Power Distribution Unit

Reliable power distribution in IT racks

White Paper IT 04 “Across all industries, digitization means

that companies have to install powerful
IT systems at existing or new locations
Date: April 2020 within a short time. Security and
availability are essential criteria here,
Authors: Bernd Hanstein, because many processes are no longer
Daniel Dörrbecker conceivable without fail-safe and pro-
tected IT. The Power Distribution Units
(PDUs) directly at the racks play an impor-
tant role in this. With intelligent PDUs,
IT managers create the basis for the safe,
efficient and energy-optimized operation
of data centers.”
 Power Distribution Unit – reliable power distribution in IT racks 2
Contents

Contents

1 Executive summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
The role of PDUs in cutting-edge IT infrastructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Basis for efficient IT operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Selecting a suitable model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
To switch or not to switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Tip – how to save energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Safeguarding energy supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Well networked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Hot server waste air and PDUs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Precise measuring technology as a basis for energy optimisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Display speeds up fault-finding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Safety for humans and machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Relevant standards and regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Tip – safety, security and flexibility for power outlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Meeting compliance requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3 Rittal PDU models and application scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Modular system for maximum flexibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Protected against lightning and heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Detailed monitoring for improved safety and security. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Master/slave concept protects investments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Powerful switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Quick and easy layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Five product variants cover every application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Basic (simple power distribution) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Metered (measurement per phase) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Metered Plus (measurement per output slot) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Switched (measurement per phase, switching function per output) . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Managed (measurement and switching per output) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

4 Functions for remote access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Web interface and management console . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
 Power Distribution Unit – reliable power distribution in IT racks 3
Contents

5 Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Boosting IT security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Remote access – access protection and rights management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Protecting people from fault currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

6 Planning and preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Web configurator for product selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Fast delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

7 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

8 Glossary, abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
 Power Distribution Unit – reliable power distribution in IT racks 4
Executive Summary

1 Executive summary

The role of PDUs in cutting-edge IT infrastructures

The rapid spread of digitalisation across all industries is forcing companies to act quickly and
install powerful IT systems at existing and new locations. This applies to core and cloud data
centres as well as edge data centres on the periphery of the company network. Security and
availability are the key criteria, because without a fail-safe and protected IT system, many
processes we take for granted in day-to-day life, such as traffic control and airline bookings,
not to mention production processes, are simply impossible.

Depending on the application and the relevant availability and security requirements, a data
centre could be a standalone rack, an edge data centre at production sites and branches or
a hyperscale cloud data centre. Energy supply plays a pivotal role in ensuring fail-safe ope-
ration in all these cases.

Power originates from the main power supply, is transferred through central UPS and sub-
distribution systems, and is supplied to socket systems in the IT racks – the PDUs (power
distribution units).

The PDUs provide a reliable energy supply to the IT components installed in the rack. These
are high-quality multiple socket outlets fused to industry standards and offering optional
monitoring, switching and measuring functions that help improve the energy efficiency and
fail-safe operation of data centres.

Depending on their design, PDUs can monitor and control the power supply down to the
level of the individual socket outlets. The devices also support remote maintenance, are
network-capable and provide important functions for energy management in
IT environments of any size.

Using additional sensors, intelligent PDUs record a wide range of environmental parameters
– for example, sensors for access monitoring increase IT security at IT rack level. Especially
when it comes to installations such as floor distributors and autonomous edge data centres,
remote monitoring is a real advantage, as it makes it possible to integrate the IT rack into an
overarching monitoring system via the PDU.

During the planning process, companies should ensure that their chosen PDU manufacturer
has a wide product range so that a large number of applications can be met, using standard
products and with the best configuration in each case. This saves on installation time and
costs, for example, since technicians only have to get to grips with one PDU product family.
 Power Distribution Unit – reliable power distribution in IT racks 5
Executive Summary

Figure 1: The comprehensive integration of the PDU into the IT infrastructure of a data center supports
energy management and monitoring.

Basis for efficient IT operations

Since companies are constantly upgrading their IT infrastructures, to drive forward the auto-
mation of production systems, for instance, ongoing IT operating costs are also rising.
Optimising energy costs in data centres is therefore becoming increasingly important for
To improve energy efficiency companies – IT managers can use an intelligent PDU to monitor energy costs and what is
in the data center, it is causing them.
necessary to first record
consumption. The first step in improving energy-efficiency in data centres is recording consumption. If
determining energy efficiency or power usage effectiveness (PUE) is all that matters, it is
enough to measure the power and current in the different phases that lead into the data
centre. However, this doesn’t help to identify untapped potential or reveal how new applica-
tions are changing load capacity. Measuring current and voltage down to the rack level is the
 Power Distribution Unit – reliable power distribution in IT racks 6
Executive Summary

very least that should be done when trying to gain a useful insight into the energy-related
parameters in the data centre and use this data to optimise IT operating costs.

