COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF HARGEISA

Design of commercial building

Prepared by:
1. Khadar Abdi Ibrahim
2. Abdiaziz Abdillahi Ahmed
3. Abillahi hassan h. farah
4. Hodo Osman Aw dahir

July 2020

i
 COMMERCIAL BUILDING DESIGN
By
Khadar Abdi Ibrahim
Abdiaziz Abdillahi Ahmed
Abdillahi Hassan H. Farah
Hodo Osman Aw dahir
Project Supervisor: Eng.HirsiAbdillahi Hirsi
A REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF HARGEISA
2020

ii
 UNIVERSITY OF HARGEISA

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

We hereby declare that this report, submitted to the College of Engineering of the
University of Hargaisa as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of
Science in Civil Engineering has not been submitted as an exercise for a degree at any
other university. We also certify that the work described here is entirely our own except
for excerpts and summaries whose sources are appropriately cited in the references.
This report may be made available within the university library for the purposes of
consultation.
DATE: 01/07/2020

NAME IDNO SIGNATURE

1. Khadar Abdi Ibrahim (1511962) …………

2. Abdiaziz Abdilahi Ahmed (1512774) ………….
3. Abdilahi Hassan H.Farah (1410928) ………….
4- Hodo Osman Aw-Daahir (1512834) ………….

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 APPROVAL SHEET

This is to certify that this project report entitle Commercial building design
Submitted by:

1. Khadar Abdi Ibrahim 1511962

2. Abdiaziz Abdilahi Ahmed 1512774
3. Abdilahi Hassan H.Farah 1410928
4. Hodo Osman Aw Daahir 1512834

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in

Department of Civil of the College of Engineering, University of Hargaisa during the
academic year 2019-2020 has been accepted.

Dean of engineering: ………….. Supervisor: ………………..

Signature: ……………………… Signature: …………………..
Date: ………………….............. Date: ……………………....

ii
 DEDICATION

This study is whole heartedly dedicated to our beloved parents, who have been our source
of inspiration and gave us strength when we thought of giving up, who continually
provide their moral, spiritual, emotional, and financial support.

To our brothers, sisters, relatives, mentor, friends, and classmates who shared their words
of advice and encouragement to finish this study.

Lastly, we dedicated this book to the Almighty Allah for the sake of all virtues, Allah
offered to us like the guidance, health, strength, intelligence, protection and skills. If we
try to count the virtues of Allah, we cannot.

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First, we would like to grateful by Allah most beneficent most power full and most
merciful who taught by the pen, taught man that which he knew not. For give us the good
health and wellbeing that were necessary to complete this thesis.

Secondly, we have to thank our supervisor Eng. Hersi Abdilahi Hersi without his
assistance and dedicated involvement in every step throughout the process, this thesis
would have never been accomplished, we would like to thank you very much for your
support and encouraged our throughout our time studying under him.

Special thanks go to our dear classmates for their effective role and encouragement and
supporting us to continuous with our study.

Finally, we would like to thank our family, especially to our parents, brothers and our
sisters for their understanding, encouragement, support and patience, making it possible
for us to pursue the challenging work of our interest.

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 ABSRTACT

This project concerns a shopping mall in masala village, we designed this mall after we
saw the rate of growing population in masala village. We decided to design a mall that is
different from the previous shops existing in the village in terms of capacity, aesthetics
and functionality, with guidance from the modern buildings in the world.

This thesis is based on the structural design, the objective of this work is to create a
structural solution that ensures the safety of the mall building, keeping careful balance
between economy and safety. We performed data collection by designing a suitable
questionnaire and seeking out the most appropriate subjects to collect the necessary data.
Then we performed soil investigation tests to find out the bearing capacity of the soil.

According to the bearing capacity of the soil, we designed footings and foundation to
make sure the building meets safety and stability regulations and requirements. We
designed for the suitable number of columns and beams as well as their locations and
distribution further more we designed the sizes of the beams and columns and the type of
reinforcement required.

To finish up the designing of the structural members, we designed the slabs, calculating
its thickness, type of reinforcement, type of the slabs in their load transferring (either one
way or two way). We performed the cost estimation analysis of the project to find out the
total cost of the project, by calculating the amount of skilled (carpenters, steel benders,
painters, foremen), unskilled (coolie, watchmen and porters), and professional labor
(Structural Engineers, managers, architects) required.

Finally we used the latest architectural and design software to draw well detailed plans of
the building keeping in mind its stability, durability, and aesthetic properties to make sure
the building becomes a beautiful land mark in the village and to attract many customers.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CERTIFICATE ...................................................................................................................i

APPROVAL SHEET .........................................................................................................ii

DEDICATION .................................................................................................................. iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................iv

ABSRTACT ........................................................................................................................ v

TABLE OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... viii

ABBREVIATIONS/TERMINOLOGIES .......................................................................ix

CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................ 1

INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................1
1.1Background .........................................................................................................................1
1.2Problem statement ...............................................................................................................2
1.3 Objectives ...........................................................................................................................3
1.4 scope ..................................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................... 4

LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................................4

2.1 Introduction. .......................................................................................................................4
2.4 Concrete materials: .............................................................................................................5
2.5 Factors influencing concrete properties ..............................................................................6
2.6 Cement content ...................................................................................................................7
2.7 Essential Aspects of Reinforced Concrete Structures .........................................................9
2.8 Introduction to Reinforced Concrete ...................................................................................9
2.9 Factors Affecting Concrete Ultimate Strength ..................................................................10
2.10 Types of Design Loads ...................................................................................................13
2.11 Limit States Design Method ...........................................................................................15
CHAPTER THREE ......................................................................................................... 19

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .....................................................................................................19

3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................19

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 3.2 Site investigation ..............................................................................................................20
3.3 Architect drawing .............................................................................................................20
3.4 Project management..........................................................................................................22
3.5 Structure analysis. .............................................................................................................22
3.6 Structure Design. ..............................................................................................................24
3.7 Cost Estimating.................................................................................................................25
3.8 Final detailed drawings .....................................................................................................25
CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................ 26

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF THE BUILDING ................................................................................26

4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................26
4.2Slabs ..................................................................................................................................27
4.3DESIGN INFORMATION ......................................................................................................28
4.4 Beams ...............................................................................................................................37
4.5 Columns............................................................................................................................50
4.6 Foundation ........................................................................................................................55
4.7 Stair-case analysis and design ...........................................................................................62
4.8 TYPICAL FLOOR MODELLING USING SAP2000 ....................................................................66
CHAPTER FIVE ............................................................................................................. 69

5.1 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................69

5.2Recommendation ...............................................................................................................71
REFERENCE ..................................................................................................................... 72

APPENDIX : QUANTITY ESTIMATION....................................................................... 73

APPENDIX B: PROJECT MANAGEMENT ................................................................... 79

Appendix C: Slab reinforced detail.................................................................................... 80

APPENDIX D: BEAM REINFORCED DETAIL ............................................................. 81

APPENDIX E: COLUMN REINFORCED DETAIL ....................................................... 82

Appendix F: Foundation reinforced detail ......................................................................... 83

Appendix G: 3D design ..................................................................................................... 84

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 TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 2. 1 : Effect of µ on ultimate capacity (Ghoneim& El-Mihilmy, 2008 .................................11

Figure 2. 2: Effect of fy on ultimate strength (Ghoneim& El-Mihilmy,2008) .................................11
Figure 2. 3: Effect of fcu on ultimate strength (Ghoneim& El-Mihilmy,2008 ................................12
Figure 2. 4: Effect of beam depth on ultimate strength (Ghoneim& El-Mihilmy,2008) ................12
Figure 2. 5: Effect of beam width on ultimate strength (Ghoneim& El-Mihilmy,2008 ..................13
Figure 2. 6: Soft-story mechanism (Richard, 2009) .......................................................................17
Figure 2. 7: Frame-wall structure (The Constructor, 2012) ...........................................................18

Figure 3. 1: Project process ...........................................................................................................19

Figure 3. 2: first floor of the plan 1................................................................................................20
Figure 3. 3 : second floor of the plan 1 .........................................................................................21
Figure 3. 4: third floor of the plan 1 ..............................................................................................21
Figure 3. 5: fourth floor of the plan 1 ............................................................................................21
Figure 3. 6: fifth floor of the plan 1 ...............................................................................................22
Figure 3. 7: section view of the plan section c-c 1 .........................................................................22

Figure 4. 1: Load distribution mechanism from slab to beams or other supporting elements .....27
Figure 4. 2: detail drawing of slab .................................................................................................36
Figure 4. 3: detail drawing of beam ..............................................................................................49
Figure 4. 4: detail drawing of column ............................................................................................54
Figure 4. 5: detail drawing of foundation ......................................................................................61
Figure 4. 6: detail drawing of staircase .........................................................................................65
Figure 4. 7: Bending moment of saap software 1 .........................................................................67
Figure 4. 8: saap software 1 ..........................................................................................................67
Figure 4. 9: shear of saap software 1 ............................................................................................68
Figure 4. 10: area of reinforcement with saap software 1 ............................................................68

viii
 ABBREVIATIONS/TERMINOLOGIES

NO Abbreviation Expansions

1- FCU Characteristic strength of concrete

2- Fy Characteristic strength of steel

3- A Area

4- BS8110 British code

5- QK live load

6- S.w Self-weight

7- yh Density

8- DL Dead load

9- N Ultimate load

10- Lx Short side of the panel

11- Ly Long side of the panel

12- Bsx Position of Moment/shear about X axis

13- Bsy Position of Moment/shear about Y axis

14- Msy Moment about Y axis

15- Msx Moment about Y axis

16- Z Distance between centers of reinforce and Center of flange

17- As Area of the structural elements

18- Nob Number of the bars

19- Sv Spacing

20- Vsx Shear about X axis

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21- Vsy Shear about Y axis

22- T Diameter of the reinforced

23- L Length

24- d Depth

25- V Shear

26- M Moment

27- N Axial load

28- W Weight

29- H Height

30- F Force

31- Bf Base of the flange

32- Mf Moment of the flange

33- Bw Base of the web

34- C Cover

35- L Link

36- Li Long side of the column

37- Bi Short side of the column

38- β Using coefficient from table 3.22 BS-code

39- C/C Center to center

40- pb Bearing capacity

41- LCP length of critical perimeter

42- Le Length of critical section

x
xi
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1Background
The term commercial relates to commerce or general business activity, in The investment
field the term commercial is used to refer to a trading entity engaged in business activities
that are hedged by position in the future markets. A commercial building is a building that
is used for commercial purposes.

