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Cell Phone Electronics & Measurements

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Systems and Networks

By:
Prof. Dr. Muhammad EL-SABA

2011
Mobile Communication Systems & Networks

-ii-

Prof. Dr. Eng. Muhammad El-SABA

Mobile Communication Systems & Networks

Preface

This book discusses the fundamental topic of mobile communication systems and networks,
which is a vital topic for electronics and telecommunication engineers. Actually, there are
many titles that focus on mobile communications theory, electronic design, measurement etc,
but almost none that covering all of this. This book provides a solid foundation for the
communications electronics engineering students. It is essential for modern electronics
communication & network engineering disciplines, including, wireless networks, cell phone
networks, mobile phone RF integrated circuits, programming and measurements. We try to
anchor 4th year undergraduates to phone programming, in order to prepare them for potential
careers in mobile phones. We make use of demonstrating examples in order to allow them to
understand the complex hardware design and APIs of modern smartphones.

The book is divided into 7 chapters. In Chapter 1, we review the fundamental concepts in
radio frequency engineering in general and mobile phones in particular. We also discuss the
noise and electromagnetic interference in communication systems.

In Chapter 2, we talk about wireless technology, types of wireless networks, their security
and theory of operation. We also present the modern wireless technologies such as Bluetooth
and WiMAX technologies. In Chapter 3, we present the mobile phone networks, their theory
of operation and features, such as frequency reuse, call handover and power control. We also
study power budget of radio communications and mobile phone links. In Chapter 4, we
discuss the internal electronic circuits of mobile transceivers and their design issues. The
following chapter (Chapter 5) is a nuts and bolts guide for mobile phone testing and
measurement techniques. In addition to presenting and discussing mobile phone concepts,
this book also includes exercises that cover the mobile phone electronics and measurement
techniques.

Prof. Dr. Muhammad EL-SABA

Cairo in Nov. 2013

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Prof. Dr. Eng. Muhammad El-SABA

Mobile Communication Systems & Networks

Contents
Subject Page
iii
PREFACE

CHAPTER 1: Basic Concepts about Mobile Communications 1

1-1. Introduction (What’s Mobile Phone?) 3
1-2. Mobile Phone Systems 5
1-3. Development of Mobile Phones 6
1-4. Review about Electromagnetic Waves 9
1-5. Transportation of Radio Frequency Signals 10
1-6. Transportation Media of RF Signals 11
1-7. Antennas 12
1-8. Wireless Communications 16
1-9. Spectral Efficiency 16
1-10. Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) & Noise 18
1-11. Wireless Radiation & Cell Phone Health Hazards 19
1-12. Summary 21
1-13. Problems 22
1-14. Bibliography 23

CHAPTER 2: Wireless Networks 25

2-1. Introduction (Wireless Technology) 27
2-2. Wireless Network Types 29
2-2.1. Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) 30
2-2.2. Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN) 30
2-2.3. Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMAN) 30
2-2.4. Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWAN) 30
2-3. Wireless Network Protocols 31
2-3.1. Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) 31
2-3.2. i-Mode 33
2-3.3. User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 34
2-4. Security in Wireless Networks 37
2-4.1. Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) 37
2-4.2. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) 37
2-4.3. Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2) 37
2-4.4. Service Set Identifier (SSID) 37
2-4.5. Media Access Control (MAC) 38
2-5. Bluetooth 39
2-6. WiFi & WiMax 40

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Prof. Dr. Eng. Muhammad El-SABA

Mobile Communication Systems & Networks

Subject Page
2-7. GPS Networks 42
2-7.1. GPS Tracking 43
2-7.2. GPS Tracking of a Cell Phone 43
2-7.3. Blocking GPS Tracking 43
2-8. Modulation Techniques in Wireless Networks 44
2-8.1. Phase Shift Keying (PSK) 44
2-8.2. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 44
2-8.3. Spread Spectrum Techniques 47
2-8.4. Orthogonal Frequency division Multiplexing (OFDM) 49
2-8.5. Flash OFDM (FOFDM) 50
2-8.6. Ultra wideband (UWB) 50
2-9. Wireless Communication Links 51
2-9.1. Link Power Budget 51
2-9.2. Line of Sight (LOS) Power Budget 51
2-9.3. Microwave Radio Relay Links 55
2-9.4. Non-Line of Sight Radio Links 55
2-9.5. Multipath Problems 56
2-9.6. Satellite Links 56
i. i. Orbiting Satellites 57
ii. ii. Geostationary Satellites 57
iii. iii. VSAT Satellites 58
2-9.7. Satellite Link Budget 61
2-9.8. Satellite Download Link Budget Analysis 62
2-9.9. Mobile Phone-Satellite Link Power Budget 64
2-10. Wireless Network Components 66
2-10.1. Wireless Network Adapter 66
2-10.2. Wireless Router 67
2-10.3. Wireless Access Point 68
2-11. Wireless Network Configuration 69
2-12. Voice on Internet Protocol (VoIP) in Mobile Phones 70
2-13. ISM Bands 70
2-14. Future of Wireless Networks 71
2-15. Summary 72
2-16. Problems 73
2-17. Bibliography 74