In the case of spatially and geographically dispersed edge applications, it is particularly

important to record energy consumption across all locations. To this end, PDUs can be
integrated into building or IT management systems via standard interfaces.

Ultimately, large installations such as hyperscale cloud data centres require high-quality
PDUs tailored to the IT components in the IT rack suites. Detailed monitoring, clear labelling
and optional displays help technicians to find faults quickly and efficiently and change
configurations in the IT rack.

As the examples illustrate, PDUs perform a vital role in the planning and modernisation of
IT systems. When it comes to IT load management, PDUs provide precise data about energy
consumption at IT rack level. This data flows into superordinate management platforms such
as Data Centre Infrastructure Management (DCIM) and thus provide IT managers and Facility
Management staff with key information for the overall commercial and technical planning of
the data centres.

Figure 2: PDUs are high quality manufactured and industry standard secured multi-socket outlets that
supply power to all components in the IT enclosure. Monitoring, switching and measuring
functions are available as options.
 Power Distribution Unit – reliable power distribution in IT racks 7
Introduction

2 Introduction

PDUs are a key component in setting up an IT rack, as they supply the power needed by all
the IT equipment installed. When selecting a PDU, the space available in the IT rack first has
to be noted. The PDUs are ideally mounted in the zero-U-space – in other words, in the
space between the side panel and the 19˝ mounting frame. This way, no height units are
blocked, and maintenance and installation work can still be conducted on the
IT components, even when an IT rack is fully fitted out.

The core task of a PDU is energy distribution. PDUs are therefore included in the A and
B power supply on a redundant basis. PDU manufacturers should have a comprehensive
product family so that suitable PDU models are available for the respective size of the IT rack.
By using the product family of a single manufacturer, companies can optimise their spare
parts stockpiling and cut initial staff training costs, as their technicians only have to familiarise
themselves with one installation system.

Selecting a suitable model

A large number of criteria must be considered when selecting a PDU. These include, for
example, load capacity, the number of sockets and the monitoring functions required. How-
ever, it is frequently overlooked that the PDUs’ core purpose of power distribution means
they have a vital role within the overall IT infrastructure and therefore have to be fully compat-
ible with the other IT components. An IT rack should thus be tuned to the PDU and vice
versa. Ideally, the PDU should be another element of a standardised modular IT kit that aids
rapid, simple installation, prevents errors in installation thanks to clear labelling, and can be
managed by superordinate management software without additional programming outlay.

Exactly which PDU is needed depends on the output that is to be distributed by the PDU.
In other words, the load capacity of the connected consumers in the IT rack determines
the output required of the PDU. This output can vary greatly depending on the configuration
and planned usage of the IT systems. In high-performance computing (HPC), for instance,
IT racks are operated with outputs of over 50 kW, while an output of around 3 kW is sufficient
for simple IT systems with low user numbers. Comparing product models against their load
capacity can save purchasing costs.

The simplest variants come as single-phase models starting from 16 amps. The higher out-
put classes are designed with three phases, for outputs of 16, 32 or 63 amps. The three-
phase design with 63 amps per phase can distribute slightly over 43 kW. If redundant distri-
bution is set up using two PDUs and different supply paths, almost 90 kW of electrical output
can be distributed per rack. This output data is required for HPC applications or when climate
control technology elements are to be supplied with power. Since the load capacity of the
PDUs represents a major cost factor, it is extremely important for users to determine the
 Power Distribution Unit – reliable power distribution in IT racks 8
Introduction

current and future loads in advance and select the PDUs accordingly. In general, a three-
phase system with 16 amps per phase will cover almost all applications in the rack.

PDUs offer several variants for energy monitoring. The advantage of devices with displays is
that staff can also quickly read the current status from the outside. Another possible alterna-
tive is to set up automatic notification of the current status via text message or e-mail.

To switch or not to switch

Generally, the variants can be divided into products without any additional functions, prod-
ucts with measuring functions, and combined solutions that include measuring and switch-
ing functions. A PDU with switching function is not required in every scenario. After all, when
a data centre is staffed around the clock, there is no need to have remote control options for
a server’s power supply. On the other hand, where there is a “lights-out” operating mode or
where a data centre is maintained remotely, having remote access to the PDUs is frequently
the only way to provide support or perform a restart.