The construction process is always closely related to the development of building tools.
Additionally, the development of science and technology has promoted the construction
process to become more scientific, from material ratio to the determination of the
structural form and the mechanization of the construction tools, and it has become more
detailed and specialized. Today the technology is taking part in the improvement of
modern buildings when compared to their old style. Construction of new commercial
buildings in Hargaisa, This Commercial building represents a large portion of new
construction projects in the country.

Generally commercial building is very important in the country because as we are a

developing country and businesses make day after day more development. This project
focuses on commercial building and the role community development in commercials.
This village commercial buildings far from so we respond to design that social needs.
The location that we want to construct our building is Masalah village, our building has
area of (15*28)m. This project consists of five floors and provides all society needs;

1
These floors consist of the following components.

 Hotels
 Supermarkets
 Offices
 Cafeteria
 Gym
 Mosque

In that respect, our project, “Commercial building Design”, consists of two sections.
The first section requires the preparation of structural design spreadsheets using Excel,
followed by other structural soft wares. These spreadsheets are for the design of the
structural elements of Commercial buildings, and follow the guidelines and limit states of
the British Code for Design and Construction of RC Structures (BS8110) and loading for
buildings dead imposed loads (BS6399).

The second part of the project is concerned with applying these developed spreadsheets
in the modeling and design of an actual 5 story .
The commercial building project involved many phases. It started with the architectural
drawings, then moved on to selecting the statistical system, performing the modeling of
the building, designing and detailing of the structural members and preparing the
final structural drawings, and finally ended with carrying out quantity estimation and
cost analysis studies for the building. Similarly, the project fulfills the requirements.

1.2Problem statement
There is no any mall building that will you get different shopping except this one the
nearest commercial building 10km away the village so we decided to build the
commercial building to reduce highly cost effective to travel the long distance for daily
shopping.
The district of Masalah has only at that one mall and at that commercial building was
built 25 years ago when we see the previous years this building was adequate enough to

2
his work of district but now this district is changed because of developing and fitting the
neighborhood and due to the growing of the population.

1.3 Objectives
 To decrease high cost of transportations
 To recover basic needs of society
 To improve the economy of the country
 To provide flexible and safe place that suitable for commercial
 To produce qualified commercial buildings which help us to keep our trade
 To design the construction where every level of our society is suitable for
shopping.

1.4 Scope
Our target is to build a high quality building which resembles the standard of international
buildings of the world and by enhancing the building quality and functioning we wish it
will rise the commercial of the district.
This project will be conducted in Hargaisa Somaliland; especially Masalah village.

3
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction.
Concrete is a manmade building material that looks like stone. The word “concrete” is
derived from the Latin concterus, meaning “to grow together.” Concrete is a composite
material composed of coarse granular material (the aggregate or filler) embedded in a
hard matrix of material (the cement or binder) that fills the space among the aggregate
particles and glues them together. Alternatively, we can say that concrete is a composite
material that consists essentially of a binding medium in which are embedded particles or
fragments of aggregates. The simplest definition of concrete can be written as:
Concrete = filler + binder.
Concrete is the most widely used construction material in the world, and its popularity
can be attributed to two aspects. First, concrete is used for many different structures, such
as dams, pavements, building frames, or bridges, much more than any other construction
material. Second, the amount of concrete used is much more than any other material. Its
worldwide production exceeds that of steel by a factor of 10 in tonnage and by more than
a factor of 30 in volume.

In a concrete structure, there are two commonly used structural materials: concrete and
steel. A structural material is a material that carries not only its self-weight, but also the
load passing from other members. Steel is manufactured under carefully controlled
conditions, always in a highly sophisticated plant; the properties of every type of steel are
determined in a laboratory and described in a manufacturer’s certificate. Thus, the
designer of a steel structure need only specify the steel complying with a relevant

4
standard, and the constructor needs only to ensure that the correct steel is used and that
connections between the individual steel members are properly executed
(Neville and Brooks, 1993).

2.4 Concrete materials:

2.4.1Cement
Ordinary Portland cement is the commonest type in use. The raw materials from which it
is made are lime, silica, alumina and iron oxide. These constituents are crushed and
blended in the correct proportions and burnt in a rotary kiln. The clinker is cooled, mixed
with gypsum and ground to a fine powder to give cement. The main chemical compounds
in cement are calcium silicates and aluminates. When water is added to cement and the
constituents are mixed to form cement paste, chemical reactions occur and the mix
becomes stiffer with time and sets. The addition of gypsum mentioned above retards and
controls the setting time. This ensures that the concrete does not set too quickly before it
can be placed or too slowly so aBS12:1978: Specification for Ordinary and Rapid
Hardening Portland cement.

These are an initial setting time which must be a minimum of 45 min and a final set
which must take place in 10 cement must be sound, i.e. it must not contain excessive
quantities of certain substances such as lime, magnesia, calcium sulphate etc. that may
expand on hydrating or react with other substances in the aggregate and cause the
concrete to disintegrate. Tests are specified in BS12 for soundness and strength of cement
mortar cubes. Many other types of cement are available some of which are:-
1. Rapid hardening Portland cement—the clinker is more finely ground than for
ordinary Portland cement
2. Low heat Portland cement—this has a low rate of heat development during
hydration of the cement.
3. Sulphate-resisting Portland Cement s to hold up construction. Two stages in the
setting process are defined in:

5
2.4.2 Aggregate:
The bulk of concrete is aggregate in the form of sand and gravel which is bound together
by cement. Aggregate is classed into the following two sizes:
1. Coarse aggregate—gravel or crushed rock 5 mm or larger in size.
2. Fine aggregate sand less than 5 mm in size.

Natural aggregates are classified according to the rock type, e.g. basalt, granite, flint.
Aggregates should be chemically inert, clean, hard and durable. Organic impurities can
affect the hydration of cement and the bond between the cement and the aggregate. Some
aggregates containing silica may react with alkali in the cement causing the concrete to
disintegrate. This is the alkali-silica reaction. The presence of chlorides in aggregates, e.g.
salt in marine sands, will cause corrosion of the steel reinforcement. Excessive amounts
of sulphate will also cause concrete to disintegrate.

To obtain a dense strong concrete with minimum use of cement, the cement paste should
fill the voids in the fine aggregate while the fine aggregate and cement paste fills the
voids in the coarse aggregate. Coarse and fine aggregates are graded by sieve analysis in
which the percentage by weight passing a set of standard sieve sizes is determined.
Grading limits for each size of coarse and fine aggregate are set out in:
BS882:1983: Specification for Aggregates from Natural Sources for Concrete.
The grading affects the workability; a lower water-to-cement ratio can be used if the
grading of the aggregate is good and therefore strength is also increased. Good grading
saves cement content. It helps prevent segregation during placing and ensures a good
finish. (W.M.C. McKenzie BSc, 2004)

2.5 Factors influencing concrete properties: (w/c ratio)

One property of concrete is the water/cement ratio. In contemporary concrete, w/c is
frequently replaced with w/b (water/binder) or w/p (water/powder), since Portland cement
is not the only binding material in such a concrete. The w/c or w/b ratio is one of the most
important factors influencing concrete properties, such as compressive strength,

6
permeability, and diffusivity. A lower w/c ratio will lead to a stronger and more durable
concrete. The influence of w/c on the concrete compressive strength has been known
since the early 1900s (Abrams, 1927), leading to Abrams’s law: where fc is the
compressive strength, A is an empirical constant (usually 97 MPa or 14,000 psi), and B is
a constant that depends mostly on the cement properties (usually 4). It can be seen from
the formula that the higher the w/c ratio, the lower the compressive strength. Another
form to show the influence of the w/c ratio to compressive strength of a concrete can be
written as where fc is the compressive strength, A and B are empirical constants that
depend on the aggregate, and fc is the compressive strength of a specified cement at 28
days. c/wis the rever as

2.6 Cement content

When water is added a concrete mix, cement paste will be formed. Cement paste has
three functions in concrete: binding, coating, and lubricating. Cement paste provides
binding to individual aggregates, reinforcing bars, and fibers and glues them together to
form a unique material. Cement paste also coats the surface of the aggregates and fibers
during the fresh stage of concrete. The rest of the paste after coating can make the
movement of the aggregates or fibers easier, rather like a lubrication agent. The cement
content influences concrete work abilities in the fresh stage, heat release rate in the fast
hydration stage, and volume stabilities in the hardened stage. The range of the amount of
cement content in mass concrete is 160–200 kg/m3, in normal strength concrete it is less
than 400 kg/m3, and in high strength concrete it is 400–600 kg/m3.

2.6.1 Aggregate
(a) Maximum aggregate size: The maximum coarse aggregate size mainly influences the
cement paste requirement in the concrete. For the same volume of aggregate, the ones
with a large aggregate size will lead to a small total surface area and a lower amount of
cement paste coating. Hence, if the same amount of cement is used, concrete with a larger
maximum aggregate size will have more cement paste left as a lubricant and the fluidity
of concrete can be enhanced, as compared to concrete with a smaller maximum aggregate

7
size. For normal-strength concrete, at the same w/c ratio and with the same cement
content, the larger the maximum sizes, the better the workability; at the same workability,
the larger the maximum sizes, the higher the strength. However, a larger aggregate size
has some drawbacks. First, a larger aggregate size may make the concrete appear non
homogeneous. Second, a larger aggregate size may lead to a large interface that can
influence the concrete transport properties and the mechanical properties.
Generally, the maximum size of coarse aggregate should be the largest that is
economically available and consistent with the dimensions of the structure. In choosing
the maximum aggregate size, the structural member size and spacing of reinforcing steel
in a member have to be taken into consideration. In no event should the maximum size
exceed one-fifth of the narrowest dimension in the sizes of the forms, one-third of the
depth of slabs, or three-quarters of the minimum clear spacing between reinforcing bars.

(b) Aggregate grading: Aggregate grading refers to the size distribution of the aggregate.
The grading mainly influences the space filling or particle packing. The classical idea of
18 Chapter 1 Introduction to Concrete particle packing is based on the Apollonian
concept, in which the smaller particles fit into the interstices left by the large particles.
Well-defined grading with an ideal size distribution of aggregate will decrease the voids
in the concrete and hence the cement content. As the price of the aggregate is usually only
one-tenth that of cement, well-defined grading not only will lead to a better compressive
strength and low permeability, but also is more economical at lower cost.

