CST/ITT 05211 : Fundamentals

of Database Management
DCS/DIT –Year 1
NTA LEVEL 5,

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Course Details
 Code: CST/ITT 05211
 Title: Fundamentals of Database
Management
 Credit Units: 12
 Instructor : SHEFA, F (Ms)
 Office : Block A, 4th Floor
 Email : [email protected]

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Assessment
 One written Test-20
 Quiz/ Lab-Test 40%
 Assignment/ Lab projects
_________________________
 Final examination -60%

 Note;
There shall be No special Test or Make-up test
in this module.

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 Readings
 Connolly, T. M., & Begg, C. E. (2014). Database Systems: A Practical Approach
to Design, Implementation, and Management, 6th Edition. Addison-Wesley,
Harlow England.
 Connolly, T. M (2019). Database Systems: A Practical Approach to Design,
Implementation, and Management, 6th edition. Pearson Prentice Hall
 Coronel,C (2018). Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management,
13th Edition. Cengage Learning.
 Silberschatz, A, Korth, H & Sudarshan, S(2019). Database Systems
Concepts, 7th Edition. Mc Graw-Hill.
 Tamer Özsu, M Valduriez, P (2019). Principles of Distributed Database
Systems, 4th Edition. Springer.
 Martin, J. (2002). Computer Database Organization. Prentice Hall of India, New
Delhi.
 Connolly, T. M., & Begg, C. E. (2002). Database Systems: A Practical Approach
to Design, Implementation, and Management, 3rd Edition. Addison-Wesley,
Harlow England.

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This lecture will discuss on
1. Basic Concepts
2. Definition of Database
3. Example of Database Applications
4. Why study Database
5. File based system
6. Disadvantage of File Processing system
7. Advantage of Database Approach and
8. Disadvantage of Database Approach.

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Some Definitions…….
 Data: Referred to facts concerning objects and events
that could be recorded and stored on computer media
 Structured: numbers, text, dates

 Unstructured: images, video, documents.

 Information: Is when data is given context and more

specific. Data processed to increase knowledge in the
person using the data.
 Knowledge: is developed when information has been
aggregated and analyzed to make decisions, set policies,
and spark innovation
 Metadata: data that describes the properties and context
of user data.
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 Foundation Data Concepts
Database Concepts Large
 Database – a collection of related tables
 Tables – a collection of related records
– collection of related entities
 Record – collection of fields (table row)
–represents an entity
 Field – collection of characters (table column)
– represents an attribute
 Character – single alphabetic, numeric or other
symbol Small

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Foundation Data Concepts
Abstract Concepts
 Entity – person, place, object or event

– stored as a record or a table row

 Attribute – characteristic of an entity

– stored as field or table column

 Relationship – an association between
two or more entities
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Fields
 Characters “A B D A L L A H” form a
field
Last Name
Abdallah

 A field is an attribute of an entity

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 Records
 A bunch of fields form a record

First Name Last Name Sex Weight

Aquillah Abdallah F 20kg

 A record is an entity

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 Tables
 A bunch of records forms a table

First Name Last Name Sex Age

Aquillah Abdallah F 10
Jeff Albert M 20
Jackie Pizzo F 11

 A table is a group of related entities

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 Databases
 A bunch of tables form a database

Customer Table Order Table

Product Table

 A database can represent a single

business or an entire market

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Databases
 But, databases are not just a bunch of tables
Orders
OID CID PID Quantity
001 508 199 500,000
002 508 201 2
003 510 201 1

Customers Products
CID FName LName Address PID Description Cost
508 Aquillah Abdallah ... 199 Tooth brush $5.99
509 Andrew Zych ... 200 Tooth Paste $2.58
510 Greg Smith ... 201 Hair Gel $5.99

 A database also includes relationships

between the different tables
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Definitions of Database
 Def 1: Database is an organized collection of
logically related data
 Def 2: A database is a shared collection of
logically related data that is stored to meet
the requirements of different users of an
organization
 Def 3: A database is a self-describing
collection of integrated records
 Def 4: A database models a particular real
world system in the computer in the form of
data

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Examples of Database Applications
 Purchases from the supermarket
 Purchases using your credit card
 Booking a holiday at the travel agents
 Using the local library
 Taking out insurance
 Renting a video
 Using the Internet
 Studying at university

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What is a Database
 Shared collection of logically related data (and a
description of this data), designed to meet the
information needs of an organization.
 System catalog (metadata) provides description of
data to enable program–data independence.
 Logically related data comprises entities,
attributes, and relationships of an organization’s
information.

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Figure ; Data in Context

Context helps users understand data

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Graphical displays turn data into useful information
that managers can use for decision making and
interpretation

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Descriptions of the properties or characteristics of the data,
including data types, field sizes, allowable values, and data
context

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 The concept of a shared organizational
database
Management Marketing

Product
Planning Control Sales
Development

Corporate
Database

Accounting Manufacturing

Accounts Accounts
Scheduling Production
Receivable Payable
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Why Study Databases?
 Databases have incredible value to
businesses.
◦ Very important technology for supporting
operations.
 Vastly superior to file processing systems
 Businesses cannot survive without quality
data about their
◦ internal operations and
◦ external environment.

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 A bit of History
 Computer initially used for
computational/ engineering purposes

 Commercial applications introduced File

Processing System

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 File Processing System

 A collection of application programs

that perform services for the end-users
such as production of reports

 Each program defines and manages its

own data

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File Processing Systems..
Library Examination Registration

Library Examination Registration

Applications Applications Applications

Library Examination Registration

Data Data Data
Files Files Files

Program and Data Interdependence

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 File Processing Systems

Library Examination Registration

Reg_Number Reg_Number Reg_Number
Name Name Name
Father Name Address Father Name
Books Issued Class Phone
Fine Semester Address
Grade Class

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Files Based Processing

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Disadvantages of File Processing
 Program-Data Dependence
 File structure is defined in the program code.
 All programs maintain metadata for each file they use
 Duplication of Data (Data Redundancy)
 Different systems/programs have separate copies of the same data
◦ Same data is held by different programs.
◦ Wasted space and potentially different values and/or different formats
for the same item.
 Limited Data Sharing
 No centralized control of data
 Programs are written in different languages, and so cannot easily
access each other’s files.

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Disadvantages of File Processing
 Lengthy Development Times
 Programmers must design their own file formats
 Excessive Program Maintenance
 80% of information systems budget
 Vulnerable to Inconsistency
 Change in one table need changes in corresponding tables as
well otherwise data will be inconsistent

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Problems with Data Dependency
 Each application programmer must maintain their
own data
 Each application program needs to include code
for the metadata of each file
 Each application program must have its own
processing routines for reading, inserting, updating
and deleting data
 Lack of coordination and central control
 Non-standard file formats

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Problems with Data Redundancy
 Waste of space to have duplicate data
 Causes more maintenance headaches
 The biggest problem:
 When data changes in one file, could cause

inconsistencies (Vulnerable to
Inconsistency)
 Compromises data integrity (data reliability)

 Data integrity –validity and consistent stored

data

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 SOLUTION:
The DATABASE Approach

 Central repository of shared data

 Data is managed by a controlling agent
 Stored in a standardized, convenient form

This requires a
Database and
Database Management System (DBMS)

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 Advantages of Database Approach
Library Examination Registration

Library Examination Registration

Applications Applications Applications

Database
Management
System
- Data Sharing - Data Independence
- Controlled Redundancy University - Better Data Integrity
Students
Database
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Summary

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 Summary..

This would make sense when not to use database approach

and prefer file based system
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…….THE END……..

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