For security reasons, the Ethernet switches that connect the PDUs to a network manage-
ment system should not be routed through switched sockets, otherwise administrators
could lock themselves out of the PDU management interface by mistake. Anyone who wants
to ensure that only the correct socket is switched has to start off by doing their homework:
Correct documentation, sensible processes during changes and new installations, as well as
consistent access control all prevent errors and sabotage.

Tip – how to save energy

PDUs have two different switching processes for interrupting the energy supply – the loads
can be switched using electronic or mechanical relays. However, if there is a power failure
that affects only the PDU, both the electronic and the mechanical relays lose their control cur-
rent and fail. This usually only shuts down the slot concerned and its consumer. In addition,
a constantly energised mechanical relay permanently consumes energy. In a fully populated
For energy saving, PDUs with PDU, this can amount to as much as 50 watts. This energy consumption is unnecessary and
bistable relays should be reduces the service life of the continuously operating relay.
used. These remain current-
free in their respective Units with bistable relays are therefore one energy-saving solution. These remain at zero cur-
switching state and thus rent in their respective switching state, thereby lowering the inherent consumption of a PDU.
reduce their own energy This way, energy costs can be perceptibly reduced, especially in the case of 24/7 operation.
consumption.

Safeguarding energy supply

To achieve a high level of reliability, the energy supply in the IT rack should feature a redun-
dant design, using an A/B power supply with two identical PDUs. Implementing this requires
forward planning, as dual power cabling is needed. In particular, where the rack is populated
 Power Distribution Unit – reliable power distribution in IT racks 9
Introduction

with mixed IT and network components, wiring must be planned in advance so that efficient
maintenance will still be possible in the future.

Well networked

PDUs are networked via a standard Ethernet port and protocols such as IPv6, SNMP, Mod-
bus/TCP or OPC-UA. An external supply for the PDU control electronics is needed so that
Switchable PDUs with
the PDUs can still be controlled if the supply voltage fails. Power over Ethernet (PoE) should
Power-over-Ethernet (PoE)
save one supply path despite be used for switchable PDUs. This has the advantage of requiring one less supply route,
full redundancy by separating while still achieving full redundancy by separating the load and control supply.
load and control supply.
Hot server waste air and PDUs

In an effort to optimise the energy costs for IT cooling, the input temperatures at which
servers can operate have been continuously increased over recent years. This means the
waste air temperature has also risen, reaching more than 50 degrees Celsius in the case of
some server types. PDUs are fully or partially exposed to this waste air. A PDU housing and
all components must therefore be able to operate under these conditions reliably and for the
long term.

Precise measuring technology as a basis for energy optimisation

PDUs are available with a wide range of measuring functions. This means technicians in the
data centre can keep a close eye on the energy, capacity utilisation and phase symmetry of
each rack. A PDU will deliver very different measuring data depending on its design. If deter-
mining energy efficiency is all that matters, it may be enough to measure the power and
current in the different phases that lead into the data centre. However, that would mean
missing the opportunity to identify changes in load that are caused by new applications.

Measuring current and voltage down to the rack level is the very least that should be done
when trying to gain an insight into the energy-related parameters in the data centre. After in-
stalling PDUs with measurement functions on a broad basis, customers often discover that
power supplies they thought were being fully utilised actually offer a lot of untapped potential.
Particularly when three phases are being used, it is vital to distribute the load symmetrically.
A phase load display can save much planning and testing, because it depicts the ratio of the
utilisation perfectly.

Display speeds up fault-finding

Optional temperature, humidity and access control sensors can be added to PDUs to mon-
itor the physical ambient conditions in the IT rack. There is also the option of having this
important information displayed on a small screen on the PDU so key measurements can be
read off quickly and easily.
 Power Distribution Unit – reliable power distribution in IT racks 10
Introduction

However, even without the display panel, clear labelling is something to look out for when
making a purchase. Colour-coding of the phases and clearly labelled A/B supply paths is
ideal. If the individual slots can be highlighted with LEDs or other visual indicators, that is very
helpful for service assignments, as technicians looking at the PDU can clearly see which
devices are to be unplugged.

Figure 3: For a visual check, PDUs are also available with a display that shows the status of the power
supply, for example.