(c) Aggregate shape and texture: The aggregate shape and texture can influence the
workability, bonding, and compressive strength of concrete. At the same w/c ratio and
with the same cement content, aggregates with angular shape and rough surface texture
result in lower workability, but lead to a better bond and better mechanical properties. On
the other hand, aggregates with spherical shape and smooth surface texture result in
higher workability, but lead to a lower bond and lower mechanical properties.
(d) Sand/coarse aggregate ratio: The fine/coarse aggregate ratio will influence the
packing of concrete. It also influences the workability of concrete in the fresh stage.

8
Increase of the sand to coarse aggregate ratio can lead to an increase of cohesiveness, but
reduces the consistency. Of all the measures for improving the cohesiveness of concrete,
increasing the sand/coarse aggregate ratio has been proven to be the most effective one.

(e) Aggregate/cement ratio: The aggregate/cement ratio has an effect on the concrete
cost, workability, mechanical properties, and volume between the aggregate and cement,
increasing the aggregate/cement ratio will decrease the cost of concrete. From a
workability point of view, an increase of the aggregate to cement ratio results in a lower
consistency because of less cement paste for lubrication.
As for mechanical properties, increase of the aggregate/cement ratio can lead to a high
stiffness and compressive strength if proper compaction can be guaranteed. Increasing the
aggregate/cement ratio will definitely improve concrete’s dimension stability due toe
stability. Due to the price difference reduction of shrinkage and creep.

2.7 Essential Aspects of Reinforced Concrete Structures

This section discusses some fundamental features regarding reinforced concrete
structures. It includes an introduction to the reinforced concrete material and its unique
significance, as well as an analysis regarding concrete ultimate strength capabilities. It
also provides information regarding the several types of design loads imposed on
concrete structures, the limit states design method for concrete design and the types of
structural systems for reinforced concrete buildings.

2.8 Introduction to Reinforced Concrete

Among all construction materials, reinforced concrete is one of the leading materials on a
global level, and not just in Egypt, where it contributes to the erection of almost any
structure. Concrete
alone, despite having high compressive strength features, exhibits a poor tensile strength;
of approximately one-tenth its compressive strength. This poses complications, as
concrete becomes at risk of failure once tension cracks have appeared (Ghoneim& El-
Mihilmy,2008).

9
Thus, we resort to reinforced concrete which is an alliance between concrete and steel,
where the steel reinforcement is embedded within the concrete to act together as a strong
and coherent resisting material to both compressive and tensile threats. The high
compressive strength of concrete allows it to withstand the applied compression forces to
the concrete element, while the steel resists tensile stresses and can also resist
compressive stresses as in columns. Advantages and disadvantages of reinforced concrete
are as follows (Ghoneim& El-Mihilmy, 2008).

2.9 Factors Affecting Concrete Ultimate Strength

As knowledgeable engineers, it is of great importance to have a thorough understanding
of the reinforced concrete material, and the factors affecting its strength. Thus, it is
referred to a previously conducted experiment on a reinforced concrete beam, to identify
the extent of the effect of several factors on its ultimate capacity. The factors influencing
the ultimate strength of a reinforced concrete beam resisting bending moment are: the
reinforcement ratio, the steel reinforcement yield strength, f y, the concrete compressive
strength, fcu, the beam depth, d, and the beam width, b (Ghoneim& El-Mihilmy, 2008).
After the experiment, the following findings were concluded:

The steel reinforcement ratio is directly proportional to the ultimate capacity of the beam.
This means that the beam’s strength increases as we increase the area of steel
reinforcement in the concrete section. Referring to Figure 2.1, it can be interpreted that by
doubling the reinforcement ratio, from 0.5% to 1%, the beam’s strength increases by a
significant80%.

Studying Figures 2.2 and 2.3, we can conclude that steel yield strength is of greater
influence on the beam ultimate capacity than concrete compressive strength. By raising
the steel yield strength from 240 N/mm 2 to 400 N/mm2, the ultimate strength is enhanced
by approximately 55%. In contrast, increasing the concrete compressive strength from 20
N/mm2 to 40 N/mm2 has very little effect on the beam capacity.

10
Beam depth has a much bigger impact on the beam strength than its width. Figure 2.4
displays that the ultimate capacity of the beam is improved by approximately 300% after
increasing the beam depth from 500 mm to 1000 mm. However, by increasing the beam
width from, 250 mm to 450 mm, the capacity is only enhanced by a mere 10%, as
illustrated

Figure 2. 1 : Effect of µ on ultimate capacity (Ghoneim& El-Mihilmy, 2008

Figure 2. 2: Effect of fy on ultimate strength (Ghoneim& El-Mihilmy,2008)

11
Figure 2. 3: Effect of fcu on ultimate strength (Ghoneim& El-Mihilmy,2008

Figure 2. 4: Effect of beam depth on ultimate strength (Ghoneim& El-Mihilmy,2008)

12
Figure 2. 5: Effect of beam width on ultimate strength (Ghoneim& El-Mihilmy,2008

2.10 Types of Design Loads

Structures are subjected to different kinds of loads, and the circumstances of loading vary
with time. The architectural design, used building materials and position of the structure
itself all affect the type, magnitude and cases of loads applied on the structure (Boeing
Consulting, 2014). The main categories of loads that can act on a structure are:

Dead Loads
Dead loads consist of the structure own weight and loads from the floor cover which
include sand, flooring material and floor finishes. The weight of everlasting non-
structural elements as walls, partitions and built in cup-boards also contribute to dead
loads. Dead loads are of fixed magnitude and constant locations for the whole structure
lifespan. They can be accurately calculated using the acknowledged material weights and
the determined volumes, from the dimensions of the drawings (Boeing Consulting, 2014;
Ghoneim& El-Mihilmy, 2008).

13
Live Loads
Live loads represent all moving entities, and are influenced by the supposed purpose of
the structure. For instance, live loads include people and furniture loads in case of
buildings, and vehicle loads in case of bridges. In addition, they are of changeable
magnitude and position depending on the situation of loading. Nonetheless, live loads are
required to be placed in a manner that will give maximum straining actions imposed on
the structure, in order to come out with the safest design (Boeing Consulting, 2014;
Ghoneim& El-Mihilmy, 2008).

Lateral Loads
Examples of lateral loads are wind loads, earthquake loads, fluid pressure and soil
pressure. It is useful to point out that wind and earthquake loads pose risks to the rigidity
and serviceability of a structure. Therefore, the structure must be braced and securely
fixed to the foundations to withstand these loads (Boeing Consulting, 2014; Ghoneim&
El-Mihilmy,2008).

Other Loads
There are many other loads acting on a structure, and these loads include snow loads,
thermal loads and settlement loads. First, snow loads are affected by the location and
elevation of the structure site, and are dealt with through altering the shape of the roof, to
avoid snow accumulation. Secondly, thermal loads occur due to the expansion and
contraction of building materials with temperature variations, and this can cause
structural deficiencies. A common solution is to divide the building elements and provide
expansion joints to make the structure physically divided so that it can safely expand.
Finally settlement loads occur when sections of the structure settle at a greater degree
than others. Thus, these loads have to be employed sufficient consideration (Boeing
Consulting, 2014).

14
2.11 Limit States Design Method
The most important objectives in a design process are safety and reliability, as it deals
with human lives. In that respect, when designing reinforced concrete members, the
capability to which they are designed to is much bigger than the expected loads. This
additional consideration to the design capacity provides a design that is more safe and
reliable against unintentional load surpluses and imprecise construction, and also helps to
restrict deflections and cracking (Ghoneim& El-Mihilmy, 2008).
Limit states design is a method of design of structural elements based on taking into
account the situations that would lead to the structure failing to redeem its intended
purposes. Consequently, a limit state is a condition for the structural element which if
exceeded, the element will be deemed unfit to attain its required objectives. The limit
states design obliges the necessity of the structure to be secure of these three principles:

Ultimate Limit States

The ultimate limit state refers to the collapse of the structural member. To satisfy the
ultimate limit state requirements, both the design load and the resisting stresses need to be
adequately assessed (Ghoneim& El-Mihilmy, 2008).

Serviceability Limit States:

If a structural element is designed to satisfy the serviceability limit state requirements,
this means it is reliable to fulfill its everyday functions, while attaining the desirable level
of human comfort in preventing excessive deflections, cracks and floor vibrations
(Ghoneim& El-Mihilmy, 2008).

Stability Limit States

The stability limit state concerns progressive failure, which involves the failure of the
structure as a whole. It also refers to the situations that cause instability as buckling and
overturning. (Ghoneim& El-Mihilmy,2008). To conclude, it can be said that by fulfilling
the limit states design requirements for a structural member, it can be trusted to resist the

15
worst case scenario of load combinations it could possibly face during its life span, while
maintaining its level of day-to-day functionality.

2.12 Structural Systems

A structural system is the system of load bearing elements of a structure, and varies
according to the mechanism in which these components collaborate to transfer the
imposed loads among them until reaching the underlying soil. The main role of the
structural system is to support the structure against gravity and lateral loads. It is
absolutely crcrucial that the structure has adequate strength to resist vertical loads and
convenient stiffness to withstand lateral loads. The main types of structural systems are as
follows:

Moment Resisting Frame System

Moment resisting frames, or rigid frames, comprise of columns and beams which are
connected rigidly. They bear lateral loads through generating straining actions as bending
moment, shear force and normal force within the columns, beams and joints.

There are three classes of reinforced concrete moment resisting frames, and they are
ordinary moment frames, intermediate moment frames and special moment frames.
Choice of a type of moment resisting frame relies on the building height and subjected
earthquake loads. To elaborate; ordinary moment frames are assigned to areas of low
seismic threats, where special moment frames are employed to areas with high seismic
activity (Richard, 2009).
Furthermore, the two main types of failure in reinforced concrete moment resisting
frames are the soft-story mechanism and the confinement failure. The soft-story
mechanism, as shown in Figure 2.6, occurs when the building drifts with reference to a
single story only, which is usually the ground floor. Confinement failure however, occurs
as a result of structural members being under confined or over confined (Richard,2009).

16
Figure 2. 6: Soft-story mechanism (Richard, 2009)

Shear Wall System

A shear wall system comprises of reinforced concrete walls and slabs with rigid
connections. These shear walls are the integral resisting structural components to vertical
and lateral loads and also serve as architectural partitions. Shear walls have very high
stiffnesses along their long direction, making them perfect for resisting lateral loads and
providing bracings for buildings. Despite this, the capacity of the shear wall system to
bear lateral forces highly depends on the rigidity between the floor system and the walls
(Moroni, 2011; The Constructor, 2012).

