Determination of a Solubility Product Constant ‘When an ionie solid dissolves in water, it dissociates to give the positive and negative ions that make up the solid. These ions are hydrated, andare found in solution in the same relative proportion as in the solid. As more solid dissolves, the concentration of the ions inereasos\ This build-up allows the reverse reaction, in which the ions crystallize out, to have a «greater possibility of occurring. Eventually, a situation is reached in which therate of dissolving is equal to therate of erystallization. At this point, no more golid can dissolve, and the solution is said to be saturgted. A state of equilibrium has been reached which can be recognized by a constant colorfor the solution lifts colored), or by constant mass left undissolved. The solubility product constant, Kep, for an ionic solid is given by the product of the-concentratfon of the ions, each raised to the power of the coefficients in the dissolving reaction. For instance, the Ksp for silver chloride, AgCl, is given by Kop Agr] For a substance such as lead iodide, Pbl, the Kep is given by Kep= b*UT} The Kep expression gives the relationship between the ions in the satu- rated solution,-and therefore their maximum possible concentration ‘without causing precipitation, If solutions of suitable concentration of substances are available, it is possible to mix them to form a precipitate, then carry out appropriate dilutions until a point is reached at which no precipitate occurs. This process allows an approximate value to be deter- mined for the Kop, In this experiment, you will mix solutions oflead nitrateand potassium iodide ata numberof different dilutions, and watch for the first situation in ‘which no precipitate occurs. You will then be able to state the Ksp atroom temperature as a range ofvalues.'The test tubes in which a precipitate did occur will then be heated until the precipitate dissolves, in order that you ‘may determine the Ksp at different temperatures. OBJECTIVES 1. to prepare a number of solutions of each of Pb and I, of differing concentrations 2, tomix combinations of the ahove solutionsand note whether a precip: itate occurs 3. toobtainan approximate value of the Ksp for Pbk at room temperature 4. to obtain the approximate, Ksp for Pbls at temperatures higher than room temperature Laboratory Experiments Experiment 19CMATERIALS Apparatus Reagents ‘ 12 test tubes Jaborstory bumer 0.010 PD(NO- \ ‘Gem. 150 mm) vingstand andring —-0g20M XI test tube racks wire gauze agmduated cylinders thermemeter {a0 mi) water eoluble marker : medicine dropper lab apron baker 400 mL) safety goes i 2 boaters (100 mtd i PROCEDURE 1. Put on your lab apron and safety goggles. I. 2, Obtain in separate 100 ml. beakers about 40 ml, of each of 0.010M I PbINO:) and 0.020M KI, and label the beakers. 3. Obtain twelve 18 mm * 150 mm test tubes and arrange them in two | canon rasig et on aot Fh oe j Caunont gad nites, Sojuble masker. Label them near the top, since they willbe iumersed Inpourmouthanddo not in water later: wallow ony. avold getting Enyonyourskin, since it, 4, Into the first set of test tubes place 10.0 ml, 80 ml, 6.0 ml, 40 mL, canbe ctaoibed Wash 3.0 mb, and 20 mL of 0.010M PHINOs), respectively. Use your 10 ml. ‘splashes with plenty of ‘graduated cylinder, and get the precise amount by adding or subtract: 5, Add an amount of water to each tube to make the volumein each upto 100 mL (that is, 00 mL, 2.0 iL, 4.0 ml, 60 mL, 7.0 mL, and 80 ml, respectively) 6, Repeat Steps 4 and 5 with the test tubes in the second rack, using 0.020 KT instead of 0.010M PLINOsl 7. Mix the contents of test tube A from the lead nitrate set with the contents of test tube A from the potassium iodide set, and replace the test tube in the rack. : | q PeeNect yorker. Ing aopr ta dropper 8. Repeat Step 7 for each of the other $ combinations. 9, Recordin which test tubes a precipitate occurs in your copy of Table 1 in your notebook. 410, Add about 250 ml of water to a 400 mL beaker, and place the beaker on ‘a wire gauze on a ring clamp attached to a stand, 11, Place each of the test tubes which contain a precipitate in the beaker, ‘and bogin heating slowly with a laboratory burner. (See Figure 19C-1) 12, When the precipitate in each test tube dissolves, note the temperature of the water bath and record it in Table 1. : 418. Before leaving the laboratory, wash your hands thoroughly with soap ‘and water; use a fingemail brush to clean under your fingernails. figue 194 Experiment 49 Laboratory ExperimentsREAGENT DISPOSAL Empty the contents ofall test tubes into the designated waste container: POST LAB DISCUSSION “The Kgp expression for lead iodide, {PD"JICP, represents the equi brium concentrations at the point where a precipitate just stars to form When other concentration values are substituted in this expression it is called a trial fon product (or simply, fon product). When this wil fon product exceeds Kyp, a precipitate should form until the equilibrium. concentrations are reached, Irthe trial on producti less than or equal to gp, no precipitate should form, you note the temperature at which a precipitate dissolves the trialfon product for that samplebecomes the Kyp at that temperature. DATA AND OBSERVATIONS (Organize your data dnd observations ina table similar to the following, Itwould be a good idea to have the table ready it your notebook before coming to the laboratory. salle, ee T = ae aaa 30] 60 30 Volume ofwterGntiadaed | 0 | a0 | ao | 60 | 70 Volume of0020MKrimt) 200 | 00 | 6a | a0 | so | 20 | Volume ofvateraddedimi | oo | a0 | ao | 60 | ro | 0 | Peete or no pret | atroom tperetre l ‘Temperature at which, : precipitate dissolves °C) | QUESTIONS AND CALCULATIONS 1. For each of test tubes A to F, calculate the (Pb") in the final mixed solution. In using the appropriate dilution factor, remember that the final volume in each case is the sum of the volumes of oth the lead nitrate and the potassium iodide, ie., 20 ml, 2, Repeat for (7) in the final mixed solution in test tubes A to F 3, Calculate the value of the trial ion product for each of test tubes A to F(given by (Pb" II"), 4, State therange of values in which your experimental Ksp mustlie. (This will be between the trial ion product of the last test tube giving a precipitate and the trial ion productoof the firsttest tube not giving a precipitate. 5, From the results of the temperature at which a precipitate dissolved, make up a table showing the temperature, the Kp and the solubility in each tase. Since in each situation the (T) was, twice the [Pb], the solubility of Pbis is given simply by the [Pb*] alone 6, What is the trend in the solubility as the temperature is increased? 7. Plot a graph of solubility (moles per litre) against temperature. Laboratory Experiments Experiment 19C 224a FOLLOW-UP QUESTIONS 4, fyou were given a saturated solution oflead iodide and asked to determine the Kep of Pb from it, haw would you proceed? 2, willlead iodide be more or less soluble in a solution of 0.10M KI than itwill be in pure water? Explain your answer. 4, After doing this experiment, a student finds that the test tubes have a coating of yellow lead Jodide om the inside which doesn't wash off easily, On the basis of your experimental results, suggest the hest method for removing this coating. 4, Compare your Kop value with that obtained froma chemical handbook or other reference book Suggest some reasons for any difference. CONCLUSION State the results of Objective 3. 202 Experiment 19C Laboratory Experiments a