Safety for humans and machines

Statistics on the causes of fire published in 2018 by the Institut für Schadenverhütung und
Schadenforschung (Institute of loss prevention and loss research – IFS) place electricity at
the top of the list, with 31 percent. When compiling these statistics, the IFS investigated fires
that caused considerable damage to buildings. Data centre operators should therefore only
use high-quality components for power supply and distribution.
 Power Distribution Unit – reliable power distribution in IT racks 11
Introduction

In this connection, IT managers should pay close attention to Section 4.1 of standard DIN
VDE 0100-420. In its current version (VDE 0100-420 2019-10), this states that electrical
equipment must not represent a fire hazard to the things around it. Using simple, undersized
socket strips in a data centre is a major risk. Faults often arise when a PDU or distributor strip
designed for low outputs gradually starts to be used as a central distribution station because
more and more new servers are being added to the IT rack. This can then overload the con-
tacts, which in turn generates heat that can then lead to a fire.

Another key requirement for PDUs is reliable protection against overvoltage. This is even
more important for PDUs than for other components in data centres, as PDUs also have to
Fast reacting protective protect the end consumers connected to them from the effects of overvoltage. Protective
circuit-breakers in the PDU circuit-breakers that respond extremely quickly are therefore a basic feature of a high-quality
protect the connected end
PDU. The PDUs must also be protected against overloading from surge currents or short
consumers from overvoltage.
circuits.

Relevant standards and regulations

Internationally, IEC connectors to standard C13 and C19 as per IEC 60320 are the norm for
connecting together IT components in the rack. For instance, blade servers are predomi-
nantly connected to the power supply using C19 plugs. This standard permits 16 amps with
250 volts, while the C13 norm only permits 10 amps. The advantages of the IEC connectors
include the minimal space requirements and thus greater possible packing densities.

In Germany, safety plugs (earthing-pins) as per the CEE 7/4 standard (Type F) are still used
in data centres. These are of very robust design and the high insertion forces involved pre-
vent the plug from being accidentally pulled out. In general, strain relief for the cables or locks
for the power connectors should be used to prevent loose connections. There is no general
recommendation for plug types, but the C13/C19 version saves space, though locks should
be used to stop it slipping.

The IT rack itself is finally connected to the mains via a CEE three-phase connector or Cekon
plug to IEC 60309. There are red connectors for three-phase alternating current with neutral
and protective conductors and a rated voltage of 400 V, as well as blue connectors with only
one external, neutral and protective earthing wire for a voltage of 230 V.

Tip – safety, security and flexibility for power outlets

The PDU should be available as a modular system so that the required plug types can be
mixed in one device. In addition, unused slots should be protected against unauthorised
access – covers increase safety for technicians.
 Power Distribution Unit – reliable power distribution in IT racks 12
Rittal PDU models and application scenarios

Meeting compliance requirements

Depending on the industry and area of application, PDUs must comply with superordinate
specifications, and must certainly carry a CE marking. The associated protection require-
ments are laid out in the EU Low Voltage Directive 2014/35/EU. A key standard for informa-
tion technology equipment – which includes PDUs – is EN 62368 from 2019. Part 1 of this
standard defines the general requirements PDUs must always meet. To be used in other
countries, the products have to meet other requirements such as UL (Underwriters Labora-
tories) in the United States and EAC (Eurasian Conformity) in Russia.

3 Rittal PDU models and application scenarios

Modular system for maximum flexibility

The PDUs from Rittal use a modular system that enables customised configuration. It is
therefore possible to tailor the PDU perfectly to the application. Variables customers can
specify themselves include the length of the cable, the connector plug, the position of the
display and the number and type of the sockets. On top of this, additional modules can be
added to a PDU, for example to measure differential current or for overvoltage protection.
Modular system for
individual configuration.
Importantly for technicians, the modular design ensures that the PDU controller and over-
voltage protection can be replaced while the system is operational. If one component fails, it
is therefore not necessary to replace the entire PDU.

Protected against lightning and heat

Rittal PDUs are made from robust components, ensuring they deliver the best possible per-
formance even in high waste air temperatures. At an operating temperature of 50 degrees
Celsius, the PDU continues to deliver 100 percent output, at 60 degrees it maintains output
with calculated derating.

There is an option for integrated overvoltage protection using replaceable arresters and an
alarm contact to protect the sensitive electronics in the IT rack from voltage peaks such as
those caused by lightning strikes. Other optional features include an RC circuit-breaker and
the established thermal magnetic circuit-breaker. Flat circuit-breakers (Carling type) are still
integrated into the PDU housing.

