BRITISH STANDARD BS EN
1148:1999
Incorporating
Amendment No. 1
Heat exchangers —
Water-to-water heat
exchangers for district
heating — Test
procedures for
establishing the
performance data
The European Standard EN 1148:1998, with the incorporation of
amendment A1:2005, has the status of a British Standard
ICS 91.140.10
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BS EN 1148:1999
National foreword
This British Standard is the official English language version of
EN 1148:1998, including amendment A1:2005. It supersedes
DD ENV 1148:1994, which is withdrawn.
The start and finish of text introduced or altered by CEN amendment is
indicated in the text by tags . Tags indicating changes to CEN text carry
the number of the CEN amendment. For example, text altered by CEN
amendment A1 is indicated by .
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee
RHE/30, Heat exchangers, which has the responsibility to:
— aid enquirers to understand the text;
— present to the responsible international/European committee any
enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep UK
interests informed;
— monitor related international and European developments and
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request to its secretary.
Cross-references
The British Standards which implement international or European
publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue
under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or
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This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
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Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
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Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page,
pages 2 to 9 and a back cover.
This British Standard, having Amendments issued since publication
been prepared under the
direction of the Engineering
Sector Committee, was Amd. No. Date Comments
published under the authority
of the Standards Committee 15784 March 2006 See national foreword
and comes into effect
on 15 March 1999
© BSI 27 March 2006
ISBN 0 580 30546 5
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 1148
September 1998
NORME EUROPÉENNE
+ A1
EUROPÄISCHE NORM July 2005
ICS 91.140.10
Descriptors: heat transfer, heat exchangers, heating, hot water heating, tests, determination, thermodynamic properties,
performance evaluation, measurements, calorific power
English version
Heat exchangers — Water-to-water heat exchangers for
district heating — Test procedures for establishing the
performance data
(includes amendment A1:2005)
Echangeurs thermiques — Echangeurs eau/eau Wärmeaustauscher — Wasser/Wasser-
pour chauffrage urbain — Procédures d’essai Wärmeaustauscher für Fernheizung —
pour la détermination des performances Prüfverfahren zur Feststellung des
(inclut l’amendement A1:2005) Leistungsdaten
(enthält Änderung A1:2005)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 3 September 1998.
Amendment A1:2005 was approved by CEN on 25 May 2005.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal
Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard
the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any
CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French,
German). A version in any other language made by translation under the
responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the
Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland and United Kingdom.
CEN
European Committee for Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation
Europäisches Komitee für Normung
Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels
© 1998 CENELEC — All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for
CEN national Members.
Ref. No. EN 1148:1998 + A1:2005 E
Page 2
EN 1148:1998
Foreword Contents
This European Standard has been prepared by
Technical Committee CEN/TC 110, Heat exchangers,
the Secretariat of which is held by BSI. Page
This European Standard supersedes ENV 1148:1993. Foreword 2
This European Standard shall be given the status of a Introduction 3
national standard, either by publication of an identical 1 Scope 3
text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 1999, 2 Normative references 3
and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn
at the latest by March 1999. 3 Definitions 3
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, 4 Symbols 4
the national standards organizations of the following 5 Manufacturer's data 4
countries are bound to implement this European
Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, 6 Performance conditions 4
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, 7 Measurements 6
Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, 8 Testing method 6
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
9 Testing procedures 6
10 Capacity calculation 7
Foreword to amendment A1 11 Test report 8
Annex A (informative) Bibliography 9
This European Standard (EN 1148:1998/A1:2005) has
been prepared by Technical Committee
CEN/TC 110 “Heat exchangers”, the secretariat of
which is held by BSI.
This Amendment to the European Standard
EN 1148:1998 shall be given the status of a national
standard, either by publication of an identical text or by
endorsement, at the latest by January 2006, and
conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the
latest by January 2006.
This amendment is introduced to delete any reference
to conformity assessment.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations,
the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European
Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland and United Kingdom.
© BSI 27 March 2006
Page 3
EN 1148:1998
Introduction 3.3
This European Standard is part of a series of European shell and tube type
Standards dedicated to heat exchangers. It has been heat exchanger consisting of a shell with a tube
drawn up by CEN/TC 110. arrangement inside the shell
3.4
1 Scope plate type
This standard applies to water-to-water heat heat exchanger consisting of parallel plates separating
exchangers for district heating appliances, and its the two fluids
purpose is to establish uniform methods to test and
ascertain the following: 3.5 Water flow
Ð product identification; 3.5.1
Ð performance characteristics; primary water flow
Ð pressure drop. water flow through the heat exchanger with the higher
This European Standard does not cover technical inlet temperature
safety aspects. 3.5.2
secondary water flow
2 Normative references water flow through the heat exchanger with the lower
This European Standard incorporates by dated or inlet temperature
undated reference, provisions from other publications. 3.6
These normative references are cited at the
appropriate places in the text and the publications are capacity
listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent product of the water mass flow rate and the difference
amendments to or revisions of any of these between the specific enthalpies at the inlet and outlet
publications apply to this European Standard only connections
when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For 3.7 Temperatures
undated references, the latest edition of the publication
referred to applies. NOTE All temperatures are average values ascertained over a
certain period of time.