Shear walls are generally provided with tensile and compressive reinforcement, according
to the areas of occurring stresses. However, those located at the building exterior are
designed also for resisting moment and shear. Moreover, shear walls are ideal for
buildings with repetitive floors to allow them to extend from the bottom of the building to
the top, unless alterations are required due to commercial needs at ground floors and
basements. Also, optimizing available floor space can be done through using concrete of
higher compressive strength for the construction of the shear walls. Finally, they serve as
excellent fire insulators. (Moroni, 2011; The Constructor, 2012)

17
Frame-Wall Structures
It has been explained that shear walls have an impressive lateral resistance, as they reflect
high in plane stiffness’s. This feature is taken advantage of by empowering rigid frame
systems with shear walls at adequate locations in the building plan, to increase the
building’s overall lateral resistance. The produced structural system is the frame-wall
system, and is demonstrated in Figure 2.7. This type of system is useful for repetitive
floor buildings of elevations that have surpassed the ranges used for rigid frames or shear
wall systems alone. Frame-wall collaborations produce stiffer structures due to the frame
and wall horizontal interaction (The Constructor,2012).

Figure 2. 7: Frame-wall structure (The Constructor, 2012)

Tube-in-Tube Structure
The tube-in-tube, or hull and core, structure is a type of framed tube structure. Its
components are an outer framed tube (hull) and an inner tube (core) which functions as an
elevator and service core. Both outer and inner tubes work together in withstanding
vertical and lateral loads. However, the outer tube has a much more significant structural
depth and is of higher strength than the inner core, and therefore devotes a greater
contribution in bearing the imposed loads (The Constructor, 2012). The tube-in-tube
structure is shown in Figure2.8.
18
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction
Methodology is generally a guideline for solving a problem with specific components
such as tasks, methods, phases, techniques and tool. This chapter describes the design
process of the campus that includes site of the building,

Generally, this chapter discusses the methods of project design and steps of project
preparation. This chapter will involve six main steps:

1. Site investigation.
2. Architect drawing.
3. Project management
4. Structure analysis.
5. Structure design.
6. Cost estimating.
7. Final detailed drawings.

Figure 3. 1: Project process

19
3.2 Site investigation
A site investigation simply is the process of the collection of information, the appraisal of
data, assessment, and reporting without which the hazards in the ground beneath the site
cannot be known and carrying out physical testing on site to understand the ground
condition for geotechnical design

Bearing capacity of soil to support the loads applied to the ground. The bearing capacity
of soil is the maximum average contact pressure between the foundation and the soil
which should not produce shear failure in the soil. Ultimate bearing capacity is the
theoretical maximum pressure which can be supported without failure; allowable bearing
capacity is the ultimate bearing capacity divided by a factor of safety

Considering our site location, after long soil investigation has been made, it has bearing
capacity of 260KN/m.

3.3 Architect drawing

Figure 3. 2: first floor of the plan 1

20
Figure 3. 3 : second floor of the plan 1

Figure 3. 4: third floor of the plan 1

Figure 3. 5: fourth floor of the plan 1

21
Figure 3. 6: fifth floor of the plan 1

Figure 3. 7: section view of the plan section c-c 1

3.4 Project management

Project management is the practice of leading the work of a team to achieve goals and
meet success criteria at the specified time. The primary challenge of project management
is to achieve all of the project goals within the given constraints. This information is
usually described in project documentation, created at the beginning of the development
process. The primary constraints are scope, time, quality and budget

3.5 Structure analysis.

Structural analysis is the determination of the effects of loads on physical structures and
their components of the building was done manually and (programs) to analyze the
critical slab, critical beam, critical column and foundation to find their maximum moment

22
and the maximum shear to check cracking and deflection of the building was safe or not
safe and also we concise types of structural elements the following components

3.5.1 Beam analysis

Process of determining the amount of load or weight. There are two major categories of
loads and they are live load is a type of load that is temporarily placed on a structure such
as loads from snow and vehicles. Dead load loads permanently attached to a structure
such as loads from building materials and furniture. Once a beam has been selected the
method as follows

 Determine the loads

 Calculate the stresses
 Check the allowable stresses against the actual stresses

3.5.2 Slab analysis

We analyze rectangular and two way slabs subjected to concentrated load uniformly
distributed over defined area uniformly after dispersion down in the directions to the
reinforcement is practically important. We calculate each panel finally we got the critical
one.

3.5.3 Column analysis

To know the load transfer from the end beam and slab to the foundation we check the
critical column.

3.5.4 Foundation analysis

Foundation is very important element of structure .since it transfers all loads to the
ground that way considered the previous methods such as site investigation, soil testing
and so on. The purpose structural analysis a preliminary load study was done to known
the sizes beams and columns the design slabs and stair were done and their load were
used analysis for the structure. in determining the shears and moments for the following
methods of analysis can be used, the method using the coefficient of moments & shears
from the code, all this we stated chapter four.

23
3.6 Structure Design.
Structural design is the methodical investigation of the stability, strength and rigidity of
structures. The basic objective in structural analysis and design is to produce a structure
capable of resisting all applied loads without failure during its intended life. The primary
purpose of a structure is to transmit or support loads. Due to the fact that it considers a
factor of safety for the design with which members are designed. All designs are done
according to the provisions of the British standard BS8110.and we focus on the following
elements.

3.6.1 Slab design

Slab can be designed two methods Equivalent frame method (EFM) and direct design
method(DDM) is a system with uniformly distributed loads and supported on equally
spaced columns this method uses a set co-efficient to determine the design moment in a
critical section.

3.6.2 Beam design

Furthermore, beams support the loads from slabs, other beams walls and columns. They
transfer the loads to the columns supporting them beams can be singly reinforced or
doubly reinforced. We took the design of rectangular reinforced concrete beam

3.6.3 Column design

Column is a very important component in a structure. It is like the legs on which a
structure stands .it is designed to resist axial and lateral forces and transfer them safely to
the footings in the ground. Columns can be classified according to their cross sectional
shape into square, rectangular circular and so on. This commercial building we use
rectangular since the soil bearing capacity is very good.

3.6.4 Foundation design

Foundations the creation of a construction plan for building .after doing analysis and
getting the end column reactions from DDM software we need to design as per the
requirements local standards. Any there are various types of foundations but this project
we use isolated footing which is most suitable in our country.

24
3.7 Cost Estimating
Cost estimation is used to predict the quantity, cost and price of the resources required by
the scope of a project. A project might be any process that is started to perform work
activities and/or create assets. Also cost estimation is Collect and analyze data in order to
estimate the time, money, materials, and labor required for this project and also to
Identify and quantify cost factors, such as production time, materials, and labor expenses.

3.8 Final detailed drawings

The drawings of building at shown this chapter while other drawings summated at next
chapter.

25
 CHAPTER FOUR

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF THE BUILDING

4.1 Introduction
This chapter discusses in detail slab, beam, column, and foundation analysis and
their design also the cost estimation of the building and project management of
the building. To commence, the initial specifications and information for the
building are as follows:
• The building consists of 5 floors
• Typical floor height = 3.1 meters, and ground floor height = 3.5meters
• Typical floor dimensions = (27x15) m
• Compressive strength for used concrete = 34 MPa
• Yield strength for used steel = 360 MPa
• The underlying soil was compacted in several layers to reach a bearing capacity of
300KN/m2
The floor system we selected was the solid slab system, and this was due a productive reason.
Throughout this chapter, a thorough explanation will be given for each task that was
conducted to implement the commercial building starting from the architectural plan, and
ending with the final produced structural drawings, followed by quantity estimation and
project management. All tasks are ordered according to their actual and logical order of
execution.

26
 4.2 Slabs
Slab is an important structural element which is constructed to create flat and useful surfaces
such as floors, roofs, and ceilings. It is a horizontal structural component, with top and bottom
surfaces parallel or near so. Commonly, slabs are supported by beams, columns (concrete or
steel), walls, or the ground. The depth of a concrete slab floor is very small compared to its
span.
4.2.1Types of Loads on a Slab
Types of loads acting on a slab include:
1. Dead load of the slab
2. Live load
3. Floor finish load
4. Snow load in the case of roof slab
5. Earthquake loads
4.2.2Load Transfer Mechanism in Slabs
The forces transfer from slab to beams occur either in one way or in two ways. The total
system completely counts on the geometrical dimensions of the slab.
Slabs may be supported by columns only, in this case two way action will prevail. If the ratio
Long side / short side < 2 it is considered as 2-way slab, and if Longer side to shorter side
greater than 2 then it is considered as 1-way slab.

Figure 4. 1: Load distribution mechanism from slab to beams or other supporting elements

In general, the design is as follows:-

 The breadth of the beam is taken as 1000 mm.
 The shear stress in the slab is considered not critical except when there is high
concentrated load.
 The compression reinforcement usually not required.
 The load is uniformly distributed.
27
4.3DESIGN INFORMATION
Building Regulation
authority
or other and
Date of submission
1. Building regulation 1991 Relevant
2. BS8110 the structural use of concrete, part 1 1997 Building
3. BS6399 part 1 1996, part 2 1995, part 3 1988 Regulations and
Design Codes
Commercial building Intended use of
structure
1 hour for all element Fire resistance
requirements
Roof - imposed = 1.0KN/𝑚2 General loading
conditions
Roof - finishes = 1.0KN/𝑚2
Floor - imposed(4.0) & partitions (1) = 5KN/𝑚2
Stairs - imposed = 4.0KN/𝑚2
Stairs - finishes to floors and stairs = 0.5 KN/𝑚2
External cladding = 5.0KN/𝑚2
Severe (external) & mild (internal) (BS8110 Table 3.2) Exposure
Conditions
No sulphates Sub soil condition
Allowable bearing capacity = 300 KN/𝑚2
RC footings to columns Foundation
Type
GRADE 30 with 20mm. max. aggregate (BS8110 Table Material data
3.3)

Characteristic strength – main bars, fy = 460 N/𝑚𝑚2

Characteristic strength – links, fy = 250 N/𝑚𝑚2
Self-weight of concrete = 24 KN/𝑚3 Other relevant
All dimensions shown on drawings are in mm information