Detailed monitoring for improved safety and security

Thanks to the PDUs’ high level of flexibility, an IT rack can be comprehensively monitored.
Integrated CMC functions such as an alarm relay, a digital input and an alarm signal trans-
mitter enable the flexible incorporation of the PDU into an overarching IT security concept.
 Power Distribution Unit – reliable power distribution in IT racks 13
Rittal PDU models and application scenarios

Almost every model in the Rittal PDU range supports the connection of additional sensors
for recording environmental data such as temperature, humidity and the status of switch
contacts. This makes it possible to monitor the electronic handles of an IT rack, for example.
Another measuring function includes fault current monitoring (RCM type B), meaning doors
are prevented from opening when a dangerous amperage is detected in the IT rack, for
example.

Up to eight sensors from the CMC III Controller portfolio can be connected to Rittal PDUs.
This gives administrators a detailed overview of the environmental conditions on site, ena-
bling them to integrate monitoring functions into their management systems. The switch con-
tact, for instance, reports whether the rack door has been opened and someone has gained
access to the rear of the server. USB ports can be used to operate a webcam and thus also
make visual checks.

Installation

Any technician who regularly has to install PDUs will prefer tool-free installation. When using
the conventional fixing method, it is also easy for a tool to slip and a sharp edge to cut into
the cable insulation. No additional tools are therefore needed to install Rittal PDUs in Rittal
IT racks, as they use a clip attachment in the zero-U-space on the 19˝ frame. This installation
does not restrict access to the 19˝ level, meaning network and power cabling can still be
carried out there and IT devices can be retrofitted while the rack is operational.

Figure 4: Technicians can install Rittal PDUs quickly and easily, without the need for tools. This saves
valuable assembly time.
 Power Distribution Unit – reliable power distribution in IT racks 14
Rittal PDU models and application scenarios

Mechanical compatibility (in other words fitting PDUs from manufacturer “A” in rack systems
from manufacturer “B”) can usually be accomplished nowadays with the aid of adaptors for
the respective mounting rails. In larger settings with dozens or even hundreds of PDUs,
accessories are a key cost factor. Rittal therefore supplies a universal fastener as standard.
Furthermore, baying adaptors can be used to install a second PDU, either fitted perfectly to
the side of the 19˝ level in the case of an 800 mm-wide rack or fitted to the frame of the
IT rack in the case of the VX model, without needing an additional mounting bracket.

Master/slave concept protects investments

For reasons of efficiency, IT managers try to expand their existing IT racks as far as possible,
and require more sockets to do so. Instead of installing a second PDU with a full range of
Modular system for functions in the IT rack at this point, it may be more cost-effective to implement the master/
individual configuration. slave concept and use a slave PDU. Under this concept, the administrator sees only one log-
ical PDU with the total number of slots and functions, no matter how many slaves there are.

The master and slave PDUs have the same design and are configured for their planned
usage via software settings. The connection between master and slave is generally
proprietary, Rittal uses a CAN (Controller Area Network) bus for this.

Interfaces

A fully redundant Gigabit network interface enables rapid connection of IT management

systems and supports the connection of up to 16 PDUs. Unlike under the master/slave
concept, each PDU gets its own IP address in this set-up. This solution reduces the outlay
for cabling the individual PDUs.

Powerful switching

Bistable relays permit up to 300 amps of starting current on all switchable PDUs, and their
functions help reduce the power consumption of a PDU in stand-by mode.

Quick and easy layout

The Rittal Configuration The Rittal Configuration System (RiCS) enables custom configuration of the PDU via a web
System (RiCS) allows
browser. The PDUs are delivered in a compact, 44 mm-wide (1 U), 70 mm-deep casing. The
individual configuration of the
length varies according to the range of functions and number of sockets.
PDU via a web browser.

The configurator can be used, for example, to define plugs such as C13, C19 or earthing pin
sockets such as CEE 7/3 and BS 1363 (UK) for each PDU individually, in line with the require-
ments of the IT rack. Up to three different types of socket are possible per PDU or phase.
 Power Distribution Unit – reliable power distribution in IT racks 15
Rittal PDU models and application scenarios

Five product variants cover every application

In designing the product range, care was taken to make operation and installation easier
using clear labelling. For example, installation is extremely easy for technicians as the fuse
circuits are clearly marked with white and black arrows. In addition, the blocks of sockets are
numbered, meaning they cannot be confused.

The Rittal PDU range consists of five basic models that build on each other’s functions and
are individually configurable. The models are as follows:

◾ Basic (simple power distribution)

◾ Metered (measurement per phase)
◾ Metered Plus (measurement per output slot)
◾ Switched (measurement per phase, switching function per output)
◾ Managed (measurement and switching per output)

Figure 5: The Rittal PDU range consists of five basic models that build on each other’s functions and
are individually configurable.