EN 306:1997, Heat exchangers Ð Methods of
measuring the parameters necessary for establishing 3.7.1
the performance. water inlet temperature
EN ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the temperature of the water at the inlet connection, taking
competence of testing and calibration laboratories into consideration the inlet water velocities
(ISO/IEC 17025:1999). 3.7.2
water outlet temperature
3 Definitions temperature of the water at the outlet connection,
For the purposes of this standard, the following taking into consideration the outlet water velocities
definitions apply. 3.8 Types of test
3.1 3.8.1
classification
!type of testing"
series-produced water-to-water heat exchangers for testing of a generic type of heat exchanger for
district heating of the following types: specified duty at a selected range of operating
a) shell and tube heat exchangers; conditions
b) plate heat exchangers Note deleted
3.2
3.8.2
district heating heat exchanger
acceptance testing
heat exchanger transferring heat energy from a district
testing of a specific heat exchanger, at the appropriate
heating network to a radiator network, domestic warm
operating conditions
water system, ventilation system or to some special
applications 3.8.3
In the following text, the term ªheat exchangerº is performance testing
used. testing of heat exchangers, usually carried out in situ
NOTE It can be similar to acceptance testing when detailed
thermal hydraulic performance data is required.
© BSI 27 March 2006
Page 4
EN 1148:1998
4 Symbols a) manufacturer (name and address);
For the purposes of this European Standard the b) type (designation);
following apply. c) manufacturing number and year;
d) internal volumes (primary and secondary);
4.1 Letters
e) installation instructions;
A heat transfer surface m2 f) materials;
g) nominal capacity at clean heat exchanger surface
cp specific heat capacity kJ/(kg´K) (inlet and outlet temperatures, mass flows, pressure
F correction factor for LMTD Ð drops and capacity).
h specific enthalpy kJ/kg The data shall be supplied before the test is started.
k overall heat transfer coefficient W/(m2´K)
6 Performance conditions
LMTD logarithmic mean temperature K
difference 6.1 Temperature ranges of European district
p pressure Pa heating companies
The operating temperatures of the district heating
P capacity kW companies are classified into three groups. They
qv volume flow rate m3/s mainly comprise the operating ranges of the heat
qm mass flow rate kg/s exchangers for heating and domestic hot water.
r density kg/m3 6.2 Test conditions
T absolute temperature K The temperature ranges in Table 1 serve as a guide for
the temperature programs. The manufacturer shall
t temperature 8C indicate the temperature ranges along with a
Dt temperature difference K specification of the cases of application.
4.2 Subscripts Table 1 Ð Temperature ranges
Values in degrees Celsius
1 primary side (cooled flow) Temperature Range 1 Range 2 Range 3
Heating Heating Domestic
2 secondary side (heated flow) warm water
11 inlet conditions on primary side t11 110 to 190 65 to 130 65 to 130
12 outlet conditions on primary side t12 70 to 120 30 to 80 15 to 35
21 inlet conditions on secondary side t21 40 to 70 25 to 70 5 to 15
22 outlet conditions on secondary side t22 80 to 90 30 to 90 50 to 60
av average a) Heat exchanger for room heating
m mass The heat exchanger shall as a minimum be tested at
max maximum three different heat loads and at two different mass
flows on the secondary side. That means six different
min minimum points as a minimum for a complete test of range 1 and
v volume range 2 respectively.
The three different heat loads shall be chosen from a
4.3 Special characters heat load curve related to the outdoor temperature
(see example in Figure 1). Mass flows on the
(...9) measured value or value calculated from secondary side are 100 % and 50 % of the design value.
measurements Test points are shown in Table 2.
