Signals and Systems

Chapter 1

Introduction to Signals and Systems

Instructor: Sai-Weng Sin

Associate Professor
Reference Text book
[1] Signals and Systems, (2nd Edition) by Alan V. Oppenheim, Alan S. Willsky, Prentice Hall
International Edition, [ISBN: 978-0138147570]

[2] Continuous and Discrete Signals and Systems (2nd Edition), by Samir S.Soliman,
Mandyam D.Srinath, Prentice Hall. [ISBN: 978-0135184738]

[3] 信號與系統, 鄭君里, 楊為理, 應啟珩, 高等教育出版社. [ISBN: 704007981]

2018/1/16 Chapter 1 2
Course Outline
• Chapter 1 – Introduction
• Chapter 2 – Linear Time Invariant Systems
• Chapter 3 – Fourier Series, Harmonics, Filters
• Chapter 4 – Fourier Transform
• Chapter 6 - Time and Frequency Characterization of
Signals and Systems
• Chapter 9 – Laplace Transform and Its Application to
Circuit Analysis

2018/1/16 Chapter 1 3
Course Assessment Method

Quizzes :20%
Laboratory Works: 30%
Final Exam: 50%

2018/1/16 Chapter 1 4
Example Real World Signals
A speech waveform
Time Domain

Frequency
Domain

2018/1/16 Chapter 1 5
Example Real World Signals
A speech waveform
Time Domain

Frequency
Domain

2018/1/16 Chapter 1 6
Example Real World Signals
Why Frequency Domain is important?
Radio Frequency Spectrum
(Do you understand the GHz language in the electronics world:

Frequency
Domain

2018/1/16 Chapter 1 7
Example Real World Systems
Audio Equalizer/Filter System Output Sound
Heavy Bass Type (Freq domain)

Input Sound
(Freq domain)

Heavy Treble Type

2018/1/16 Chapter 1 8
 Example Real World Systems
• 3-Phase Power Distribution Network with Power Quality Compensation
• High frequency harmonics are generated due to the big farm of server digital
switching load
• Harmonics – Frequency Domain Concepts

isx iLx

icx

Better IGBT driver

performance
IGBT driver

, loss IGBT switch

reduced, IGBT switch

faster
3-Phase Power Quality
response
Compensator
Objective of this course
After this course, make you become an expertise in the following:
➢ Understand the language of the Electronics world – Frequency!
➢ Understand the nature of time-domain signals and frequency
domain spectrum
➢ Able to analysis the contents of the generic signals
➢ Converting time-domain complex operation (like complex
calculus) into frequency domain simple calculation (like algebraic
operation)
➢ Know how to evaluate the signals and systems in frequency
domain
➢ Allow you to communicate with the 99% of the Electrical and
Electronics Engineers and Expertise in the world
Before as an expertise, what you need is – Math!
2018/1/16 Chapter 1 10
 Continuous-Time & Discrete-Time Signals
Two basic types of signals
a) Continuous-time Signals x(t)
- Independent Variable:
t, Continuous
- Amplitude: Continuous
(Waveform)

b) Discrete-time Signals x[n]

- Independent Variable:
n, Discrete (Integer)
- Amplitude: Continuous
(Sequences)

2018/1/16 Chapter 1 11
Transformations of The Independent Variable
a) Reflection (Time Reversal)
x(t )  x(t )
x[n]  x[n]

2018/1/16 Chapter 1 12
 Transformations of The Independent Variable
b) Scaling
t
x(t )  x(mt ); x( )
L
n
x[n]  x[mn]; x[ ]
L

c) Shifting

x(t )  x(t  t0 )
x[n]  x[n  n0 ]
0 n0

2018/1/16 Chapter 1 13
 Basic Continuous-Time Signals
1. Continuous-Time Complex Exponential and Sinusoidal Signals
x(t )  Ce t
a) C ,  – real number,  Real Exponential Signal

Increasing Exponential Decreasing Exponential

2018/1/16 Chapter 1 14
Basic Continuous-Time Signals
b)   jw – Purely Imaginary,  Periodic Complex Exponentials

x(t )  e jw0t
e jw0t is periodic signal with period (fundamental period):
2
T0  Note that e jw0 (t T0 )  e jw0t  e j 2  e jw0t
w0
Euler’s Relation: e jw0t  cosw0t  j sin w0t
1 jw0t  jw0t 1 jw0t  jw0t
cosw0t  (e  e ), sin w0t  (e  e )
2 2j

2018/1/16 Chapter 1 15
Basic Continuous-Time Signals
Sinusoidal Signal: x(t )  A cos(w0t   ),