Basic (simple power distribution)

The “PDU Basic” model works passively and takes care of energy distribution in the IT rack.
The PDU does not contain any other electronic components.
 Power Distribution Unit – reliable power distribution in IT racks 16
Rittal PDU models and application scenarios

Practical application: This model is always used where there is a need for reliable power
distribution in the IT rack that complies with standards and regulations. Power consumption
is measured elsewhere, for example in the sub-distribution.

Metered (measurement per phase)

The “PDU Metered” model is a compact PDU for energy distribution and energy data record-
ing. The fundamental functions and casing are identical to the basic model.

In addition, it has measuring functions that record the voltage, phase current, frequency,
neutral conductor current, active/reactive/apparent power, active/apparent energy (energy
consumption overall or per phase), power factor, crest factor (even for single-phase PDUs)
and THDU/THDI (now for three-phase PDUs, too), for example. An operating hours meter
records the utilization period. When using this model, technicians can also custom configure
alarm limits for voltage, current and active power.

THD is the “Total Harmonic Distortion” of sinusoidal voltage or AC current that can be caused
by the use of non-linear (non-Ohmic) consumers in power supply networks. In an IT setting,
this effect is caused by switchable server power supplies, for example.

Metered PDUs support load

Practical application: In a professional data centre, a metered PDU can support load man-
management in the IT rack.
agement in the IT rack. The data recorded shows whether the IT cooling is correctly tailored
to the load on the active components, for example. Furthermore, this solution makes it
possible to record approximate costs at IT rack level. Anyone planning to modernise a data
centre can use these measurements to determine the untapped potential in IT racks with
regard to IT cooling capacity.

Metered Plus (measurement per output slot)

In addition to the above-mentioned functions, this solution also offers the possibility to record
energy data for each output slot. Again, technicians are able to record a range of different
energy consumption and performance parameters and set custom alarm limits for current
and active power.

Practical application: The Plus model enables detailed energy billing for each user. For ex-
ample, if the IT department shows as a profit centre within its own organisation, the PDU Plus
makes it possible to bill energy costs at consumer level, since each individual server can be
monitored separately. If the development department would like to run a dedicated server in
the data centre for test purposes, for instance, this PDU model can be used to determine
and bill consumption in detail. Operators of colocation data centres can use this model to
monitor and bill the costs of leased server slots or whole IT racks.
 Power Distribution Unit – reliable power distribution in IT racks 17
Rittal PDU models and application scenarios

Switched (measurement per phase, switching function per output)

The “Switched” model combines energy distribution functions with energy data capture and
energy management. The electronic construction, design and functions all build on the PDU
Basic and Metered models. The name of this PDU model comes from the switchable output
sockets with signal LEDs.

A new feature compared to previous products is the option of sequential switching with
configurable activation behaviour after a power failure. The options are “Everything off”,
“Everything on” or switching to the last slot status before the power failure (socket on or off).
Also new is the programmable activation sequence for the individual slots, time-controlled
activation of slots, programmable activation delay (all or specific slots) and the grouping of
slots that can be switched together. In addition, it is also possible to block individual slots to
prevent accidental switching – a vital safety function when it comes to supporting fail-safe
IT operations.

Practical application: In many cases, the switching function makes it easier to manage
remotely operated IT sites, including autonomous edge data centres. However, the
Switched model also gives IT administrators more control over the IT racks – sometimes
technicians connect new devices via the PDU without previous approval. In this case, admin-
istrators maintain complete control over the switchable sockets, because the PDU slots are
only activated with their approval.
Automated sequential
switching ensures safe start-
Sequential switching is a vital function if there is a possibility the start-up current could get
up of the IT infrastructure.
too high when the data centre starts up. Automated sequential switching makes it possible
to safely start up the IT infrastructure. This function is useful for black building tests, for
example, or for DGUV v3 accident insurance tests – the insulation must be measured with-
out current for DGUV v3 §5, for instance.

Managed (measurement and switching per output)

The “Managed” product variant combines the functions of Metered Plus and Switched. It is
therefore capable of power distribution, recording energy data for each output slot and
energy management with switching function for each socket. The electrical construction and
design is equivalent to the PDU Basic solution.

As a result of the combined functions, technicians have a wide range of options for measur-
ing electrical power, active/reactive/apparent power, active and apparent energy and the
power and crest factors. Again, separate alarm limits can be set for current and active power.
The comprehensive switching functions of the Switched model are also available, such as
sequential switching with configurable activation procedure after power failures, programma-
ble activation sequence and delayed activation.
 Power Distribution Unit – reliable power distribution in IT racks 18
Functions for remote access

Practical application: The combination of precise energy data recording and full control
over the sockets is relevant for all IT organisations that need to bill on a user-by-user basis
while maintaining complete control of the sockets. Managed PDUs are particularly useful
tools for large, decentralised edge infrastructures, as they make it possible to record the
costs for each location while at the same time monitoring the energy supply remotely.