( ... ) value calculated from the manufacturer's
formula Table 2 Ð Test point specification
Point Primary Secondary Secondary Mass flow
number inlet inlet outlet %
5 Manufacturer's data 1 t11A t21A t22A 100
The heat exchanger to be tested shall be identified 2 t11B t21B t22B 100
by the following information: 3 t11C t21C t22C 100
4 t11A t21A t22A 50
5 t11B t21B t22B 50
6 t11C t21C t22C 50
© BSI 27 March 2006
Page 5
EN 1148:1998
Water temperatures on primary and secondary sides
Heat load (%)
Figure 1 Ð Load curves
b) Heat exchanger for domestic hot water Table 3 Ð Test point specification
The heat exchanger shall as a minimum be tested at Point Primary inlet Secondary Secondary Mass
three different heat loads and with two different number inlet outlet flow
primary inlet temperatures. That means six different %
points as a minimum for a complete test of range 3 1 t11A t21 t22 100
in Table 1. 2 t11A t21 t22 50
The three different capacities shall be calculated from
the flows on the secondary side (100 %, 50 % and 25 % 3 t11A t21 t22 25
of nominal flow q2). Secondary side temperature 4 $ t11A + 20 K t21 t22 100
values t21 and t22 are taken from range 3 in Table 1. 5 $ t11A + 20 K t21 t22 50
These temperatures shall be constant during the whole
test period. 6 $ t11A + 20 K t21 t22 25
The first test shall be conducted with the lowest
primary inlet temperature according to Figure 1. The
second test shall be conducted with an inlet
temperature at least 20 K higher than the first test.
Test points are shown in Table 3.
© BSI 27 March 2006
Page 6
EN 1148:1998
7 Measurements 8 Testing method
7.1 Uncertainty of measurements 8.1 General
The permissible uncertainty for various measurements In order to fulfil the requirements of this standard, the
is given in Table 4. capacity shall be determined simultaneously on both
the primary and secondary sides of the heat exchanger
Table 4 Ð Uncertainty of measurements and both results shall agree to within 3 %. The test
Measurements Uncertainty of measurements capacity shall be the average of the two measured
capacities.
Temperature Above 100 8C ± 0,15 K
Up to 100 8C ± 0,1 K 8.2 Principle
Flow rate ±2 % of the reading The principle of the methods is to measure the water
flow rate and to multiply it by the difference between
Pressure ±10 kPa the specific enthalpies at the water inlet and outlet
Pressure drop ±1,0 % of the reading, or 2 kPa connections.
(the higher value applies) The specific enthalpy difference of the water shall be
determined from the temperature measurements and
7.2 Measurement criteria physical properties of the water.
7.2.1 General
Methods of measuring the parameters necessary for 9 Testing procedures
establishing the performance are described in EN 306. 9.1 Conducting the test
7.2.2 Temperature measuring points 9.1.1 After achieving steady-state conditions, test data
a) Method A shall be taken for a minimum of 300 s. The measuring
When the temperature is measured on the outside of data, particularly the temperatures, shall be measured
the connecting pipe, it shall be measured at two and recorded at the same time. Steady-state conditions
opposite points of the same cross-section and, if the are assumed to exist when all changes and periodic
pipe is horizontal, there shall be one point above and fluctuations of individual temperatures remain
one below. within ±0,5 K of their average and mass flows remain
The pipe shall be insulated on each side of the within ±1,5 % of their average.
temperature measuring point for a length of at 9.1.2 The sampling frequency or the time between
least 10 times its outside diameter. It shall be ensured two consecutive readings shall be sufficient for the
that good thermal contact exists between the sensor medium around transducers and measurement outputs
and the pipe at the measuring point. to have been replaced. The sampling frequency shall
This method is only applicable if the active also be high enough to identify all significant
temperature difference is small and the internal heat fluctuations.
transfer is much better than the external one. 9.1.3 Flows and temperatures shall be held constant
b) Method B throughout the duration of the test, to minimize errors
When the temperature is measured by a sensor associated with sensor response time and to allow the
immersed into the pipe, care shall be taken that heat exchanger time to reach equilibrium conditions.
temperature stratifications and flow patterns do not 9.1.4 The following data shall be recorded:
influence the accuracy of the measurements.
t911, t912, t921, t922, q9m1, q9m2, Dp91, Dp92
7.2.3 Pressure measuring points
9.2 Application of test results
The pressure measuring points shall be located in the
middle of a straight part of pipe of constant diameter, The application of test results will depend on the
equal to that of the heat exchanger connections, having purpose of the test and is therefore classified
a length of not less than 10 times its diameter, ensuring according to one of the following three categories:
that there is no restriction involved. They shall be I) type testing of new heat exchangers;
placed between the temperature measuring points and II) acceptance testing of new heat exchangers;
the connections of the heat exchanger.
III) performance testing of heat exchangers in use.
7.2.4 Flow rate
The flow rates shall be measured according to the
recommendations of the installation instructions for
the flow measuring devices.