28
 1) SLAB ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

B110 CALCULATIONS OUTPUTS

Ref.
3.3 DURABILITY & FIRE RESISTANCE
Table Nominal cover for mild conditions for exposure = 20mm Cover =
3.3 Max.fire resistance of 180 slab thicknes with 20 cover = 20mm
Table 11⁄2hr > 1hr 1 hour of
3.4 fire
resistance is
ok
3.5.2. LOADING
4 D𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 ∗ 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 + 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑠 𝐺𝐾 =5.32𝐾𝑁/
Table =24𝐾𝑁/𝑚2 ∗ 0.18𝑚 + 1𝐾𝑁/𝑚2 𝑚2
3.12
4.32𝐾𝑁/𝑚2 + 1𝐾𝑁/𝑚2 Ultimate
𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 = 1.4 𝐷. 𝐿 + 1.6 𝐿. Design = 𝟏𝟑.
𝟖𝟓𝑲𝑵/𝒎𝟐
𝐿 1.4(5.32) + 1.6(4) = 13.85𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

3.5.2. ULTIMATE B.M’S

4

29
Panel B : - One short edge discontinuous.
𝐿𝑦 6
= = 1.5 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑤𝑎𝑦
𝐿𝑥 4 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏

1.5
Bsx con = 0.058
Bsxmid = 0.043
Bsy con = 0.037
Bsy mid = 0.028
Take maximum one to design
Msx = BsxNlx2
Msx =12.8 KN.m
= 0.058 * 13.85 * 42
Shear:-
1.5
Bvx con = 0.47
Bvxmid = 0
Bvy con = 0.36
Bvy mid = 0.24

V = BvxNlx2
= 0.47 * 13.85 * 4 V= 26KN

SAME PANEL ANALYSIS

PANEL C
PANEL D
PANEL E
PANEL F
PANEL J
PANEL K
PANEL L

30
Panel A: - Two adjacent edge discontinuous.
𝐿𝑦 6
= = 1.5(𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏)
𝐿𝑥 4
1.5
Bsx con = 0.078
Bsxmid = 0.059
Bsy con = 0.045
Bsy mid = 0.034
Take maximum one to design
Msx = BsxNlx2
= 0.078 * 13.85 * 42 M= 17.28 KN.m
Shear:-
1.5
Bvx con = 0.54
Bvxmid = 0.35
Bvy con = 0.4
Bvy mid = 0.26

V = BvxNlx v = 29.9 KN.m

= 0.54 * 13.85 * 4

SAME PANEL ANALYSIS

PANEL G

Panel H: - One long edge discontinuous.

𝐿𝑦 6
= = 1.5(𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏)
𝐿𝑥 4

1.5
Bsx con = 0.073
Bsxmid = 0.055
Bsy con = 0.037
Bsy mid = 0.028

31
Take maximum one to design
Msx = BsxNlx2 M= 16.17KN.m
2
= 0.073 * 13.85 * 4

Shear:-
1.5
Bvx con = 0.51
Bvxmid = 0.34
Bvy con = 0.36
Bvy mid = 0

V = BvxNlx V= 28.25 KN.m

= 0.51 * 13.85 * 4

SAME PANEL ANALYSIS

PANEL N

Panel I : - Interior Panel

𝐿𝑦 6
= = 1.5(𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏)
𝐿𝑥 4

1.5
Bsx con = 0.053
Bsxmid = 0.04
Bsy con = 0.032
Bsy mid = 0.024
Take maximum one to design
Msx = BsxNlx2 M= 11.7KN.m
2
= 0.053 * 13.85 * 4
Shear:-
1.5
Bvx con = 0.45
Bvxmid = 0

32
 Bvy con = 0.33
Bvy mid = 0

V = BvxNlx
= 0.45 * 13.85 * 4 V= 25 KN.m

SAME PANEL ANALYSIS

PANEL M

Panel H: - Two adjacent edge discontinuous.

𝐿𝑦 4
= = 1.33(𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏)
𝐿𝑥 3

1.33
Bsx con = 0.069
Bsxmid = 0.051
Bsy con = 0.045
Bsy mid = 0.034
Take maximum one to design

Msx = BsxNlx2
M= 15.2KN.m
= 0.069 * 13.85 * 42
Shear:-
1.33
Bvx con = 0.5
Bvxmid = 0.33
Bvy con = 0.4
Bvy mid = 0.26

33
 V = BvxNlx V= 27.7 KN.m
= 0.5 * 13.85 * 4

SAME PANEL ANALYSIS

PANEL P
PANEL Q
PANEL R

Panel A is critical

3.4.4. REINFORCEMENT
4 d = 149mm
Mmax=17.28 KN.m

M 17.28 ∗ 106 K= < K’ =

𝐾= = = 0.0259
bd2fcu 1000 ∗ 1492 ∗ 30 0.156
▲SINGLY
REINFORCED

34
 𝑘′
𝑍 = 𝑑 (0.5 + √0.25 − )
0.9

0.156
=d{0.5+ √(0.25 − )
0.9
z= 0.97d > 0.95d it is NOT OK

TAKE Z max

Zmin=0.775d=0.775(149)=115.5mm

Zmax=0.95d=0.95(149) = 141.6mm

= 0.97(149) =144.8 mm

M
As=0.95∗fy∗z
It is OK
17.28 ∗ 106
As=0.95∗460∗141 = 280mm^2
Asmax=4%bh=4*1000*180/100=7200mm^2
Asmin=0.13%bh=0.13*1000*180/100=234mm^2
Use Dai 10
A=πr2
=3.14(52)=78.5mm2 Provide
NOB In bars=AS/A=259.1/78.5MM2=4BARS 4T@10/m
B
Spacing: = NO.BARS
1000/4=250mm
CHECK FOR SHEAR FORCE
Table
3.8 Vmax=30kN
3
𝑣 30∗10
Shear stress= = =0.201KN/m
bd 1000∗149
0.79(100Ast/bd)1/3(400/d)1/4 (fcu/25)1/3
Vc=
𝑌
no shear
Vc=(0.80)(30/25)^0.333 = 0.9 link is
0.5 Vc>v required

35
3.4.6 DEFLECTION.
Basic span/effective depth ratio = 20max
(l/d)act ≤ (l/d)allowable
(l/d)actual=4000/142 = 28.16
(l/d)all = (l/d)Basic *Mft
(l/d)basic=26
table
3.9 Mft=1.41
(l/d)all = 26*1.41
table
3.10 (l/d)all=36.6
(l/d)act < (l/d)allowable
l/d ratio is
28.16<36.6 ok OK
3.12.1 CRACKING
1.2.7 3d = 2(149) = 447mm Spacing is
Spacing between two bars = 300-12 = 288mm < 3d OK
h= 175mm < 200mm ▲no further checks required
OK

Figure 4. 2: detail drawing of slab

36
 4.4 Beams
Beam is a horizontal structural element that with stand vertical loads, shear forces and
bending moments. The loads applied to the beam result in reaction forces at the support
points of the beam. The total effect of all the forces acting on the beam is to produce shear
forces and bending moment within the beam, that in turn induce internal stresses, strains
and deflections of the beam.

2) BEAM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

BS81 CALCULATIONS OUTPUTS
10
Ref.
3.3 DURABILITY & FIRE RESISTANCE
Table Nominal cover for mild conditions for exposure = 20mm Minimum
3.3 Nominal cover for 300mm wide beam for 1hr period = 20mm Cover to
links =
20mm
3.4 BEAM ANALYSIS
Table U.L= 13.85KN/m2 𝐺𝐾 =5.32𝐾𝑁/
3.12 𝑚2

Ultimate
Design = 𝟏𝟑.
𝟖𝟓𝑲𝑵/𝒎𝟐

SLAB LOAD ON BEAM(AB):-

𝑁𝐿𝑥
W= .
3

37
 13.85∗4
W= =18.5 KN/m
3
W= 18.5KN/m
Brick load= density of brick*thickness*height
19KN/m3*0.2m*3m
Brick load = 11.4KN/m
W= 18.5KN/m+11.4KN/m+3 KN/m
w = 32.9KN/m
SAME ANALYSIS
BEAM BC
BEAM CD
BEAM DE
BEAM EF
BEAM FG
BEAM GH
BEAM ST
BEAM TU
BEAM UV

SLAB LOAD ON BEAM(AI):-

𝑁𝐿𝑥 𝐿𝑥
W= [3-( )2 ].
6 𝐿𝑦
13.85∗4 4
[3 − (6) 2 =23.5KN/m
6

W= 23.5KN/m
Brick load= density of brick*thickness*height
19KN/m3*0.2m*3m
Brick load = 11.4KN/m
W= 23.5KN/m+11.4KN/m+3
w = 37.9KN/m

38
 SAME ANALYSIS
BEAM HO
BEAM IQ
BEAM PX

SLAB LOAD ON BEAM(BJ):-

𝑁𝐿𝑥 𝐿𝑥
W= [3-(𝐿𝑦 )2 ]2.
6
13.85∗4 4
[3 − (6) 2 =2(23.5KN/m)
6

W= 2 (23.5KN/m) =47 KN/m

Brick load= density of brick*thickness*height
19KN/m3*0.2m*3m
Brick load = 11.4KN/m
W= 47KN/m+11.4KN/m+3 KN/m
w = 61.4KN/m
SAME ANALYSIS
BEAM CK
BEAM DL
BEAM EM
BEAM FN
BEAM GO
BEAM JR
BEAM KS
BEAM LT
BEAM MU
BEAM NV
BEAM OW

SLAB LOAD ON BEAM(QR):-

𝑁𝐿𝑥 𝑁𝐿𝑥 𝐿𝑥
W= + [3-( )2.
3 6 𝐿𝑦

39
13.85 ∗ 4 13.85 ∗ 4 4
+ [3 − ( ) 2
3 6 6
W= 42KN/m
W= 42KN/m + brick load + self weight
= 42 KN/m +11.44 KN/m + 3 KN/m
Total weight= 56.44KN/m
SAME ANALYSIS
BEAM RS
BEAM VW
BEAM WX

SLAB LOAD ON BEAM(IJ):-

𝑁𝐿𝑥
W= ( 3 ) ∗ 2.
13.85∗4
W=( 3
)2 =37 KN/m
W= 37KN/m
Brick load= density of brick*thickness*height
19KN/m3*0.2m*3m
Brick load = 11.4KN/m
W= 37KN/m+11.4KN/m+3 KN/m
w = 51.4KN/m
SAME ANALYSIS
BEAM JK
BEAM KL
BEAM LM
BEAM MN
BEAM NO
BEAM OP

40
SLAB LOAD ON BEAM(RY):-
𝑁𝐿𝑥
W= ( 3 ) ∗ 2.
13.85∗3
W=( 3
)2 =27.7 KN/m
W= 27.7KN/m
Brick load= density of brick*thickness*height
19KN/m3*0.2m*3m
Brick load = 11.4KN/m
W= 27.7KN/m+11.4KN/m+3 KN/m
w = 42.1KN/m