4 Functions for remote access

Web interface and management console

Administrators can simplify remote maintenance by using intelligent PDUs: If an IT rack is

difficult to access, for example, or if the system also has to be maintained at the weekend, a
PDU with switchable connectors is a useful aid, since individual sockets can be remotely
switched. Comprehensive remote functions are vital for geographically dispersed and auton-
omous edge data centres, too.
Administrators simplify
remote maintenance with A web server is built into the device for remote management and can be called up via a
intelligent PDUs. browser to give users a straightforward web interface. The PDU supports SNMP (Simple
Network Management Protocol) and can also be incorporated into superordinate manage-
ment frameworks.

At the time of purchase, companies should always make sure that any slots are arranged in
groups so that multiple devices or the A/B power supply can be switched off with just one
click.

5 Security

Boosting IT security

Additional security features are needed when intelligent PDUs with switching functions are
being used. State-of-the-art PDUs integrate directory services such as Active Directory from
Microsoft for this, so as to conduct authorisations for individual users.

In addition, sensors use standard protocols to pass on data about temperature and humidity
or issue a notification about an open rack door. This makes it possible to communicate with
DCIM (Data Center Infrastructure Management) software solutions such as Rittal RiZone for
IT management or facility management-based control stations.
 Power Distribution Unit – reliable power distribution in IT racks 19
Planning and preparation

Remote access – access protection and rights management

It is important to clearly regulate who is to have access to the control functions of a PDU.
State-of-the-art PDUs have integrated clients for directory services; they can be connected
to Active Directory (the Microsoft directory service) or another directory service via LDAP
(Lightweight Directory Access Protocol). Thus, company-wide user information is also avail-
able for assigning access rights. It is also important to be able to group related PDUs and
their individual ports to efficiently manage access rights. Alongside the rights management
systems integrated into the PDU, the PDU parameters can also be passed on to external
DCIM software via SSL.
It is important to have
clear rules on who has Protecting people from fault currents
access to the control
functions of a PDU. The safety of technicians should always have top priority. As a result, Rittal PDUs make it
possible to conduct an even more precise fault analysis than is achievable with centralised
differential current measurement. For the highest level of safety, PDUs have 1x, 2x, 3x, 6x
measuring points for faster fault localisation. Fault currents of up to 100 mA (AC) and 6 mA
(DC) can be detected, and individual limits or offset values can be set for existing, system-
related fault currents. When these limits are breached, the PDU issues a configurable alarm.

One potential application involves locking the IT rack when the measurement system detects
a fault current that is too high. The rack can then only be opened by service personnel or a
plant electrician. This ensures comprehensive protection for people and also boosts the
operational reliability of the IT systems.

6 Planning and preparation

Web configurator for product selection

PDUs can be adapted to specific requirements using the Rittal Configuration System (RiCS).
Whether it be the length of the connection cable or connector plugs, the position of the dis-
play or the infeed – a PDU can be tailored to specific requirements. The configurator also of-
fers a range of optional accessories, such as C13 protective covers or various sensors that
can be connected to the PDUs.

Overview and configuration: www.rittal.com/pdu

The following expanded functions are available for all PDU models via the online configurator:

◾ The length of the PDU casings is set and tailored to the Rittal IT rack range, but custom
configuration is possible.
 Power Distribution Unit – reliable power distribution in IT racks 20
Appendix

◾ 19-inch versions and vertical PDUs up to a length of 2095 mm

◾ Halogen-free PDU variants
◾ Different casing colours to indicate the A+B circuits
◾ Connection cable length and connector
◾ Overvoltage protection integrated into PDU
◾ Differential current measurement to monitor fault current (for each PDU/phase/fuse)
◾ Up to three different types of socket per PDU phase (only two in series-standard PDU
products)
◾ Fault current circuit-breaker (e.g. IT applications in Austria, otherwise not recommended)
◾ Thermal magnetic circuit-breaker (32 A PDUs)
◾ Different fuse characteristics selectable

Fast delivery

All the series-standard PDU products are available from stock. The PDU BTO version (built
to order) is a preconfigured solution that is delivered within 14 days. The PDU CTO version
(configure to order) is a customer-specific solution that can take longer than 14 days to
deliver and is dependent on the respective scope of the configurations.

