accuracy of the C4.5 decision tree
Data Mining. DecisionTree Using WEKA technique and K- Nearest Neighbor in stroke
are two data mining prediction was
algorithms. 95.42 percent and
94.18 percent,respectively.
Effective Analysis and 2019 Bayesian Classifier, Decision The decision tree has a sensitivity of 95.29
Predictive Model of Stroke Tree,Neural Networks percent and an accuracy of 98.01 percent. The
Diseaseusing Classification Bayesian Classifier scored 87.10 percent
Methods and the
Bayesian Classifier scored 91.30 percent,
respectively. The results for neural
networks were 94.82
percent and 97.87 percent, respectively.
Review on Machine Learning 2019 Decision Tree,Bayesian It demonstrated a promising accuracy of up to
Approaches used for Stroke Classifier, Neural Networks 70% in predictingresult.
Prediction
Automated Ischemic Stroke 2018 Pearson Correlation analysis Prediction of one type of the stroke is done in
Subtyping Based on Machine and Shapiro-Wilkranking the proposed system, that is Ischemic Stroke.
Learning Approach wereused.

Prediction of Brain Stroke 2020 Gaussian Naïve Bayes, The suggested model
Severity UsingMachine Linear Regression & predicts stroke severity in three separate level
Learning Logistic regression factors: low risk, moderate risk, and
high risk, based on essential attributes
and acategorization
technique.
Detection of Brain Stroke using 2019 EEG data to detect the type The only static data available on the UCI
Electroencephalography (EEG) of strokeand region of Machine Learning Repository was
lesion more accurate. utilized for implementation. Data mining
software was utilized.
The Use of Deep Learning to 2019 DNN/scaled principal With average values of 0.93+0.03 and 0.90.01,
Predict Stroke Patient Mortality component analysis (PCA) to the Random Forest Model performed the best.
automation
Machine Learning Approach 2018 Logistic Regression, Support An automated machine learning system can
toIdentify Stroke Within 4.5 Vector machine(SVM detect patients with acute ischemic stroke within
Hours ) and RandomForest. 4.5 hours of the onset of symptoms. Machine
. learning techniques to choosing
candidates for therapy in patients with an
uncertain stroke start time may be practical and
beneficial.
Expert SystemDetect Stroke 2018 Dempster Shafer In addition to consulting a doctor, this research
with Dempster Shafer Method technique withExpert might be a viable option for people. The dempster
System Shafer technique will
computethe patient's ischemic or hemorrhagic
stroke if the patient is adequatelyinformed of
the
disease's symptoms. Knowing about the condition
will help you deal with it more effectively.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 3178
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue VI June 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

Machine learning based 2018 Deep Neural Network, Random Deep neural network showed the highest
model for prediction of Forest.Logistic Regression accuracy.
outcomes in acute stroke
An automatedEarly 2018 Computer- assisted identification It was extremely accurate,with a score of above
IschemicStroke of images, data augmentation, and 90%.
DetectionSystem using CNN convolutionalneural networks
Deeplearning
algorithm
A Model for Predicting 2016 Data Mining, Classification, The results were obtainedwith the “XLSTAT”
Ischemic Stroke Using Logistic Regression, WEKA software. They showed the sensitivity of
DataMining Algorithms 3.6 77.58% and
specificity of 83%
Stroke Predictionusing 2015 AI Decision Tree The Decision tree algorithm showed the 95%
Decision trees in AI accuracy in prediction of stroke
Different MedicalData Mining 2015 Some of the approaches SVM, SGB, and
Approaches based Prediction of employed includeSupport Vector PLR had AUC values of0.9783,
Ischemic Stroke Machine (SVM),Stochastic 0.9757, and 0.853,
Gradient Boosting (SGB), and respectively, with 95 percent CI.
penalised logistic regression
(PLR).

.
IV. METHODOLOGY
Step 1: Raw data Collected
Step 2: Extract and Segment Data (Data Preprocessing)Step 3: Train Data
Step 4: ML Technique for Disease Prediction
a. Machine Learning
b. Supervised Learning Technique
Step 5: Stroke Disease Prediction
Step 6: Results
Step 7: Visual Representation
Supervised Learning Technique is a predictive model used for the tasks where it involves prediction of one value using other values
in the data-set. Supervised learning will have predefined labels. It classifies an object based on the parameters to one of the
predefined set of labels. Depending of the requirement, labels, parameters and data-set we select the appropriate algorithm for
predictions. Algorithm is used to build a model that makes predictions based on evidence in the presence of uncertainty. In this
project, for prediction we make use to “KNN Algorithm and Naïve Bayes Algorithm” which is an efficient and works fine for all
different sets of parameters. It also generates accurate results.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 3179
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue VI June 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

V. REMARKS
1) Comparison to other models, SVM exhibited the greatest predictive performance, according to Ahmet Kadir Arslan et al.
Comprehensive simulation, on the other hand, is required to generate a more precise and robust comparison.
2) Chiun-Li-Chin et al. trained the model with a small number of patch pictures (approximately 256), which reduced the system's
efficiency. However, clinicians can utilize this suggested approach to identify illnesses successfully.
3) Aishwarya Roy and colleagues suggested a methodology to aid doctors in clinical trials. The dataset they utilised for the
prediction model, as well as the approach they employed.
4) Luis Garcfa-Terriza et al. employed several methods to predict the kind of stroke (hemorrhagic vs. ischemic) and subsequent
disease consequences. As a result, doctors will be able to utilize preventative therapies to avert adversities.

VI. CONCLUSION
In a number of settings, machine learning algorithms have helped predict stroke. Scenarios, data sets, parameters, and other analyses
should all be considered when deciding which machine learning technique to use. We haven't been able to agree on the best method
for predicting strokes.
Every strategy has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. One of them should be chosen depending on the significance of the
specific problem statement. To choose a certain approach or model, statistical analysis and initialization are required. However,
because it produces promising results, random forest is one of the most common and powerful techniques for predicting a number
from a data sample.

REFERENCES
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in AcuteStroke”, 2019 February 1,doi:10.1161/strokeaha.118.024293
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