SAME ANALYSIS
BEAM Vb

SLAB LOAD ON BEAM(QX):-

𝑁𝐿𝑥
W= ( 3 ).
13.85∗3
W=( 3
) =13.85KN/m
W= 13.85KN/m
Brick load= density of brick*thickness*height
19KN/m3*0.2m*3m
Brick load = 11.4KN/m
W= 27.7KN/m+11.4KN/m+3 KN/m
w = 28.5KN/m
SAME ANALYSIS
BEAM Vb
BEAM SZ
BEAM Wc

41
These beams are critical

SAME ANALYSIS
BEAM CK
BEAM DL
BEAM EM
BEAM FN
BEAM GO
BEAM JR
BEAM KS
BEAM LT
BEAM MU
BEAM NV
BEAM OW

42
F = wl

1) F1 = 61.4KN/m * 6 = 368.4KN

2) F2 = 61.4KN/m * 6 = 368.4KN

3) F3 =42.1KN/m * 3 = 126.3KN

PART (1) POSITIVE MOMENT AT CRITICAL PART:

M = 0.09FL; 0.09*368.4KN*4m; M=132.6KN.m

NEGATIVE MOMENT AT THE CRITICAL PART:

M= -0.11FL; -0.11*368.4KN *4m; M= 162KN.m

PART (2) POSITIVE MOMENT AT CRITICAL PART:

M = 0.07FL; 0.07*126.3KN *3m; M=26.5KN.m

NEGATIVE MOMENT AT THE CRITICAL PART:

43
 M= -0.08FL; -0.08*126.3KN *3m; M=30.3KN.m

Design of T- section = 162KN.m

Design of rectangular section = 132.6KN.

SHEAR

=0.6F = 0.6 (368.4KN)

= 122.88KN

REINFORCEMENT d = 472mm
3.4.4.
4 M 132.6∗ 106
𝐾= 2
= 2
= 0.079 K= < K’ =
bd fcu 250 ∗ 472 ∗ 30 0.156
▲SINGLY
REINFORCED
𝑘′
𝑍 = 𝑑 (0.5 + √0.25 − )
0.9

0.156
= d{0.5+√(0.25 − )
0.9

it is OK
Z=0.776D

Zmin=0.775d

Zmax=0.95d

= 0.777(462) = 366.6 mm

M
As=0.95∗fy∗z
𝟏𝟔𝟐 ∗ 106 It is OK
As=0.95∗460∗414 = 827.5𝑚𝑚2
Asmax=4%bh=4*250*500/100=5000𝑚𝑚2
44
 Asmin=0.13%bh=0.13*250*500/100=162.5𝑚𝑚2

Use Dai 14

A=πr2

=3.14(72)=154mm2
Provide
NOB In bars=AS/A=706.3/201MM2=6BARS 6T@14/m

Spacing= b-2cover-#(diameter of bar)/# of Spacing

It is OK
={250-2(30)-4(14)}/3=45mm 30mm>25mm

3 2.17
𝑣 122.88∗10
Shear stress= = =1.04N/𝑚𝑚 2 N/𝑚𝑚2 <
Table bd 250∗472 5 N/𝑚𝑚2
3.5 It’s Ok.

0.79(100Ast/bd)1/3(400/d)1/4 (fcu/25)1/3
Vc=
𝑌

100As/bd =0.59<3 its Ok

(400/d)=0.85= <1 not ok :. Use

Table
1.
3.8
fcu is b/w 25-40
its Ok
30/25 =1.06

Vc = 0.79(0.856)^1/3(1)^1/4(1.06)^1/3/1.25
Vc=0.59

45
Checking
0.5Vc = 0.5*0.57=0.285
shear link is
V=1.04N/mm2>0.5vc =0.285 required
Continue
Vc+0.4=0.59+0.4=0.99N/mm2
Compare again
Maximum
V= 1.04N/mm2 >0.99N/mm2 shear link is
required

0.4bvSv
Asv =
0.95fyv
П𝐷2
Asv=
4
3.14∗82
=
4
=50.24 mm2
0.95 x Asv x fyv bvSv
Svmin =
0.4bv
0.95∗100.48∗250
=
0.4∗250
=238.6mm= 239mm
Smax=0.75d=350 ok

bvSv(V−Vc)
Asv =
0.95fyv
П𝐷2
Asv=
4
3.14∗82
=
4
=50.24 mm2

46
 0.95 x Asv x fyv
Svmax =
0.4bv(V−Vc)

0.95∗100.48∗250
=
0.4∗250(1.04−0.59)

= 91.67mm = 92mm

REINFORCEMENT
d = 472mm
bf=bw+ (0,7*4000/5)=810mm
ℎ𝑓
Mf =0.45fcubhf.(d-hf/2 )
2
= 0.45*30*810*180.(472-180/2) neutral axis

=752KN.m inside the

M<Mf flange

K= < K’ =
M 162∗ 106 0.156
𝐾= = = 0.097 ▲SINGLY
bd2fcu 250 ∗ 4722 ∗ 30
REINFORCED

𝑘′
𝑍 = 𝑑 (0.5 + √0.25 − )
0.9

0.156
=d{0.5+ √(0.25 − )
0.9
Z=0.877D it is OK

TAKE Z max

47
 Zmin=0.775d

Zmax=0.95d

= 0.777(462) = 414 mm
Step three:-
M
As=0.95∗fy∗z
𝟏𝟔𝟐 ∗ 106 It is OK
As=0.95∗460∗414 = 895.4𝑚𝑚2
Asmax=4%bh=4*250*500/100=5000𝑚𝑚2
Asmin=0.13%bh=0.13*250*500/100=162.5𝑚𝑚2

Use Dai 14

A=πr2

=3.14(72)=154mm2
Provide
6T@14/m
NOB In bars=AS/A=706.3/201MM2=6BARS

Spacing= b-2cover-#(diameter of bar)/# of Spacing

={250-2(30)-4(14)}/3=45mm 30mm>25mm It is OK

3.4.6 DEFLECTION.
Basic span/effective depth ratio = 20max
(l/d)act ≤ (l/d)allowable
(l/d)actual=6000/472 = 12.7
(l/d)all = (l/d)Basic *Mft
(l/d)basic=20.8
table
3.9 Mft=1.63
(l/d)all = 20.8*1.63
table
48
3.10 (l/d)all=33.9
(l/d)act < (l/d)allowable
9.63<33.9
l/d ratio is
OK
3.12.1 CRACKING
1.2.7
b-2C-# t-2 l OK
S1= ≤ 70000/fy
#𝑠
250-2(25)-5(14)-2(8)
= = 28.5<152 ok
4
S2= (√𝑦 2 +𝑦 2 )- t/2 ≤ 70000/fy/2
Where y=C+ /2 + t/2
16 𝑶𝑲
S2 =√372 + 372 − 2 = 44.3 < 76
S3= use S3 When h>750 mm 𝑶𝑲
H=500<750

Figure 4. 3: detail drawing of beam

49
4.5 Columns
Column is a vertical structural member that carry loads mainly in compression. It is assumed to
be the most crucial structural member of a building because the safety of a building rest on the
column strength. This is because failure of column would cause progressive collapse in buildings
whereas such event would not occur when other members fail. Columns transfer vertical loads
from a ceiling, floor or roof slab or from a beam, to a floor or foundation. They also carry bending
moments about one or both of the cross-section axes.

4.4.1Types of the columns

 Short column: in short column the strength is governed by strength of the materials
and the geometry of the cross section.
 Slender column: a column is said to slender if its cross-sectional dimensions are small
compared with its length.
 Biaxial column: columns are defined as a member that carry loads chiefly in
compression the design of the column then requires the computation of the cross sections
failure surface.

50
3) COLUMN ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
BS81 CALCULATIONS OUTPUT
10 S
Ref.
3.3 DURABILITY & FIRE RESISTANCE
Tabl Nominal cover for mild conditions for exposure = 20mm Minimum
e 3.3 Nominal cover for severe conditions for exposure = 40mm Cover to
Nominal cover for 300mmx400mm wide beam for 1hr links =
period = 20mm 20mm
3.4 COLUMN ANALYSIS

 COLUMN C10
Total Load of Column
 Beam(IJ)
𝑤𝑙 51.4𝑘𝑁∗4𝑚
load = = = 102.8𝑘𝑁
2 2

51
  Beam (JK)
𝑤𝑙 51.4𝑘𝑁∗4𝑚
load = = = 102.8𝑘𝑁
2 2
 Beam (BJ)
𝑤𝑙 61.4𝑘𝑁∗6𝑚
load = = = 184.2𝑘𝑁
2 2
 Beam (JR)
𝑤𝑙 61.4𝑘𝑁∗6𝑚
load = = = 184.2𝑘𝑁
2 2
Load to column A from beams
= 102.8 + 102.8+184.2+184.2=574KN
Self weight of column A= density of concrete * size of the
column *height of the column
= 24kN/m3 *0.3m*0.4m *3.2m =9.2kN
Total load of column = load from beam +self weight
= 574 + 9.2 = 583.2KN
583.2KN × 5 = 2916𝐾𝑁

𝑁 = 2916𝐾𝑁

INCREASE 10% OF INCREMENT IN AXIAL LOAD

N=3207.6KN
3.8.1  Hbeam500> ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = 450 ∴ 𝑤𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙
.6 • 𝐿𝑒 = 𝛽𝑙𝑜 = 0.75 × 3200 − 400 = 1.9𝑚 𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐿𝑒𝑥 𝐿𝑒 1.9𝑚 1.9
• Since ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 < 15, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1
𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒3.19, 0.45 0.3

𝛽 • =4.22 𝑎𝑛𝑑 6.3

= 0.75 • The column is braced and short.
𝑆. 𝑊𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = 0.45 × 0.3 × 3.2𝑥24 = 10.4𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

𝑀𝑥 = 𝑁𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 ,

52
 0.05𝑥450
𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.05ℎ = = 0.0226,
1000

𝑀𝑥 = 𝑁𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 3207.6𝑥0.0226 = 72.5𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

