1 B.F.

SKinner and behavioural Analysis

2 Scientific Behaviourism
Internal states SHOULD NOT be used to explain behaviour
Emphasis on physical experiences/situations vs. inner motivations
Study focuses on determining conditions under which behaviour occurs
Emphasis on empirical observation, order, and reliable relationships
3 COnditioning
4 Classical Conditioning
Discrimination - conditioned response does not occur if the stimulus is different
Generalisation - conditioned response occurs if the stimulus is similar
5 Operant Conditioning
Operant Discrimination - reinforcement history results in differences in responses among people
Stimulus Generalisation - people may response similarly to different stimuli
6 SHAPING
Reinforcement occurs at successive approximations
Gross approximations first
Then closer approximations
Then the desired behaviour
7 Reinforcement
Strengthens the behaviour AND rewards the person
Reinforcement =/= Reward
Positive Reinforcement - adding stimulus that will increase behaviour
Negative Reinforcement - taking away stimulus that is aversive
8 Punishment
DECREASES behaviour by suppression, conditioning negative feelings, spreading effects of negative
feelings
Less predictable results than reinforcement
Positive Punishment - adding an aversive stimuli
Negative Punishment - removing a positive reinforcer
 Negative Punishment - removing a positive reinforcer
9 Reinforcement
vs. Punishment
Expression of E, N, and P depend on each other.
Ex.
How would a person who is average E and high N express anger? Compared to a person who is high E?
How would a person who is low P and high N express anger? Compared to a person who is high P?
10 Types of Reinforcers
Primary Reinforcer - food, water, sex, physical comfort
Conditioned Reinforcers - not satisfying by nature BUT associated with primary reinforcers
Generalised Reinforcers - associated with more than one primary reinforcer
Ex. attention, approval, affection, tokens
11 Schedules of Reinforcement
Continuous vs. Intermittent
Ratio (number of responses) vs. Interval (time)
Fixed (set number/time) vs. Variable (average number/time)
Start at continuous to more intermittent
Intermittent schedules —> more resistant to extinction
12 Extinction
An acquired response can be weakened through non-reinforcement
Operant Extinction - weakening a learned response
13 HUman Behaviour
14 Forces that shape
the species
Natural Selection - behaviours that benefit the species tend to survive
Cultural Evolution - cultural practices get transmitted through those who survive
Not all cultural practices are adaptive
15 Inner states
Drives - effects of deprivation and satiation
15 Inner states
Drives - effects of deprivation and satiation
Emotion - contingencies of survival and physical reinforcements
Self-awareness - observations of private events
16 Complex behaviour
Creativity - random or accidental behaviours that happen to be rewarded
Unconscious Behaviour - suppressed, ignored, denied behaviour
17 SOCIAL Control of behaviour
Operant Conditioning
Describing contingencies/consequences
Deprivation and satiation
Physical Restraint
18 Self-Control
Physical restraint
Physical aids
Changing environmental stimuli
Escape from environmental stimuli
Substitute behaviours
19 activity
20 ALBERT BANDURA
and
SOcial Cognitive Theory
21 Learning
22 Observational Learning
Modeling
MORE than imitation
Adds and subtracts from observed behaviour
23 Observational Learning
Modeling
23 Observational Learning
Modeling
People are most likely to model high-status people
People who lack skill or status are most likely to model
People model behaviour that is seen as rewarding to the model
24 Observational Learning
Four processes:
Attention - noticing what the model does
Representation - symbolically representing patterns in memory
Behaviour production - producing the behaviour
Motivation - there must be something that motivates to perform
25 Enactive Learning
All behaviour is followed by some consequence:
Consequences inform us of effects - for future actions
Consequences motivate anticipatory behaviour - foresight
Consequences of responses reinforce behaviour
26 Enactive Learning
Cognitive evaluation of the situation and the consequences affects learning in direct experiences
More fully explains complex behaviour
27 Triadic Reciprocal Causation
28 The Triad
Fundamental situational error - environment only
Fundamental attribution error - internal dispositions only
Evolved Mechanisms: exist in response to and with input from the environment.
The environment cannot affect behaviour if there are no mechanisms to respond.
Epigenetics - change in gene function, without change in DNA
29 Environmental events
Chance Encounters
Fortuitous Events
 Chance Encounters
Fortuitous Events
30 Personal Factors
Human Agency - ability to organize, regulate, and enact behaviors that can bring about desired
consequences
Intentionality - proactive commitment to actions
Foresight - ability to set goals
Self-reactiveness - monitoring progress, adjusting
Self-reflectiveness - thinking about, evaluating motives, values
31 Personal Factors
Self-Efficacy - beliefs that one can or cannot exercise behaviours necessary to bring about desired
consequences
NOT outcome expectations
32 SElf-Efficacy
Self-Efficacy - acquired, enhanced, or decreased by:
Master experiences - performance
Social Modeling - observing someone of equal ability succeed or fail
Social Persuasion - encouraging words
Physical or emotional states - anxiety, fear
33 Self-Efficacy
Proxy Agency - people seek proxies to exercise partial control
Collective Efficacy - confidence in combined efforts to produce social change
Can be lowered through helplessness, complex technology, bureaucracies, world-wide problems
34 Self-regulation
Manipulating the environment to produce consequences, to help regulate own behaviour
External factors
Internal factors
Moral Agency
35 Self-regulation
 Moral Agency
35 Self-regulation
External factors
Standards of evaluation - direct learning or observations
External Reinforcement - incentives
36 Self-regulation
Internal factors
Self-observation - what we attend to, what we ignore
Judging or Evaluating - personal standards, standards of reference, value, performance attribution
Self-reaction - self-reinforcement or self-punishment
37 Self-regulation
Moral Agency - internalised self-sanctions, prevents violating internal moral standards
Selective Activation - regulation is not automatic, but operates if activated, depends on a persons
evaluation of the situation
Disengagement of internal control - ability to separate self from the negative consequences of
behaviour
38 Self-Regulation
People separate their conduct from the negative consequences by:
Redefining behaviour - justifying through cognitive restructuring
Displacing or diffusing responsibility
Dehumanizing or blaming the victims
Distorting relationships between behaviour and consequences
39 activity