CHAPTER 3: Fundamentals of Mobile Networks 75

3-1. Introduction 77
3-2. Mobile Network Technology 78

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Prof. Dr. Eng. Muhammad El-SABA

Mobile Communication Systems & Networks

Subject Page
3-3. Mobile Phone Network Features 81
3-3.1. Area Coverage 81
3-3.2. Cell Size 82
i. Macro Cells 82
ii. Micro Cells 83
iii. Pico Cells 83
3-3.3. Frequency Reuse 84
3-3.4. Movement across Cells and Handover 85
3-3.6. Frequency Choice 87
3-3.5. Power Control 88
3-4. Mobile Phone Network Components & Nodes 89
3-4.1. Mobile Station (MS) 90
3-4.2. Base Station (BS) 90
3-4.3. Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC) 91
3-4.4. Base Station Controller (BSC) 91
3-5. Mobile Traffic 93
3-5.1. Traffic Channels 94
3-5.2. Control Channels 95
3-5.3. Traffic Load 96
3-5.4. Channel Holding Time 97
3-5.5. Mobile Phone Special Codes 97
3-5.6. What happens when we make a call? 99
3-6. Quality of Service (QoS) and Grade of Service (GoS) 100
3-7. OSI Model 101
3-7.1. ISO / OSI Seven Layer Model 101
3-7.2. Seven Layer Functions 103
3-8. Summary 106
3-9. Problems 108
3-10 Bibliography 109

CHAPTER 4: Mobile Phone Networks 111

4-1. Introduction (Network Design Cycle) 113
4-2. Loss Attenuation Calculations (Link Budget) 116
4-3. Fading & Fading Margins 120
4-4. Frequency Planning 122
4-5. Network Topologies 124
4-6. Multipath & Outage Modeks 125
4-7. Quality & Unavailability 125
4-8. Planning Software Programs (Pathloss) 127

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Prof. Dr. Eng. Muhammad El-SABA

Mobile Communication Systems & Networks

Subject Page
4-9. Summary 148
4-10. Problems 150
4-11. Bibliography 151
CHAPTER 5: Mobile Communication Electronics 153
5-1. Introduction 155
5-2. Mobile Transceivers Specifications & Architecture 157
5-2.1. Superheterodyne Receiver 158
5-2.2. Minimum Detectable Signal of Radio Receiver 160
5-2.3. Sensitivity of a Radio Receiver 160
5-2.4. Dynamic Range 161
5-2.5. Radio Receiver Blocking 162
5-2.6. Third Intercept Point 162
5-2.7. Spur-free Dynamic Range (SFDR) 163
5-3. LNA Circuits 164
5-3.1. LNA Parameters 164
5-3.2. LNA Circuit Design 165
5-3.3. MOSFET LNA 166
5-4. Mixer Circuits 167
5-4.1. Mixer Parameters 167
5-4.2. Active Mixers 167
5-5.. VCO Circuits 169
5-5.1. VCO Parameters 169
5-5.2. CMOS L-C VCO 172
5-6. Phase-Locked Loops (PLL) 173
5-7. Digital PLL & Numerically-Controlled Oscillator (NCO) 175
5-8. Frequency Synthesizer (FS) 177
5-9. Direct Digital Synthesizer (DDS) 174
5-10. RF Front-end ICs 185
5-11. Baseband Circuits 187
5-11.1. Digital-to-Analog Converters (DAC) 188
5-11.2. Analog -to- Digital Converters (ADC) 189
5-11.3. DSP Circuits 194
5-12. Mobile Application Processor 195
5-13. Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) Card 196
5-14. Touch Screen Controller 197
5-15. Mobile Phone Battery Charger 198
5-16. Summary 200
5-17. Problems 202
5-18. Bibliography 204
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Prof. Dr. Eng. Muhammad El-SABA

Mobile Communication Systems & Networks

Subject Page
CHAPTER 6: Mobile Phone Testing and Measurements 205

6-1. Introduction 207

6-2. JTAG Testing Standard and its Extensions 208
6-3. Built-In Self-Test (BIST) for RFIC’s 210
6-4. Testing of RFIC’s 210
6-5. Testing of RF Transceivers 211
6-6. Probing High-Speed Signals 216
6-7. Mobile Phone Testing 220
6-7.1. Components / Subassembly Test 220
6-7.2. Assembled PCB Test 221
6-7.3. Acoustic Test 221
6-7.4. Ringer Test 222
6-7.5. Vibration Alert Test 222
6-7.6. Melody Analyzer Test 223
6-7.7. DTMF Keypad Test 224
6-7.8. Radiation Test 224
6-7.9. SAR Test 228
6-7.10. SAM Test 228
6-8. Testing of Wideband Services 230
6-9. Mobile Network Testing Systems 231
6-10. Summary 233
6-11. Bibliography 234

Glossaries 235

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Prof. Dr. Eng. Muhammad El-SABA

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