0.05𝑥300
𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.05ℎ = = 0.015
1000
𝑀𝑦 = 𝑁𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 3207.6𝑥0.015 = 48.114𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
h’ = h- cover –ø/2 – øc
= 450-30-16/2-8 = 404mm
b’ = b- cover –ø/2 – øc
= 300-30-16/2-8 = 254mm
𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛𝑒:
𝑀𝑥 72.5
• = = 0.179 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒔
ℎ′ 404
𝑀𝑦 48.114 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒆𝒅
• 𝑏′
= 254
= 0.1894
𝑀𝑦 𝑀𝑥
𝑴𝒚
• >
𝑏′ ℎ′
𝑁 3207.6 × 103
∴ = = 0.792
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑢 300 × 450 × 30
, 𝛽 = 0.42
′
𝑏 254
𝑀𝑦 ′ = 𝑀𝑦 + 𝛽 ′ 𝑀𝑥 = 48.114 + 0.42 ( ) ∗ 72.5
ℎ 404
∴ 𝑀𝑦 ′ = 67.25𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
N 3207.6×103
 = = 23.76N/mm2
bh 300×450
m 67.25×10^6
 = 300×4502 = 1.1N/mm2
bh2
d 352
 = = 0.9
h 400
Chart 100As
No.3  = 2.5
bh
4 100As
 = 2.5
300×400
It’s Ok.
 AS = 3075mm2
0.4bh 0.4x300×450
 Asmin = = = 540mm2
100 100
53
 6bh 6×300×450
 ASmax = = = 8100mm2
100 100
∅=20mm
A=πr2
3.14(102)=314mm2
NOB In bars=AS/A=3075/314mm2=10bars

1
∅l > ∅ = 5mm
4
∅⁄ > 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 8𝑚𝑚
l
S < 12∅ = 240mm
S < 240mm
provide 10T20 with 8mmlink @ 240mm c/c

Figure 4. 4: detail drawing of column

54
4.6 Foundation
Footings are structural elements that transmit load of entire superstructure to the underlying soil
below the structure. Footings are designed to transmit these loads to the soil without exceeding its
safe bearing capacity. Thus, prevent excessive settlement of the structure to a tolerable limit, to
minimize differential settlement, and to prevent sliding and overturning. The assumptions made to
foundation design are:

 The base pressure of the bottom of the foundation is considered uniform if it

supports only axial load.
 The base pressure of the bottom of the foundation is considered linearly distributed
if it supports eccentric axial load with moment.

55
 4.6.1FOUNDATION ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
BS811 CALCULATIONS OUTPUTS
0 Ref.
3.3 DURABILITY & FIRE RESISTANCE
Table Min.Nominal cover for mild conditions for exposure = 30mm Cover =
3.3.1. 40mm
4 1 hour of
fire
resistance
is ok
3.5.2. LOADING
4  column load = 3207.6KN 3207.6 𝐺𝐾 =5.32𝐾𝑁
Table /𝑚2
3.12  Working load = 2138.4KN
Ultimate
 Assume w ′ = 6% of 2138.4 Design =
𝟏𝟑.
 = 128.3KN 𝟖𝟓𝑲𝑵/𝒎𝟐
 Total axial laod = 2266.7KN
 Pa = 300KN/m2
 Fy = 460N/mm2
 column size = 450mmx300mm

𝑨)𝒔𝒊𝒛𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒐𝒐𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅

3.5.2.
4 𝑁 2266.7𝐾𝑁
𝐴= = 300𝐾𝑁 = 7.6𝑚2 ,
𝑃𝑎
𝑚2

𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐵 = 2.5𝑚𝑚
D= 7.6/2.5 =3m
fcu = 40,grade 460 and deformed type 2 bar
Table
Compression anchorage length = 30 c assume t = 20mm
3.27
Starter bar is bent 8 c
56
 H = (30-8)x c+C+ l= (30-8)x18+40+20= 456mm
𝐻 = 500𝑚𝑚
Longitudinal direction

𝑑𝑥 = ℎ − 𝑐 − ∅𝑡⁄2 = 500 − 40 − 10 = 450𝑚𝑚

Transverse direction
𝑑𝑦 = ℎ − 𝑐 − 1.5∅𝑡 = 500 − 40 − 1.5𝑥20 = 415𝑚𝑚
𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 0.5𝑥2.5𝑥3𝑥24 =
88.6𝐾𝑁 < 90𝐾𝑁 𝑜𝑘
𝑩) 𝒃𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒓𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑(𝑁) = 2266.7𝐾𝑁
𝑁 2266.7𝐾𝑁
𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑤𝑝) = =
𝐵𝐷 2.5𝑥3
= 303.2𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑤𝑙) = 𝑤𝑝𝑥𝐵 = 303.2𝑋2.5
= 755.56𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
2500 − 400
𝑙𝑑 = ( ) = 1050𝑚𝑚
2
𝑊𝐿𝑑 2 755.56𝑥1.052
𝑀= = = 416.5𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
2 2

3.4.4. REINFORCEMENT d
4 =ℎ−c−∅/2
𝑀 416.5𝑥106 d= 451
𝐾= 2 = = 0.020
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑢 2500𝑥4512 𝑥40
K= < K’ =
0.156
𝑘′ ▲SINGLY
𝑍 = 𝑑 (0.5 + √0.25 − ) REINFORCE
0.9 D

0.02
𝑍 = 𝑑 (0.5 + √0.25 − )
0.9

57
 z= 0.977𝑑>0.95d it is NOT
OK

TAKE Z max

Zmin=0.775d=0.775(149)=115.5mm

Zmax=0.95d=0.95(149) = 141.6mm

= 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑍𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.95𝑑 = 428.5𝑚𝑚

𝑀 416.5𝑥106 It is OK
𝐴𝑠 = 0.95𝑓𝑦𝑍 = 0.95𝑥460𝑥428.5 = 2224.2𝑚𝑚2

0.13𝑥2500𝑥500
• 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.13𝑏ℎ% = =
100
1625𝑚𝑚2
4𝑥2500𝑥500
• 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4𝑏ℎ% = = 50000𝑚𝑚2
100

• Take = =18mm 𝑝𝑟𝑜vide

𝐴𝑠 2224.2 9𝑇16@
• 4. 𝑁𝑜𝑏 = = 254.4𝑚𝑚2 = 8.7 ≈ 9𝑇18
𝐴 278𝑚𝑚𝑐/𝑐
•
CHECK MAXIMUM SPACING FOR CRACK
• 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 3𝑑 = 3𝑥413 = 1239𝑚𝑚
𝐵 2500
• 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 𝑁𝑜𝑏 = 9 𝑜𝑘
• = 277.7𝑚𝑚 < 750𝑚𝑚

CHECK DISTRIBUTION OF REINFORCEMENT

2500
• 𝑙𝑐 = = 1250𝑚𝑚
2
• 𝑙𝑐 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒
𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔(𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔)
3𝑐 9𝑑 3𝑥400 9𝑥413
[ + ]= + = 1230𝑚𝑚
4 4 4 4
58
 3𝑐 9𝑑
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑐 = 1250 > [ + ] = 1250𝑚𝑚
4 4
𝟐⁄ 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒅 𝒃𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒃𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒅
𝟑
𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒛𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝟏. 𝟓𝒅 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆.
2𝑥6
• 𝑠𝑜, = 4 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑛
3
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 1.5𝑥413 = 619.5𝑚𝑚
• 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
[2500−400−2𝑥619.5]
• 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = = 430𝑚𝑚
2
• 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑒 4 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑛 1.5𝑑 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒

CHECK CONCRETE SHEAR RESISTANCE:

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑨𝒔 ⁄𝟑 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝟒 𝒇𝒄𝒖 ⁄𝟑
𝑣𝑐=𝟎.𝟕𝟗(( 𝒃𝒅 ) 𝒙( 𝒅 ) ( 𝟐𝟓 ) )
• 1.25

𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑨𝑺 𝟏/𝟑 𝟏𝟎𝟎∗5871.5 𝟏𝒍𝟑

• ( ) = ( 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎∗𝟒𝟏𝟑 ) = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟏 < 3 𝑶𝑲
𝒃𝒅
𝟏
𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝟏/𝟒 𝟒𝟎𝟎
• ( ) = (𝟒𝟏𝟑)
𝟒
= 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔𝟑 < 1 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝑶𝑲
𝒅
Use 𝟏

• 𝒇𝒄𝒖 𝒊𝒔 𝒃/𝒘 25-40 ok

1
1⁄ 1
0.79 ((0.27) 3 𝑥 (1)4 (1.6) ⁄3 )
𝑣𝑐 = = 0.863
1.25
𝑣𝑐 = 0.863

𝒄)CHECK DIRECT VERTICAL SHEAR AT 1D FACE OF

THE COLUMN
𝐷 − 𝑐𝑥
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑙𝑒 ) = −𝑑
2
2500 − 400
= − 413 = 637𝑚𝑚
2
59
 • 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒(𝑉 ) = 𝑊𝑝 ∗ 𝐵 ∗ 𝑙𝑒 = 208.7𝑥2.5𝑥0.637
𝑉 = 332.35𝐾𝑁
V 332.35x103
• shear stress, (v) = bd = = 0.3070
2500𝑥413
𝑣 = 0.438
• 𝑣 = < 𝑣𝑐 𝑂𝐾

CHECK MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS

• 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢 =
4.73𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
• 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟: 𝑢𝑜 = 4𝑐
𝑉 1565.2𝐾𝑁𝑥103
• 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠: 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑢𝑜𝑑 = =
4𝑥400𝑥413
• 3.16𝑚2 < 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑶𝑲
•
CHECK FOR PUNCHING SHEAR AT 1.5D OF COLUMN FACE
• critical perimeter:
• lcp = column perimeter + 8x1.5d = [4c + 8x1.5d]
• 4𝑥400 + 8𝑥1.5𝑥413 = 6556𝑚𝑚

• 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟: 𝐴𝑝 = 𝑐 + 3𝑑 2

• = (400 + 3𝑥413)2 = 2.68𝑚2

SHEAR FORCE ON THE CRITICAL AREA:

• 𝑉𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 𝑤𝑝 ∗ 𝐴𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 208.7𝑥2.68 = 559.3𝐾𝑁
• 𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒: 𝑉𝑃 = 𝑁 − 𝑉𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 =
1565.2𝐾𝑁 − 559.3𝐾𝑁 = 1005.88𝐾𝑁
𝑉𝑝
• 𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝑉𝑃 = [𝑙𝑐𝑝𝑥𝑑 ] =
1005.88𝑋103
= 0.37
6556𝑋413
• 0.383 < 𝑉𝑐 = 0.446
𝑶𝑲