2
T0  , w0  2f 0
w0

A cos(w0t   )  A Re e j (w0t  ) 
w0, f0, Oscillation 

Fundamental Frequency : radians, f0: Hz

w0: radians/second, T0: s
Harmonically Related Complex Exponentials
- Sets of periodic exponentials with fundamental frequencies that are all
mutiples of a single positive frequency w0 2 T0
Fundamental Period: k w 
 (t )  e jkw0t , k  0,1,2
k
0 k
2
First harmonic Common Period:  T0
w0
2018/1/16 Chapter 1 16
 Basic Continuous-Time Signals
c) C,   Complex Number,  Complex Exponentials
C  C e j ,  r  jw0
* Cet  C e j e( r  jw0 )t  C ert e j (w0t  )
 C ert cos(w0t   )  j C ert sin(w0t   )
Re{Cet }  C ert cos(w0t   ) Sinusoidal Signal

Im{Cet }  C ert sin(w0t   )  C ert cos(w0t     / 2)

2018/1/16 Chapter 1 17
The Continuous-Time Unit Step & Unit Impulse
Functions
* Unit Step Function

0, t  0
u (t )  
1, t  0
t  0, undefined

2018/1/16 Chapter 1 18
The Continuous-Time Unit Step & Unit Impulse
Functions
* Unit Impluse Function
du (t )
 (t ) 
dt
du (t )
  (t ) 
dt
lim u (t )  u (t )
 0

 (t )  lim   (t )
 0

2018/1/16 Chapter 1 19
 The Continuous-Time Unit Step & Unit Impulse
Functions
* Unit Impluse Function
Common Definition:
   (t )d (t )  1

  (t )  0, t  0
or



 (t )d (t )  1,   0 or -   0
Dirac Delta Function
-> Distribution Function or
Generalized Function

2018/1/16 Chapter 1 20
The Continuous-Time Unit Step & Unit Impulse
Functions
* Important Properties:
1.x(t ) (t )  x(0) (t )
2.x(t ) (t  t0 )  x(t0 ) (t  t0 )

3. x(t ) (t )dt  x(0)


4. x(t ) (t  t0 )dt  x(t0 )

t
5.u (t )    ( )d Running Integral


   (t   )d
0

2018/1/16 Chapter 1 21
 The Even and Odd Signals
* Even:
x(t )  x(t )
x[n]  x[n]
Example : x(t )  cosw0t
* Odd:
x(t )   x(t )
x[n]   x[n]
Example : x[n]  n3
Fact: x(t )  Ev( x(t ))  Od ( x(t ))

Ev( x(t )) 
1
x(t )  x(t ) Even Part
2
Od ( x(t ))  x(t )  x(t ) Odd Part
1
2

2018/1/16 Chapter 1 22
 The Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
x(t )  x(t  T ) Periodic Signal with Period T
 x(t )  x(t  mT ) m - integer (Unchanged by a time-shift of T)
T0: Fundamental Period - the smallest positive value of T

x[n]  x[n  N ] Periodic with Period N

N0: Fundamental Period - the smallest positive value of N

2018/1/16 Chapter 1 23
Signal Energy and Power
1 2
p (t )  v (t )i (t )  v (t ) - Instantaneous Power
R
t2 1 2
t2
t1 p(t )dt  t1 R v (t )dt - Total Energy (t1  t  t2 )
1 t2 1 t2 1 2

t2  t1 1
t
p(t )dt  
t2  t1 1 R
t
v (t )dt - Average Power (t1  t  t 2 )

C-T (Continuous-Time) Signal

t2
E   x(t ) dt Energy over (t1  t  t 2 )
2
t1
NOT Physical Energy
Complex

D-T (Discrete-Time) Signal

n2
E   x[n]
2
Energy over (n1  n  n2 )
n  n1
 Signal Energy and Power
T 
C-T: E  lim  x(t ) dt   x(t ) dt (  t  )
2 2

T  T 
Total Energy in Infinite Time Interval
N 
D-T: E  lim  x[n]   x[n]
2 2
(  n  )
N 
n N n  

1 T
C-T: P  lim 
2
x(t ) dt
T   2T T
N Time-averaged Power over Infinite Time Interval
1
D-T: P  lim 
2
x[n]
N  2 N  1
n N
Systems
System can be viewed as any process that results in the transformation of signals.

Continuous-Time System

Discrete-Time System

Interconnection of Systems
1.Series (Cascade) Interconnection

2. Parallel Interconnection
Systems
Interconnection of Systems
3. Series/Parallel Interconnection

y[n]  2 x[n 1]  ( x[n 1])2

4. Feedback Interconnection
The Properties of Systems
1. Memoryless
Output for each values of the independent variable is dependent only on the
input at that same time.

2. Invertible
Distinct inputs lead to distinct output; Input can be reversely determined by
observing its Output.

3. Causality
Output at any time depends only on values of the input at the present time and
in the past.
The Properties of Systems
4. Stability
Small inputs lead to responses that do not diverge.
Input (Bounded)  Output (Bounded)
5. Time Invariance
Time shift in the input signal causes a time shift in the output.

6. Linearity
Superposition  Addition property and Scaling Property
T ax1[n]  bx2 [n]  aT x1[n]}  bT {x2 [n]