7 Appendix

Glossary, abbreviations

CAN: The CAN (Controller Area Network) bus system was developed for networking
controllers.

CE labelling: The CE (Conformité Européenne) symbol is displayed on products that

meet the requirements of all applicable EU directives. However, only in rare cases has an
independent testing and certification authority actually tested the product.

CEE standard: The “Commission on Rules for the Approval of Electrical Equipment” is
an international commission that regulates the approval of electrical equipment and stand-
ardises e.g. connectors.

CMC: The CMC (Computer Multi Control) range of products is an alarm system from Rittal
for network and server racks, enclosures, containers and technical rooms.

DCIM: A software solution for Data Centre Infrastructure Management offers a range of
function blocks that are needed for everything from ongoing operations to planning the
capacity of IT infrastructures.
 Power Distribution Unit – reliable power distribution in IT racks 21
Appendix

DGUV: Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung e.V. (German Statutory Accident Insur-

ance) is the umbrella organisation for professional associations and accident insurers.

EAC: The EAC (Eurasian Conformity) label indicates to consumers and supervisory bodies
in the Eurasian Economic Union that a product complies with technical specifications and
safety requirements. It is comparable with the European CE symbol.

Edge data centres: These data centres are located close to where data is generated which
can be a remote manufacturing site, retail outlet or 5G transmitter station – hence the term
“edge”. The aim is to process data in real time on site.

HPC: High-Performance Computing is an umbrella term for the types of high-performance

computers used in research, for crash tests and other simulations, and for weather forecast-
ing.

LDAP: The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol is a network protocol for conducting
enquiries or changes on a directory service within an IT infrastructure.

LED: Light Emitting Diodes are lights based on opto-electronic semi-conductors.

Modbus: This communication protocol facilitates data exchange between a master and
several slave devices. The open protocol is part of the industry standard for connecting
computers with measuring and control systems.

OPC-UA: The “Open Platform Communications Unified Architecture” is a collection of

standards for communication and data exchange in the context of industrial automation and
for machine-to-machine communication.

RCM: Residual Current Monitoring monitors the differential current in electrical systems.

PDU: A Power Distribution Unit is a high-quality socket strip manufactured to safety

standards. It is used for distributing power in IT racks.

PoE: Power over Ethernet makes it possible to supply power to network-compatible devices
via an Ethernet cable.

PUE: Power Usage Effectiveness is a metric that can be used to map the energy efficiency
of a data centre.

SNMP: The Simple Network Management Protocol is used to monitor and configure net-
work elements remotely, and also to draw attention to and transmit information about faults.
 Power Distribution Unit – reliable power distribution in IT racks 22
Table of figures

SSL: The Secure Sockets Layer is an Internet protocol for safely transmitting data between
two systems.

TCP: The Transmission Control Protocol is one of the core elements of the TCP/IP family of
protocols for end-to-end connections on the Internet.

THD: Total Harmonic Distortion is the full harmonic distortion of sinusoidal voltage or
AC current. THDI refers to the distortion of the current, while THDU refers to the distortion
of the voltage.

UL: Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. from the United States is one of the largest independent
test institutes that is permitted to issue a seal for certified products.

UPS: An Uninterruptible Power Supply filters the mains voltage and safeguards the energy
supply to the IT components when there are fluctuations or failures in the mains power.

Zero-U-Space: Describes the space between the side panel and the 19˝ mounting frame of
an IT rack.

8 Table of figures

Figure 1: The comprehensive integration of the PDU into the IT infrastructure

of a data center supports energy management and monitoring. . . . . . . . . . 5
Figure 2 PDUs are high quality manufactured and industry standard secured
multi-socket outlets that supply power to all components in the
IT enclosure. Monitoring, switching and measuring functions are
available as options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Figure 3 For a visual check, PDUs are also available with a display that shows
the status of the power supply, for example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Figure 4 Technicians can install Rittal PDUs quickly and easily, without the need
for tools. This saves valuable assembly time.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Figure 5 The Rittal PDU range consists of five basic models that build on
each other’s functions and are individually configurable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
◾ Enclosures
◾ Power Distribution
◾ Climate Control
◾ IT Infrastructure
◾ Software & Services

You can find the contact details of all

Rittal companies throughout the world here.
4.2020

www.rittal.com/contact

RITTAL GmbH & Co. KG

Postfach 1662 · D-35726 Herborn
Phone +49(0)2772 505-0 · Fax +49(0)2772 505-2319
E-mail: [email protected] · www.rittal.com