© BSI 27 March 2006
Page 7
EN 1148:1998
9.2.1 Type testing For counterflow arrangement:
Note deleted
(t911 2 t922) 2 (t912 2 t921)
LMTD9 =
Type testing can be used for a single heat exchanger as (t9 2 t922)
well as for a range of products. When applied to a ln 11
(t912 2 t921)
range of products, type tests are only considered as
valid for capacities between 50 % and 200 % of the test if (t911 2 t922) Þ (t912 2 t921);
unit capacity. The material and geometry shall be the LMTD9 = (t911 2 t922) or (t912 2 t921)
same throughout the range.
if (t911 2 t922) = (t912 2 t921).
EXAMPLE
For parallel flow arrangement:
Shell and tube heat exchangers:
(t9 2 t921) 2 (t912 2 t922)
tube diameter, arrangement of the tubes, form and LMTD9 = 11
arrangement of baffles, hydraulic diameter, number (t9 2 t921)
ln 11
of passes, flow geometry, types of tube (t912 2 t922)
Plate heat exchanger: The fluid property cp shall be chosen in accordance
heat transfer area/plate, plate gap, flow angle, etc. with the calculated mean temperatures t9av1 and t9av2.
The fluid property r, used to calculate the mass flow
For the remaining heat exchanger types, the rate, shall be chosen in accordance with the actual
geometries shall be determined accordingly. temperature at the flowmeter, usually the outlet
temperature t912 and t922.
9.2.2 Acceptance testing
Acceptance testing can be carried out for both
mass-produced or specially built heat exchangers. It P9 = q9lm 3 cp1 3 Dt91 + q92m 3 cp2 3 Dt92
2
can be carried out either in the laboratory or in situ.
The acceptance testing can be done according to type where
testing. Dt91 = t911 2 t912
9.2.3 Performance testing Dt92 = t922 2 t921
The performance testing can be carried out in q91m = q91v 3 r1
accordance with type testing but at current operating q92m = q92v 3 r2
conditions. It may also consist of simple monitoring
activities to determine the general behaviour of the The uncertainties of the measurements shall be
unit. observed and announced in the measured parameters
Dp92 and the calculated parameters LMTD9 and P9.
The results shall be presented as Dp91, Dp92 and P9
10 Capacity calculation with the associated uncertainty respectively.
10.1 General The expected pressure losses Dp1 and Dp 2 are
The capacity shall be calculated in accordance with calculated from the manufacturer's formula and data,
the equations of the manufacturer for certain operating using the measured flows q9m1 and q9m2.
temperatures and mass flows. The validity of the With the calculated overall heat transfer coefficient k,
equations shall be checked by the test. regarding the known heat surface, the heat power P
10.2 Calculated parameters shall be calculated and compared with P9.
From the measured parameters the following are P = k 3 A 3 LMTD9
calculated:
t9av1, t9av2, LMTD9, r, cp, P9, (k 3 A)9 and k9: 10.3 Calculations
t9 + t912 From the initial calculated parameters q91m and
t9av1 = 11
2 q92m, t9av1 and t 9av2 the value of ( k Õ A) shall be
t921 + t922 calculated.
t9av2 =
2
© BSI 27 March 2006
Page 8
EN 1148:1998
With the calculated value of (k 3 A) or k 3 A, the 11 Test report
heat power P shall be calculated at the final
evaluation as: The test report shall be in accordance with
EN ISO/IEC 17025.
P = (k 3 A) 3 LMTD9 or Diagrams and tables regarding the process of the
P = k 3 A 3 LMTD9 measuring data or the parameters shall be enclosed in
the test report.
The expected pressure losses Dp1 and Dp2 are
The inaccuracy estimation shall include a discussion of
calculated using the measured parameters q9m1
crude errors, systematic errors and statistical errors.
and q9m2 and calculated parameters t9av1 and t9av2.
The comparing of P9 and P shall be presented in
The uncertainties of the measurements shall be explicit values and in a graphic form.
observed and announced with the calculated
parameters Dp1, Dp2 and P.
10.4 Acceptance limits
The manufacturer's data and the calculated programs
shall be accepted if the measured parameters meet the
calculated parameters in every test point within the
following range:
P9 $ 0,97 P
Dp91 # 1,05 Dp1
Dp92 # 1,05 Dp2
© BSI 27 March 2006
Page 9
EN 1148:1998
Annex A (informative)
Bibliography
EN 247, Heat exchangers Ð Terminology.
EN 305, Heat exchangers Ð Definitions of performance of heat exchangers and the general test procedure for
establishing performance of all heat exchangers.
EN 307, Heat exchangers Ð Guidelines to prepare installation, operating and maintenance instructions
required to maintain the performance of each type of heat exchanger.
© BSI 27 March 2006
BS EN
1148:1999
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