60
Figure 4. 5: detail drawing of foundation

61
4.7 Stair-case analysis and design

B110 CALCULATIONS OUTPUTS

Ref.
3.3 DURABILITY & FIRE RESISTANCE
Table Nominal cover for mild conditions for exposure = 20mm Cover =
3.3 Max.fire resistance of 180 slab thicknes with 20 cover 20mm
Table =11⁄2hr > 1hr 1 hour of
3.4 fire
resistance
is ok
GIVEN DATA
• Given Data
• Tread = 250mm
• Riser = 150mm
• Waist height = 180mm
• D=H-COVER- /2=148
• Cover = 25mm
• 𝜃 = 10mm
• fy = 460N/MM2
• fcu = 30N/MM2
• Q K = 4KN/M2
• 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑠 = 0.5𝐾𝑁/𝑀2
Dead load = 24 ∗ 0.18 + 0.5 = 4.82𝐾𝑁/𝑀2
3.5.2. LOADING
4 D𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦∗𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 + 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑠 𝐺𝐾 =4.82𝐾𝑁
Table =24𝐾𝑁/𝑚2∗ 0.18𝑚 + 0.5𝐾𝑁/𝑚2 /𝑚2
3.12 2 2
𝑄𝐾 =4𝐾𝑁/𝑚
4.32𝐾𝑁/𝑚 + 1𝐾𝑁/𝑚 2

W. OF STAIR WAIST SLAB

=√0.152 + 0.122 ∗ 0.129 ∗ 1 ∗ 24
=0.9
W.OF WAIST=0.9/0.25=3.6KN/M
W.OF STEPS

62
 AREA OF STEPSX1XDENSITY
½(0.15*0.25)*1*24
=0.46
W.OF STEPS = 0.46/0.25=1.9KN/M
ULTIMATE LOAD=1.4(3.6+1.9+1)+1.6(5)
=17.1
LANDING
SELF WEIGHT=0.16X1X24
=4.84
LIVELOAD=5KN/M
ULTIMATE LOAD=1.4(4.84+1)+1.6(5)
Ultimate
=14.73
Design =
TOTAL LOAD OF STAIR=14.73+17.1=31.82KN/M 31.82𝑲𝑵/𝒎
𝟐

TOTAL LOAD OF STAIR=14.73+17.1=31.82KN/M

fl 44.28 x2.25
 Bending moment = = = 12.45kn. m
8 8

3.4.4. REINFORCEMENT
4 d = 148mm
6
m 12.45 x 10
k= = = 0.0184 K= < K’ =
bd2 fcu 1000 x 1482 x 30
0.156
▲SINGLY
REINFORCE
D

63
 0.0184
Z = d {0.5 + √0.25 − } = 0.979d NOT OK
0.9

We use
Zmax = 0.95d
Z=0.95d = 0.95(148)mm=140.6mm

M
As=0.95∗fy∗z
17.28 ∗ 106 It is OK
As=0.95∗460∗140.6= 281.2mm^2

Asmax=4%bh=4*1000*180/100=7200mm^2
Asmin=0.13%bh=0.13*1000*180/100=234mm^2
Use Dai 10
A=πr2
=3.14(52)=78.5mm2
Provide
NOB In bars=AS/A=281.2/78.5MM2=4BARS
4T@10/m
• Use 3T10@ 250mm bottom (235.5𝑚𝑚^2)
for main bars
• Use 2T10mm @ 300mm bottom (157𝑚𝑚^2)
for transfer bar

Table CHECK FOR SHEAR FORCE

3.8
• b) Shear stress
f 31.82
• V=2 = = 15.9 KN
2
V 15.9∗103
• v = bd = 1000 x 120

• = 0.132N/mm2 < 0.87√fcu (4.77N/mm2 )

64
 1 1 1
100As 400 fcu
• vc = 0.79{( )3 ( )4 ( 25 )3 } /(Ym)
bd d no shear
2
• vc = 0.58N/mm link is
required
• v = 0.187N/mm2 < vc = 0.58N/mm2
3.4.6 DEFLECTION.
Basic span/effective depth ratio = 20max
(l/d)act ≤ (l/d)allowable
(l/d)actual=2250/149 = 15.1
(l/d)all = (l/d)Basic *Mft
table (l/d)basic=26
3.9
Mft=1.41
table (l/d)all = 20*1.98
3.10
(l/d)all=36.6
(l/d)act< (l/d)allowable
l/d ratio is
15.1<36.6 ok OK

Figure 4. 6: detail drawing of staircase

65
4.8 TYPICAL FLOOR MODELLING USING SAP2000

In order to commence with the design procedures, the straining actions acting on the main
structural elements are required. At this stage we are in need of a structural analysis
modeling package, as SAP2000 (Structural Analysis Program), to obtain the needed
straining actions, deflections and deformations mandatory for design calculations. To
begin, I used AutoCAD to simplify the structural plan into only 3 layers of elements:
columns represented by points, beams represented by lines and slabs represented by
closed polylines called “3D frames”. These polylines were divided into squares of a
side length of 0.5 units, or in my case 0.5 meters, as a mean of refinement to achieve
more accurate results for straining actions on the slab. Afterwards, load patterns were
defined for dead loads as own weight, floor cover, wall and stair loads, as well as live
loads. Then, load combinations for ultimate and working loads were defined, as well as
another case for the ultimate load multiplied by 5 which was used to simulate the load of
the 12 stories on the ground floor columns. After that, concrete section dimensions,
obtained from the preliminary proportioning phase, were defined for slabs and beams.
From that point, all necessary loads and sections had been defined to the program, and
hence forth these loads and sections were assigned to their respective structural elements.
I had obtained the load assignments for residential buildings as previously referred to
from the ECP

201, and so I assigned these values to their correct positions. For further clarification; live
loads were assigned as 3 kN/m2for stairs, kitchens, bathrooms and balconies, and as 2
kN/m2 for the remaining floor area. Also, the floor cover load was considered to be 1.5
kN/m2 for the entire floor area. Then, moment releases were assigned to secondary beams
to distinguish them from main beams.

Finally, all frame elements of the model, representing beams were divided at intersections
with their adjacent shell boundaries. This was to carry out a refinement for the model in
order to obtain more accurate results. The final model is shown in Figure 4.7. In that
manner, the model was ready to be run to obtain the desired straining actions to
commence with the design procedures.

66
Figure 4. 7: Bending moment of saap software 1

Figure 4. 8: saap software 1

67
Figure 4. 9: shear of saap software 1

Figure 4. 10: area of reinforcement with saap software 1

68
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 CONCLUSION
Our project is based on the business needs of the masalah village in Hargeisa S/land. It is
a commercial building consist of G+5.
In order to cover all commercial sides of the village and safe visit expenses due to far
market and eventually our goal is to provide different levels of economy and the business
of the village. In addition, we design it to provide a range of services. This project is
concluded by achieving the most important of all about these objectives. In the present
study G+5 building at ahmed dhagax district, Hargaisa, Somaliland and is designed
(Slabs, Beams, Columns and Footings) using BS8110 CODE, also We used both software
and hand calculations approximately become same and there is no more big difference
and that software is called SAAP software.

The loads are calculated namely the dead loads which depend on the unit weight of the
materials used (concrete, brick) and the live loads. The safety of G+5 reinforced concrete
building depends upon the initial architectural and structural configuration of the total
building, the quality of the structural analysis, design and reinforcement detailing of the
building frame to achieve stability of elements and their ductile performance

The structure satisfies all the aspects in terms of safety, durability and economy.
We recommend to use different software’s to minimize time and cost to get more
detailing Drawings at that is the reasons that we are estimating time and cost to get good
decisions, schedule working, to determine how long project should be taking and to
develop time phased budget and established the project baseline. Also we try to recover
the basic needs of society due to shopping because of all society they can get easily every
things with same place without transport.

69
Cost effective of buildings is a relative concept that seeks to reduce construction
cost through effective utilization of locally available building materials along with
improved skills and technologies without sacrificing the strength, performance and life of
the structure. The safety of this reinforced concrete building is reliable in both
architectural and Structural configuration of the building.

To provide the highest level of service in the construction building while offering
superior craftsmanship to every project, we handle. To continually innovate, develop and
adopt state-of-the-art technology in methods and materials to enhance productivity and
cost effectiveness. Also to improve the economy of the country growth of economic only
comes from increasing the quality and quantity of the factors of production, which consist
of four broad types: land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship.

Economic growth means there is an increase in national output and national

income. Economic growth is caused by two main factors: An increase in aggregate
demand, an increase in aggregate supply (productive capacity.

Marketing of society drives a consumer economy, promoting goods and services and
targeting consumers most likely to become buyers. Higher sales for a business that
employs successful marketing strategies translate into expansion, job creation, higher tax
revenue for governments and, eventually, overall economic growth. but There are
problem we facing when we do this project and worst and most difficult problem we are
face is the actual bearing capacity of the soil because our country do not have accurate
machines that telling bearing capacity of soil that site on our project we take average
bearing capacity and we recommended to take soil test when you do in the future like this
project.

70
5.2Recommendation
For this design is commercial building with designing reinforced concrete design.
The Building are needed for this design in our country to be complete, there are a handful
of recommendation that we would like to make after design.
The following facts should be considered.

 The researcher is better should use different software's of structural than SAAP
like SAFE and ROBOT ANALYSIS and also must be use cost estimation and
management project software’s
 As we are developing country, the maximum tallest building in hargaisa is G+7
and the effect of wind is small, the near future the buildings become G+10 and
above and the wind becomes critical. So, we recommend the pupils to design
buildings other than G+5.
 we used Dynamic cone penetration to determine the bearing capacity of the soil
but now it’s available to use Direct shear test machine in RDA that is more
accurately then DCP to get correct bearing capacity of soil

71
 REFERENCE
1. W. M. C. McKenzie, 2004, Design of Structural Elements, Published by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Hound mills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS
and 175Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y.
2. BS 8110 Part 1 1997 - Structural use of concrete Code of practice for design and
Construction.
3. Computers and Engineers (2003). SAP2000 Integrated Software for Structural
Analysis and Design. Retrieved May 30, 2014,
4. Education Portal (2014). CAD Drafting and Design Technology. Retrieved May
30, 2014,
5. El-Leathy, Y. (2013). Handouts for Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures
Courses, GUC.
6. Ghoneim, M. A., & El-Mihilmy, M. T. (2008). Design of Reinforced
Concrete Structures Volume 1.
7. Harvey, G. (2006). Excel 2007 Workbook for Dummies. Wiley Publishing, Inc

72
APPENDIX : QUANTITY ESTIMATION

73
74
75
76
77
78
APPENDIX B: PROJECT MANAGEMENT

79
Appendix C: Slab reinforced detail

80
APPENDIX D: BEAM REINFORCED DETAIL

81
APPENDIX E: COLUMN REINFORCED DETAIL

82
Appendix F: Foundation reinforced detail

83
Appendix G: 3D design

84
85